著者

井上 美穂

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.103-111, 1987 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

16 14

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Soil-eating (geophagy) behaviors of Japanese macaques were observed at Arashiyama Monkey Park, Kyoto. They eat soils about once a day or so and seem to prefer rather young soils to mature or senile soils. The soil samples for chemical analysis were collected from Arashiyama, as well as from Takasakiyama and Kohshima monkey parks. Their pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, inorganic phosphorus and extractable minerals, i. e. calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron contents were measured. Mineral contents of the soil samples are low and the differences in their values among samples at eating spots and those at non-eating spots in the same monkey park are not detected. Moreover, the differences among monkey parks exceed those between eating and non-eating soil samples.Japanese macaques often eat soils together with another individuals. In such co-eating episodes, intimate individuals, such as a mother and her infant, or two or more juveniles of the same age often form co-eating party. It is expected that Japanese macaques eat soils at the selected spots because of their co-feeding custom and that the supply of minerals such as calcium, magnesium and sodium is not so seriously important, although the possibility of intake of essential rare minerals is not ruled out.

著者

橋本 千絵

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.3, pp.261-267, 1994 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

17

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Immature bonobos genital contact behavior with individuals of most age classes. Genital contact between immature individuals was most frequently performed in the ventro-ventral posture. It was usually observed during play sessions, and males participated more frequently than females. Both males and females perform genital contact with adult males though not so frequently. On the other hand, only males frequently perform genital contact with adult females and its frequency increased with age. As they grew older, genital contact behavior of immature males with adult females became more like copulation between adults. By contrast, immature females did not have any genital contact behavior that resembled copulation. Females became very active in copulation with adult males and genital contact behavior with adult females after they had moved to non-natal groups.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.19-33, 2002 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

62

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Individual dispersal is seen throughout the biological world. The present article discusses the dispersing sex of chimpanzees and humans with special reference to their common ancestors from the point of view of their biological characters, which are basically common with other mammalian species, concerning gestation, parturition, lactation and nursing. Many mammalian species have male-dispersal and female-philopatric (or short-distance dispersal) societies. However, chimpanzees are said to have male-philopatric and female-dispersal societies. Comparing with those of Bossou, Guinea, where males as well as females during adolescence may disperse, I hypothesized that male chimpanzees of other research fields allow each other in a group and form ‘male-bond’ to defend their resources from conspecific competitors and predators. The necessity for hunting cooperation may be a subsidiary factor. However, the problem why non-related males cannot be accepted and all related males cooperate with each other in their natal group remains to be solved. On the other hand female dispersal is not unusual among mammals in a habitat having few predators. However, the problem why young pregnant females and mothers with dependent infants transfer to an adjacent group in spite of the possibility of receiving infanticide also remains to be solved. Many scholars hypothesize that common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans also had a male-philopatric and female-dispersal society just as most present day human societies have. However, the transfer of a human female to a distant community or region does not depend on her own decision but that of her parents in exchange for treasure or for political purposes. Instead of a rigid sex-biased dispersal society I hypothesized the existence of a fluent and flexible bilateral society as our common ancestors.

著者

楢崎 修一郎

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.2, pp.161-172, 1997 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

51

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Since the study of mithocondrial DNA regarding the origin of modern humans, the fate of the Neandertal has been debated. Currently, two famous models are present such as the Out of Africa model and the Multiregional Evolution model.This papar reviewed the past and current studies of morphological research on the Neandertal and the new dating of the several sites in Europe and Mddle East. Also, tested the ecological theory of symbiosis hypothesis (mutualism and commensalism) and competition hypothesis (habitat segregation and food segregation). Only Out of Africa model is applicable to both symbiosis hypothesis and competition hypothesis.The present author favored the competition hypothesis.

著者

丸橋 珠樹

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.3, pp.235-244, 1993 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1 1

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Primates occupy most of the all biomass of the seed dispersors in tropical forests. Among primates, two main feeding techniques are found; one is a type of processing the fruits with cheek pouches and another is a type of swallowing the fruits without cheek pouches. The cheek pouches are one of the main morphological features of Old World monkeys, however, neither the apes nor New World monkeys have cheek pouches.Almost all of Old World monkey species have matrilineal societies, while almost of the primate not having cheek pouches have non-matrilineal societies. Some of apes and atelines have patrilineal societies.Since the appearance of Cercopithecoid having cheek pouches in early Miocene, the relative species diversity of the hominoids in the primate community has been decreasing. This dramatic change of primate community in the Old World might be due to the differences in the efficiency of exploitation for the food resources in the forests between primates having and not having cheek pouches.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1-2, pp.39-44, 1985 (Released:2009-09-07)

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

正高 信男

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.1-15, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

1

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A principal component analysis of the correlation matrix array 25 items concerning the status of adult male and female as well as of offspring in 108 societies revealed that the more polygynous the society is, the more aggressive adult males in society are toward adult females. The more the subsistence of a society is dependent on the labor of males, the more aggressive adults are towards offspring. Swaddling and infanticide are considered to work as that buffering the aggression and to simultaneously act as a r-strategy or a K-strategy, respectively, in terms of reproductive success in human societies. Overall high level of aggression in greate apes and humans is discussed in terms of possible dietary changes that have occurred to produce high sociability in primates.

著者

宮田 隆 林田 秀宜 菊野 玲子

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.9-16, 1986 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

21

著者

落合 知美 綿貫 宏史朗 鵜殿 俊史 森村 成樹 平田 聡 友永 雅己 伊谷 原一 松沢 哲郎

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

2015

被引用文献数

2

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The Great Ape Information Network has collated and archived information on captive chimpanzees within Japan since 2002. As of July 1^st, 2014, a total of 323 chimpanzees were housed within 52 facilities across Japan, all registered in the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA) studbook. JAZA has recorded information on captive chimpanzees within Japan since the 1980s. However, for individuals unregistered and/or deceased prior to this period, JAZA holds scant information. There are very few surviving reports on living conditions and husbandry of such individuals, particularly for the years preceding the Second World War (WWII) (up to 1945). Here we present the first detailed history of captive chimpanzees in Japan before WWII, following a systematic investigation of disparate records. The first record of any live chimpanzee within Japan was a chimpanzee accompanying an Italian travelling circus in 1921. The history of resident captive chimpanzees in Japan began in 1927 when a chimpanzee, imported into Japan by a visitor, was exhibited in Osaka zoo. In the 1930s, many chimpanzee infants were imported to Japanese zoos until in 1941 imports were halted because of WWII. By the end of WWII, there was only one single chimpanzee still alive within Japan, "Bamboo", housed in Nagoya. In 1951, importation of wild chimpanzees into Japan resumed. In total, we identified 28 individuals housed within Japan before 1945, none listed previously in the JAZA studbook. Of these 28 individuals: 6 entered Japan as pets and/or circus animals, 21 were imported to zoos, and one was stillborn in zoo. Of the 21 zoo-housed individuals, 7 died within one year and 9 of the remaining 14 were dead within 5 years of arriving in Japan. Four individuals are recorded to have lived 7-8 years. Only one male individual, the aforementioned "Bamboo", lived notably longer, to about 14 years.

著者

岩本 光雄

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1-2, pp.45-54, 1985 (Released:2009-09-07)

被引用文献数

7 3

著者

野崎 眞澄

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.103-125, 1991 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

5 5

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Mechanisms controlling seasonal breeding in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) were studied. 1) Analysis of a total of 310 births recorded at our Institute over 12 years revealed that births were limited to the period from March to August with a peak in May. No difference was found in the birth season between outdoor and indoor samples, but the time of peak of births was slightly earlier in indoor than in outdoor samples. 2) In both monkeys housed indoors and outdoors, clear seasonal differences were observed in the hormonal profiles: Monkeys exhibited cyclic endocrine patterns characteristic of ovulatory cycles during the breeding season (autumn and winter), while anovulation persisted throughout the nonbreeding season (spring and summer). 3) Estradiol-treated ovariectomized monkeys exhibited marked seasonal changes in response to the negative feedback action of estradiol on LH secretion: Serum LH remained high during the breeding season, but decreased to very low levels during the nonbreeding season. There was no difference in the positive feedback action of estradiol on LH secretion between the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. 4) Artificial manipulation of photoperiod alone had no effect on the manifestations of annual reproductive cyclicity of Japanese monkeys, whereas simultaneous manipulation of photoperiod and ambient temperature was at least to some extent effective in modifying the ovarian functions. 5) Serum melatonin exhibited diurnal changes with high values in nighttime and low values in daytime both in monkeys housed indoors and outdoors. These results suggest that seasonal breeding of the Japanese monkey is governed by biannual changes in the response of the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis to the negative feedback action of estradiol, and that multiple annually cyclic environmental factors appears to influence on the seasonal breeding of this animal.

著者

揚妻 直樹

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.1-7, 1995 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

2

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The age-sex composition of provisioned groups of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) was investigated along the Anbo Road in the southeast of Yakushima island, Japan. The monkeys had been provisioned on an irregular basis by tourists passing through by car or bus. Group size, age-sex composition and socionomic sex ratio were no different from those of purely wild groups of monkeys in Yakushima, as reported by Maruhashi (1982). However, the proportion of females with infants of 7-9 months old in a group on the Anbo Road was estimated to be higher than that for non-provisioned groups. The reason for this could be improvement of nutritional condition as a result both of provisioning by tourists, and of feeding on high quality herbs planted on large, artificial slopes which flank several sections of the Anbo Road.

著者

茂原 信生

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.165-178, 1996 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 2

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The direction of the orbits in mammals, especially in primates, was examined to explain orbital convergence in primates. The orbital axes of old world monkeys are between 40°∼50°, while those of new world monkeys exceed 50°. The orbital axes tend. to be even larger in callithricids. In Prosimians, the axis angle ranges from 60°∼100°, and is clearly larger than those of the anthropoids. The orbital axis angle of carnivores is between those of prosimians and anthropoids. However, their orbital planes have not turned to the front, because the olfactory sense is also important for them. Ungulates have large orbital axis angles over 100°. It is clear that arboreality is possible even if the orbit has not turned to the front as it is in anthropoids, because tree shrews or squirrels do not have orbits rotated to the front as in anthropoids. Carnivores, although they are terrestrial mammals, have orbital axis angle as small as in primates. As a result, the frontal rotation of the orbit was not caused simply by the adaptation to arboreal life, supporting the visual predation hypothesis advocated by Cartmill (1972).

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.215-223, 1995 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

41

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Tool-using behaviors of animals have been compared with those of early-man and examined the factors which differentiated the human culture from that of animals. Many tool-using behaviors of animals which are mainly found among birds and primates, particularly in chimpanzees, are flexible to environmental change and have local differences. The reason why they are remarkable only among some separated animal taxa are to be examined through their environment, life form, feeding repertoire and technique. Chimpanzees use and make many different kinds of tools, occasionally do more than one kind of tool for a single purpose and are expected to use a tool for making another tool which needs high intelligence and capability. Examination of local differences of tool-using repertoire of chimpanzees and their environment made clear that they maintain techniques through social tradition, which can be called “culture”. However, its elaboration to man-like culture needs further development of the motor function coordinating both hands and communication method by language.

著者

岩本 光雄

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.119-126, 1987 (Released:2009-09-07)

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

南 徹弘

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.69-76, 1998 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

20

著者

ハフマン マイケルA

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.179-187, 1993 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

5 5

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It has been proposed that chimpanzees use a number of toxic plant species for their medicinal value. Based on behavior, plant pharmacology, and ethnomedical information, hypotheses concerning the medicinal use of some of these plants by chimpanzees include the following: control of parasites, treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, regulation of fertility, and possible anti-bacterial or anti-hepatotoxic activity. With regards to bitter pith chewing and whole leaf swallowing behaviors, 20 medicinal plant species have been observed to be used not only by chimpanzees, but also by bonobos and lowland gorillas at 7 sites (Mahale, Gombe, Kibale, Kahuzi-Biega, Wamba, Tai, Bossou) across Africa. A detailed description is given of the research program currently being carried out by the author and colleagues of the international research team, The C. H. I. M. P. P. Group, and in particular, of the ongoing multi-disciplinary research into the chimpanzee use of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) in the Mahale Mountains National Park Tanzania. The hypothesis that this species has medicinal value for chimpanzees comes from detailed observations by the author of ailing individuals' use of the plant. Quantitative analysis and assays of the biological activity of V. amygdalina have revealed the presence of two major classes of bioactive compounds. The most abundant of these constituents, the sesquiterpene lactone vernodalin, and the steroid glucoside vernoioside B1 (and its aglycones) have been demonstrated to possess antibiotic, anti-tumor, anti-amoebic, anti-malarial, anti-leishmanial, and anti-schistosomal properties. At Mahale, the particular parts of an additional 12 plant species ingested by chimpanzees are recognized for their traditional use against parasite or gastrointestinal related diseases in humans. Their physiological activities are now being investigated in the laboratory.

著者

本間 敏彦 坂井 建雄

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.25-31, 1992 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2

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Anatomy of the intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles concerning the thumb movement were studied in 6 primate species including tree shrews, slow lorises, a squirrel monkey, crab-eating monkeys, an orangutan and man. Four thenar muscles which represent the intrinsic muscles are found in all the species examined except for the tree shrews which lack M. opponens pollicis. This muscle effects an opposable movement of the thumb against the other fingers in the prosimians and the higher primates. The opposable movement which enables grasping of tools is most effective in the man. Among the four extrinsic muscles, M. extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and M. flexor pollicis longus (FPL) are unique in the man. In the other species examined, the former is totally absent and the latter may be represented by a tendon coming from M. flexor digitorum profundus. EPB and FPL work together to flex specifically the phalangeal joint of the thumb without bending the other joints. Thereby FPL flexes the distal phalanx and the EPB stabilizes the proximal phalanx. In the other primates, flexion of the joint is inevitably accompanied by bending of the distal phalangeal joints of the other fingers, as seen in the human toes.

著者

英国危険病原体諮問委員会 中村 志帆 光永 総子 中村 伸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.377-394, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

14

著者

渡辺 邦夫 三戸 幸久 和田 一雄 東 滋

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.30-35, 1990 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

4 1