著者

杉山 幸丸 三谷 雅純 丸橋 珠樹 五百部 裕 ハフマン マイケル A 小清水 弘一 大東 肇 山越 言 小川 秀司 揚妻 直樹 中川 尚史 岩本 俊孝 室山 泰之 大沢 秀行 田中 伊知郎 横田 直人 井上(村山) 美穂 松村 秀一 森 明雄 山極 寿一 岡本 暁子 佐倉 統

出版者

京都大学学術出版会

巻号頁・発行日

2000-09

---

食う-食われる,エネルギー収支,どうやって子孫を残すか……サルたちはさまざまな生物的・非生物的環境とどのように関わりながら暮らしているのだろうか.本書によって,霊長類社会の研究者はその社会の生物学的背景をより深く理解でき,他の生物の生態研究者は霊長類における生態学的研究の最前線に触れられる.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.19-33, 2002 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

62

---

Individual dispersal is seen throughout the biological world. The present article discusses the dispersing sex of chimpanzees and humans with special reference to their common ancestors from the point of view of their biological characters, which are basically common with other mammalian species, concerning gestation, parturition, lactation and nursing. Many mammalian species have male-dispersal and female-philopatric (or short-distance dispersal) societies. However, chimpanzees are said to have male-philopatric and female-dispersal societies. Comparing with those of Bossou, Guinea, where males as well as females during adolescence may disperse, I hypothesized that male chimpanzees of other research fields allow each other in a group and form ‘male-bond’ to defend their resources from conspecific competitors and predators. The necessity for hunting cooperation may be a subsidiary factor. However, the problem why non-related males cannot be accepted and all related males cooperate with each other in their natal group remains to be solved. On the other hand female dispersal is not unusual among mammals in a habitat having few predators. However, the problem why young pregnant females and mothers with dependent infants transfer to an adjacent group in spite of the possibility of receiving infanticide also remains to be solved. Many scholars hypothesize that common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans also had a male-philopatric and female-dispersal society just as most present day human societies have. However, the transfer of a human female to a distant community or region does not depend on her own decision but that of her parents in exchange for treasure or for political purposes. Instead of a rigid sex-biased dispersal society I hypothesized the existence of a fluent and flexible bilateral society as our common ancestors.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.36.011, (Released:2020-11-26)

参考文献数

135

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Modern primatology began in 1952-3 through artificial feeding of Japanese macaques at Koshima and Takasakiyama. Artificial feeding allowed short-distance observation, individual recognition and long-term observation. These new methods applied to wild monkeys made possible new findings, such as life-time kinship bonds, social organization, cultural behaviors, etc., which changed anthropology, biology, psychology and also other social sciences.During the 1st stage of the studies led by K Imanishi and J Itani, researchers focused their efforts not on biology but on sociology. Itani declared that Japanese primate studies do not reflect natural science. On the other hand, some other researchers carried out ecological studies of monkeys and proceeded on to socioecology. Itani attributed the dominance relations among individuals to the social order or hierarchy, whereas other researchers did so to competition over resources to increase reproductive success.In 1956 and in 1962, respectively, the Japan Monkey Centre and the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute were established. JMC contributed as the first organization of primatology in Japan, and KUPRI added to a confluence of field and experimental primatology. DNA fingerprinting to analyze the relatedness of individuals accelerated the unification of field and laboratory studies.After 1970, agricultural damage caused by wild monkeys exploded due to deforestation and the presence of unguarded crops. Researchers had to work to prevent such monkey activity in the field. They were also forced to cull this endemic primate species. As a result, the field of primatology had to expand in cognitive science, physiology, brain science and genetics as well as conservation activity.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1-2, pp.39-44, 1985 (Released:2009-09-07)

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.215-223, 1995 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

41

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Tool-using behaviors of animals have been compared with those of early-man and examined the factors which differentiated the human culture from that of animals. Many tool-using behaviors of animals which are mainly found among birds and primates, particularly in chimpanzees, are flexible to environmental change and have local differences. The reason why they are remarkable only among some separated animal taxa are to be examined through their environment, life form, feeding repertoire and technique. Chimpanzees use and make many different kinds of tools, occasionally do more than one kind of tool for a single purpose and are expected to use a tool for making another tool which needs high intelligence and capability. Examination of local differences of tool-using repertoire of chimpanzees and their environment made clear that they maintain techniques through social tradition, which can be called “culture”. However, its elaboration to man-like culture needs further development of the motor function coordinating both hands and communication method by language.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

日本生態学会

雑誌

日本生態学会誌 (ISSN:00215007)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.4, 1965-08-01

著者

松沢 哲郎 杉山 幸丸 藤田 和生 友永 雅己

出版者

京都大学

雑誌

一般研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

1994

---

本研究では、アイ・アキラと名づけられた「言語」習得訓練を受けてきた2頭のチンパンジーと、未経験の若いチンパンジー4頭の計6頭のチンパンジーを主たる対象として、チンパンジーのもつ認知機能を「シンボル操作」の階層構造という視点から捉え、ヒトとの比較において理解することを目的とした。シンボルの操作は、まさにヒトをヒトたらしめているきわめてヒトに特異な能力だからである。シンボル操作のトピックスとしては、ストループ効果(視覚シンボルのもつ言語的意味と知覚的見えのあいだの相互作用)について検討した。人工言語習得の研究を継続してきたアイ17歳、アキラ17歳と、さまざまな見本合わせ課題の経験をもつ4頭のチンパンジー(ペンデ-サ16歳、クロエ13歳、ポポ11歳、パン10歳)を主たる対象として、ヒト幼児からおとなまでを対象とした比較研究により、以下に述べるシンボル操作の階層性を実験的に分析した。シンボル操作を検討する汎用の実験装置は、コンピューター本体に、ハイパータッチとよばれる新しいタッチパネルシステムと画像処理装置を組みあわせた刺激提示・反応記録装置をもちいた。そのために必要なインターフェスについては自作した。シンボル操作と概括する上述の高次認知機能をひきだす場面は、具体的には見本合わせ場面(同一見本合わせ、象徴見本合わせ、構成見本合わせ、遅延見本合わせなど、およびそれらの複合課題)である。10色を色名図形文字と色名漢字の両方で表現できるようにチンパンジーを訓練し、ストループ干渉の予備実験をおこなった。

著者

杉山 幸丸 渡邊 邦夫 栗田 博之 中道 正之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.29.011, (Released:2013-12-19)

参考文献数

120

被引用文献数

3 2

---

Primatology in Japan after the World War II began in the late 1940s with the observation of shy wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) from more than 100 m. Depending on artificial feeding students succeeded to observe macaques within a short distance and identified each individual. Individual identification of calm free-ranging macaques within a short distance made it possible to record individual and social behavior of each identified individual in detail; long-lasting kin-recognition between a mother and her offspring, dominance relations among individuals and kin-groups, and then, social organization. Artificial feeding is a form of semi-experimental manipulation introduced into the wild monkey groups. This paper showed how students contributed to the primate studies under such a condition at Koshima, Takasakiyama and Katsuyama. Some behaviors, particularly cultural ones, were found only in the artificially-fed groups. Some other exceptional or uncommon phenomena or behaviors seen in non-artificially-fed groups were recorded, with many episodes sufficient for statistical analysis at artificially-fed groups. As far as we are cautious that artificial feeding is semi-experimental manipulation on the wild monkey groups, we can find out more about the important nature of human and non-human primates and evolutionary relations of them.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.41-55, 2020 (Released:2020-12-23)

参考文献数

135

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Modern primatology began in 1952-3 through artificial feeding of Japanese macaques at Koshima and Takasakiyama. Artificial feeding allowed short-distance observation, individual recognition and long-term observation. These new methods applied to wild monkeys made possible new findings, such as life-time kinship bonds, social organization, cultural behaviors, etc., which changed anthropology, biology, psychology and also other social sciences.During the 1st stage of the studies led by K Imanishi and J Itani, researchers focused their efforts not on biology but on sociology. Itani declared that Japanese primate studies do not reflect natural science. On the other hand, some other researchers carried out ecological studies of monkeys and proceeded on to socioecology. Itani attributed the dominance relations among individuals to the social order or hierarchy, whereas other researchers did so to competition over resources to increase reproductive success.In 1956 and in 1962, respectively, the Japan Monkey Centre and the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute were established. JMC contributed as the first organization of primatology in Japan, and KUPRI added to a confluence of field and experimental primatology. DNA fingerprinting to analyze the relatedness of individuals accelerated the unification of field and laboratory studies.After 1970, agricultural damage caused by wild monkeys exploded due to deforestation and the presence of unguarded crops. Researchers had to work to prevent such monkey activity in the field. They were also forced to cull this endemic primate species. As a result, the field of primatology had to expand in cognitive science, physiology, brain science and genetics as well as conservation activity.

著者

杉山幸丸編著

出版者

京都大学学術出版会

巻号頁・発行日

2000

著者

山越 言 竹元 博幸 松沢 哲郎 杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.101-114, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

169

被引用文献数

4 4

---

This review summarizes the findings from 40 years of research on a chimpanzee group at Bossou, Guinea, conducted mainly by two research teams, one from the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, and the other from Kyoto University, Japan, and reports the current conservation status of the chimpanzee group.Research in the 1960's by the Dutch team consisted of short-term, ‘testing-a-hypothesis’ type projects, which focused on the chimpanzees' agonistic behavior towards predators. They used a unique field-experiment method, with an artificial leopard, to see how the chimpanzees responded to the stimulus. The experiments revealed a variety of agonistic reactions by chimpanzees, including tool-using behavior such as throwing a branch and using a stick as a club.In 1976, the Japanese team launched a long-term project, based on recognizing each chimpanzee individually. Although diverse topics have been covered to date, a focus has been tool use. Starting with the first substantial direct observation of nut cracking by wild chimpanzees, many other types of tool use have since been described, including ant dipping, pestle pounding, and algae scooping. A series of field experiments followed that revealed many details about nut cracking by chimpanzees: hand preference, metatool, developmental process, etc. Feeding ecology is a more recent topic, and the utilization of oil palm as a ‘keystone resource' when fruit is scarce, using two types of tool, proved to have significant ecological importance. Unique social characteristics like male immigration, close between-female relationships, and females’ high reproductive performances have been brought to light and require more ecological and genetic study to understand their uniqueness comprehensively.As for the conservation status of Bossou chimpanzees, the population size has fluctuated, but has been essentially stable during the study period. The reproductive parameters appear good, but juveniles of both sexes tend to disappear for unknown reasons. The people of Bossou have a strong religious motivation for conserving small patches of forest and the chimpanzees living there, and there is good collaboration among the Bossou people, government institutions and researchers when dealing with conservation problems. Current concerns seem to be the genetic isolation from a neighboring chimpanzee population on Mt. Nimba, and crop damage caused by the chimpanzees.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 Supplement

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, pp.27, 2011

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 餌付けされた高崎山のニホンザルが寄せ場で投与される餌にどれほど依存しているか。Soumah & Yokota (Folia Primatol, 1991) および横田直人(「霊長類生態学」2002)の資料を基に分析した。原調査は1987、1988年に実施したものであり、この頃、餌投与量は300Kcal/頭/日以下に減量していた。調査は4回にわたり(7-10月と2-3月)各4-5頭のメスを終日追跡してその採食内容を詳細に記録したものである。優位メスがより高い採食量を、高い人工食依存度を示していたのは予想されたとおりだった。人工食率は優位で63.7%、劣位で37.9%だった(平均57.3%)。しかし夏冬ともに、優位・劣位ともに必要エネルギー以上を摂取していた。ただしこの計算には通常の運動量は考慮してあるが成長、妊娠、出産、育児に要するエネルギーは含まれていない。高崎山では出産率の年変動が激しいが、これは森の生産量の年変動に強い影響を受けていると考えられる。

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.51-56, 2011-06-20 (Released:2011-07-28)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 1

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Bonobo tool-using behavior is rare, limited in variety and relatively simple in form. The tools of bonobos are almost always made of a crude branch with little processing and are used neither for getting food nor as a weapon but for improving "the quality of life" (rain hat, social communication etc.). The paucity is said to be influenced by the abundance and richness of the food resources, relieving them of the need to develop food processing tools. I agree with this explanation and propose another possibility. The chimpanzees' curiosity, high activity and aggressiveness to strangers and strange objects accelerated their development of tool-using behavior. In contrast, the mild and shy disposition of bonobos might have influenced the types of tools they developed.

著者

早木 仁成 木村 大治 松本 健義 杉山 幸丸 高梨 克也 友永 雅己 藪田 慎司 山越 言

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.177-204, 2010-12-20 (Released:2011-02-01)

参考文献数

44

著者

杉山 幸丸 渡邊 邦夫 栗田 博之 中道 正之

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.63-81, 2013

被引用文献数

2

---

Primatology in Japan after the World War II began in the late 1940s with the observation of shy wild Japanese macaques (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>) from more than 100 m. Depending on artificial feeding students succeeded to observe macaques within a short distance and identified each individual. Individual identification of calm free-ranging macaques within a short distance made it possible to record individual and social behavior of each identified individual in detail; long-lasting kin-recognition between a mother and her offspring, dominance relations among individuals and kin-groups, and then, social organization. Artificial feeding is a form of semi-experimental manipulation introduced into the wild monkey groups. This paper showed how students contributed to the primate studies under such a condition at Koshima, Takasakiyama and Katsuyama. Some behaviors, particularly cultural ones, were found only in the artificially-fed groups. Some other exceptional or uncommon phenomena or behaviors seen in non-artificially-fed groups were recorded, with many episodes sufficient for statistical analysis at artificially-fed groups. As far as we are cautious that artificial feeding is semi-experimental manipulation on the wild monkey groups, we can find out more about the important nature of human and non-human primates and evolutionary relations of them.

著者

杉山 幸丸 栗田 博之 松井 猛 木本 智 江川順子 順子

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 Supplement 第28回日本霊長類学会大会

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19, 2012 (Released:2013-11-01)

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1960年代から1970年代前半にかけて餌付けされた野生ニホンザル(Macaca fuscata)で高頻度に奇形個体が誕生した。多いところでは新生児の40%を超えたという。高崎山でも5%に近づいた。初期には近親交配と人工餌、とくに特定国からの輸入大豆に付着した農薬がその原因として指摘されたが、特定できないままその発生頻度が減少して話題に上らなくなった。しかし減少してもゼロに帰したわけではない。最近5年間の高崎山は0.2%である。私たちは奇形発生が頂点に達した1970年代後半以降の高崎山個体群の資料を中心に、その発生頻度の変化を分析した。奇形児の発生は投与餌量と相関を示した。これは個体数増加の著しい時期とも一致する。しかし総個体数とも出産率とも相関していない。すなわち、高栄養条件で出産率が向上して奇形胎児が流死産せずに誕生したという説は必ずしも適切ではない。最終的な究明にまでは至らなかったが、投与餌が原因として残された。また、多発時にも指摘された遺伝的要因も家系集積の存在からその原因の一部として残された。奇形は雄に多く発生したが統計的な有意差には至らなかった。また多くの奇形が手足とも第4指に圧倒的に多く見られたが、その原因は不明だった。

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

no.55, 2004-09-01

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

東海学園大学

雑誌

東海学園大学研究紀要. 人文学・健康科学研究編 (ISSN:1349161X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.1-17, 2003-03-31

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Minor universities are competing with each other severely to collect students as the number of universities is increasing though the number of children is decreasing. As a result a mass of less-educated youths, who often disturb the class is gathering in minor private universities. Professors have to educate such students as well as those who want to study further. The latter will be satisfied if professors respond to students' personal and wide-ranging requests. To respond to requests of those multivariate students, professors must have time free from the programmed schedule. The head of the university must leave professors free as much as possible. Then, they will work and study with students more than obligatory scheduled hours, otherwise professors don't intend to work more than forced to.

著者

杉山 幸丸 岩本 俊孝 小野 勇一

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.197-207, 1995-12-01

被引用文献数

1 7

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The number of Japanese macaques (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>) has rapidly increased under artificially provisioned conditions. At Takasakiyama it increased by 6.9 times during 22 years from 1953 to 1975 when food was given at 618kcal/day/head on average. To control the population growth, provisioning was decreased to 334kcal/day/head from 1975, after which, it increased only by 1.2 times for 19 years until 1994. Destruction of the forest from the increased number of monkeys has continued, however, through eating fruits, shoots and young leaves of the main food trees. Yearly consumption effeciency of monkeys in the forest for 1990 was calculated as 8.7%, which is near to the African elephant. As a result, the vegetation type is changing from that of natural forest. Computer simulation revealed if the population decreases to 60% of its current size and 282kcal/day/head of artificial food is given, consumption efficiency will decrease to 5.8% and the population can be kept almost stable. Further manipulation of the monkey population is necessary at present by altering mortality, natality or both. Supply of many free-ranging monkeys to biomedical experiments should not be recommended from the stance of animal welfare and the quality of experimental animals. On the other hand, temporary birth-control of each cycling female is to be considered. The principle of population control is to keep population parameters at about the level of the natural condition.

著者

松沢 哲郎 ハムル タチアナ クープス カテリーナ ビロ ドラ 林 美里 ソウザ クローディア 水野 友有 加藤 朗野 山越 言 大橋 岳 杉山 幸丸 クールマ マカン

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.45-55, 2004-06-30

被引用文献数

1 15

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The present paper reports the death of wild chimpanzees through a flu-like epidemic at Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. The community at Bossou has been studied continuously since 1976. Records from the past 28 years show that the number of chimpanzees in the Bossou community has been relatively stable, at around 20 individuals. In late November 2003, chimpanzees at Bossou began to cough. Within a month, five chimpanzees died: two very old females, one adolescent male, and two infants. The mothers of the two dead infants continued to carry the corpses, which eventually mummified. One mother used a stick to chase flies away from the dead infant's body in addition to using her hands. The transportation of infants' mummified bodies may be yet another example of cultural behavior unique to this community. A 12 year-old young mother, who lost her first offspring in this epidemic, remained with the community for two months following the death of the infant, after which she disappeared, most likely immigrating to a neighboring community. We inspected the year-by-year change of age-sex composition in the Bossou community. This revealed that the proportion of old members gradually increased while many young members immigrated. Such a gradual change in the population in addition to the epidemic suggests that this community is in serious danger. The paper also introduces our conservation efforts to attempt to save this important community: the "Green corridor project" which entails the planting of trees in the surrounding savanna in order to create a passage between Bossou and the Nimba Mountains, 4 km away. This might be a model case of connecting chimpanzee habitats that have become isolated through increasing human activity, a very common problem in West Africa.