著者

堀内 元 中島 大貴 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.575-586, 2017 (Released:2017-12-19)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

4 4

---

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the generation, absorption and transfer of mechanical energy during baseball batting, focusing on the lower extremities and torso. The batting motion and ground reaction forces acting on each foot of 79 amateur baseball players were recorded using a motion capture system and 2 force plates. The joint forces and joint torques were calculated using inverse dynamics. In addition, the mechanical powers as a function of each joint torque were calculated to assess the generation/absorption of mechanical energy. The mechanical powers as a function of joint forces and joint torques acting on each segment were calculated to assess the transfer of mechanical energy. The main results were as follows:  1. In the phase from contact of the stride foot to the peak lower torso rotational velocity (lower torso acceleration phase), the mechanical energy was generated and flowed into the lower torso as a function of hip joint torque.  2. In the lower torso acceleration phase, the mechanical energy flowed out from the lower torso to the upper torso as a function of torso joint torque.  3. In the phase from the peak lower torso rotational velocity to impact (swing phase), the mechanical energy was generated and flowed into the upper torso as a function of torso joint torque.  4. In the swing phase, the mechanical energy of the bat increased rapidly, and this amount of change was significantly correlated with the bat head speed at impact.  5. Though the analysis phase, the change in the mechanical energy of the torso was small.  These results suggest that both hip joints generate mechanical energy and that the torso acts as a pathway of mechanical energy during baseball batting. In addition, the transfer of mechanical energy from the torso to the upper extremities and the bat contributes to increasing the bat head speed at impact.

著者

堀内 元 中島 大貴 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.695-705, 2018-12-10 (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify the exertion of torque and motion related to the generation of mechanical energy in both hip joints during baseball batting. The participants were 98 male amateur baseball players (body height: 172.6±5.6cm, body weight: 70.3±8.1kg, age: 19.0±1.9yr, career: 11.0±2.8yr). The batting motion was recorded using a motion capture system (10cameras, 250Hz), and the ground reaction forces acting on each foot were estimated using 2 force plates (1000Hz). Hip joint angles were expressed as Euler angle of the thigh relative to the lower torso. Hip joint torques were calculated using inverse dynamics. Other kinetic variables–e.g. hip joint torque power, mechanical work by hip joint torque–were also calculated. The main results were as follows: 1. Throughout the analysis phase, there was no significant correlation between the bat head speed at impact and the angles of both hip joints. 2. For the hip joint on the pitcher side, the generation of mechanical energy by flexion and adduction torque was large during the phase before maximum pelvis rotational velocity. 3. For the hip joint on the catcher side, the generation of mechanical energy by extension torque was large in the phase before maximum pelvis rotational velocity. These results suggest that there are no differences in the kinematics of both hip joints depending on the bat head speed at impact. In addition, it is indicated that the ability to exert flexion and adduction torques for the hip joint on the pitcher side and the extension torque for the hip joint on the catcher side during baseball batting motion contribute to the generation of mechanical energy.

著者

中島 大貴 畔栁 俊太郎 安藤 優香 廖 本暠 山口 瑞生 桜井 伸二

出版者

日本スポーツパフォーマンス学会

雑誌

スポーツパフォーマンス研究 (ISSN:21871787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.1-12, 2022 (Released:2022-01-28)

参考文献数

11

---

野球において,投手が投じる変化球は,“キレ”という言葉を用いて評価されることが多い.しかし,このキレに対して野球選手がどの程度共通した認識を持っているのか,また,それは客観的な指標(速度や変化量などの運動学的特徴)で表すことができるのかは明らかではない.そこで本研究では,①野球投手が投じた変化球に対する評価者のキレの評価の一致度を検証すること,②そのキレの評価と実際に投球された変化球の運動学的特徴との関係を明らかにすることを目的とした.そのために,高校生投手12名,大学生投手20名が投じた各球種の運動学的特徴を調べ,高校生,大学生それぞれ投手と同一チームに所属する複数の捕手(評価者)に各投手の各球種のキレを5段階で評価させた.そして,評価者間のキレの評価の一致度,および,キレの評価とその運動学的特徴との関係を,高校生,大学生それぞれにおいて調べた.その結果,キレという言葉に対する認識が一致している球種と,そうでない球種があることがわかった.また,カーブ,カットボールにおいては,ボールの運動学的特徴でキレを定量化することができたが,スライダーやチェンジアップにおいてはできなかった.

著者

堀内 元 中島 大貴 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.16095, (Released:2017-08-25)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

2 4

---

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the generation, absorption and transfer of mechanical energy during baseball batting, focusing on the lower extremities and torso. The batting motion and ground reaction forces acting on each foot of 79 amateur baseball players were recorded using a motion capture system and two force plates. The joint forces and joint torques were calculated using inverse dynamics. In addition, the mechanical powers as a function of each joint torque were calculated to assess the generation/absorption of mechanical energy. The mechanical powers as a function of joint forces and joint torques acting on each segment were calculated to assess the transfer of mechanical energy. The main results were as follows:  1. In the phase from contact of the stride foot to the peak lower torso rotational velocity (lower torso acceleration phase), the mechanical energy was generated and flowed into the lower torso as a function of hip joint torque.  2. In the lower torso acceleration phase, the mechanical energy flowed out from the lower torso to the upper torso as a function of torso joint torque.  3. In the phase from the peak lower torso rotational velocity to impact (swing phase), the mechanical energy was generated and flowed into the upper torso as a function of torso joint torque.  4. In the swing phase, the mechanical energy of the bat increased rapidly, and this amount of change was significantly correlated with the bat head speed at impact.  5. Though the analysis phase, the change in the mechanical energy of the torso was small.  These results suggest that both hip joints generate mechanical energy and that the torso acts as a pathway of mechanical energy during baseball batting. In addition, the transfer of mechanical energy from the torso to the upper extremities and the bat contributes to increasing the bat head speed at impact.

著者

桜井 伸二

出版者

中京大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2018-04-01

著者

豊嶋 陵司 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17008, (Released:2018-06-15)

参考文献数

47

---

This study investigated the relationships between the kinetic factor of the swing leg and step frequency (SF) and step length (SL) during the top speed phase of a sprint. Sixteen male sprinters (age 19.3±0.6 years, height 1.74±0.06 m, weight 66.1±5.2 kg) performed maximum effort 60-m sprints. Video data from the 43.5- to 50-m section of the sprint were collected using a high-speed camera (300 Hz). SF index and SL index were calculated to exclude the influence of body height on the outcomes of interest. Torque and torque power of the hip and knee joints of the right leg were calculated during the swing phase of the right leg. The time of the swing phase of the right leg was normalized so that the take-off of the right foot, touchdown of the left foot, take-off of the left foot, and touchdown of the right foot were 0%, 100%, 200%, and 300%, respectively. For every 5% of normalized time, partial correlation analysis was conducted between the right leg kinetics and SF index (controlling SL index) and SL index (controlling SF index). The SF index was associated with a large hip flexion torque and a large hip extension torque during 10–60% and 250–280% of the swing phase, respectively. Moreover, large peaks of the hip flexion torque and positive power were associated with a high SF index (r = -.718, p <0.01; r = .531, p <0.05, respectively). The SL index was associated with a hip flexion torque during 20–30% of the swing phase, although there was no significant partial correlation between the SL index and peak hip flexion torque (r = -.381, p = .161). In addition, a high SL index was associated with early appearance of the peak hip flexion torque power (r = -.759, p <0.01). In conclusion, throughout the top speed phase of a sprint, a high SF index requires a large torque and hip joint power for the leg swing over a short duration, and a high SL index requires an early increase of hip flexion torque power.

著者

中島 大貴 森下 義隆 八木 賢太郎 桜井 伸二

出版者

日本バイオメカニクス学会

雑誌

バイオメカニクス研究 (ISSN:13431706)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.8-18, 2020 (Released:2020-07-06)

参考文献数

23

---

In baseball, the flight distance of batted balls is influenced by not only the batted ball velocity but also the spin. Previous studies reported that balls batted toward the opposite field (right field for the right-handed batter) had greater side spin and curved horizontally. If batters could impart less side spin to the ball, flight distance would be expected to increase because the ball would travel more linearly. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the spin of a batted ball is affected by the vertical bat angle at impact. A pitching machine was used to launch balls toward a fixed bat. The bat was positioned at six different angles under two conditions; the bat's long axis was adjusted horizontally and the bat head was declined 40° lower than the bat grip. The batted ball spins resulting from the batted ball angles were compared between the conditions. There were significant correlations between the horizontal batted ball angle and the side spin of the batted balls in both conditions. There was no significant difference between the slopes of the regression lines for the conditions. In brief, balls batted toward the same direction had similar spin regardless of the conditions. Therefore, it is suggested that the batters should not attempt to control batted ball spin, and increasing their bat swing speed would be still the most important key factor to hit balls long distances toward the various directions.

著者

堀内 元 豊嶋 陵司 鈴木 雄貴 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.841-854, 2019-12-16 (Released:2019-12-20)

参考文献数

24

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify the kinematics of the jump floater serve in volleyball to provide basic data for research. The jump floater serve motions of 9 female volleyball players (body height: 174.4±6.2 cm, body weight: 67.7±6.1 kg, age: 23.6±4.6 yr, career: 14.4±5.1 yr) were recorded using a motion capture system with 10 cameras (500 Hz). The three-dimensional coordinates of retro-reflective markers on the volleyball were also collected using a motion capture system. The primary variables examined were the hand velocity of the swing arm at impact, the velocity and angular velocity of the volleyball after impact, the joint angles of the swing arm and torso, and the segment angle of the lower torso during the jump floater serve. The main results were as follows. 1. The speed of the volleyball was about 14 m/s, and the spin of the volleyball was about 1 rps. 2. No significant correlation was found between the number of volleyball rotations around each axis and the impact parameters of the swing hand. 3. The maximal right rotation angle of the torso joint in the jump floater serve was smaller than that of the spike motion. 4. The abduction angle of the shoulder joint at ball impact in the jump floater serve was similar to that of a spike motion. 5. From the end of take back to the middle of the serve motion, the standard deviation in the abduction angle of the shoulder joint was notably large. 6. The maximal external rotation of the shoulder joint was smaller in comparison with a baseball pitch or a tennis serve. 7. The extension angle of the elbow joint at impact was smaller in comparison with the volleyball spike motion.

著者

堀内 元 中島 大貴 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18026, (Released:2018-09-07)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify the exertion of torque and motion related to the generation of mechanical energy in both hip joints during baseball batting. The participants were 98 male amateur baseball players (body height: 172.6±5.6cm, body weight: 70.3±8.1kg, age: 19.0±1.9yr, career: 11.0±2.8yr). The batting motion was recorded using a motion capture system (10cameras, 250Hz), and the ground reaction forces acting on each foot were estimated using 2 force plates (1000Hz). Hip joint angles were expressed as Euler angle of the thigh relative to the lower torso. Hip joint torques were calculated using inverse dynamics. Other kinetic variables–e.g. hip joint torque power, mechanical work by hip joint torque–were also calculated. The main results were as follows: 1. Throughout the analysis phase, there was no significant correlation between the bat head speed at impact and the angles of both hip joints. 2. For the hip joint on the pitcher side, the generation of mechanical energy by flexion and adduction torque was large during the phase before maximum pelvis rotational velocity. 3. For the hip joint on the catcher side, the generation of mechanical energy by extension torque was large in the phase before maximum pelvis rotational velocity. These results suggest that there are no differences in the kinematics of both hip joints depending on the bat head speed at impact. In addition, it is indicated that the ability to exert flexion and adduction torques for the hip joint on the pitcher side and the extension torque for the hip joint on the catcher side during baseball batting motion contribute to the generation of mechanical energy.

著者

伊藤 嶺一郎 鈴木 雄貴 桜井 伸二

雑誌

中京大学体育研究所紀要 = BULLETIN OF RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND SPORT SCIENCES CHUKYO UNIVERSITY

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.9-14, 2017-03-31

著者

豊嶋 陵司 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.479-493, 2018-12-10 (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

47

---

This study investigated the relationships between the kinetic factor of the swing leg and step frequency (SF) and step length (SL) during the top speed phase of a sprint. Sixteen male sprinters (age 19.3±0.6 years, height 1.74±0.06 m, weight 66.1±5.2 kg) performed maximum effort 60-m sprints. Video data from the 43.5- to 50-m section of the sprint were collected using a high-speed camera (300 Hz). SF index and SL index were calculated to exclude the influence of body height on the outcomes of interest. Torque and torque power of the hip and knee joints of the right leg were calculated during the swing phase of the right leg. The time of the swing phase of the right leg was normalized so that the take-off of the right foot, touchdown of the left foot, take-off of the left foot, and touchdown of the right foot were 0%, 100%, 200%, and 300%, respectively. For every 5% of normalized time, partial correlation analysis was conducted between the right leg kinetics and SF index (controlling SL index) and SL index (controlling SF index). The SF index was associated with a large hip flexion torque and a large hip extension torque during 10–60% and 250–280% of the swing phase, respectively. Moreover, large peaks of the hip flexion torque and positive power were associated with a high SF index (r = -.718, p <0.01; r = .531, p <0.05, respectively). The SL index was associated with a hip flexion torque during 20–30% of the swing phase, although there was no significant partial correlation between the SL index and peak hip flexion torque (r = -.381, p = .161). In addition, a high SL index was associated with early appearance of the peak hip flexion torque power (r = -.759, p <0.01). In conclusion, throughout the top speed phase of a sprint, a high SF index requires a large torque and hip joint power for the leg swing over a short duration, and a high SL index requires an early increase of hip flexion torque power.

著者

豊嶋 陵司 田内 健二 遠藤 俊典 礒 繁雄 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.14062, (Released:2015-04-30)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

3 3

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify the biomechanical factors that influence intra-individual variations in step frequency (SF) and length (SL) during sprint running. One male sprinter participated as a study subject, and performed a 60-m sprint at maximal effort. Experiments were conducted 5 times, with a total number of 14 trials. The ground reaction force and positions of markers attached to the joints were recorded using force plates and a motion capture system. Trials were divided into SF type and SL type depending on the SF/SL ratio, and the kinematic variables and ground reaction force were compared. The main results were as follows.   1)  There were no significant differences in sprint velocity and stance time between the SF type and the SL type.   2)  The flight time of the SL type was longer than that of the SF type.   3)  Vertical components of the ground reaction force and impulse during the stance phase were larger for the SL type than for the SF type.   4)  The thigh angle of the swing leg was larger for the SL type than for the SF type during almost all phases.   5)  The hip joint of the swing leg was flexed to a greater degree during the stance phase and first half of the flight phase for the SL type than for the SF type.   6)  There were no marked differences in the segment and joint angular velocities between the SF type and the SL type.   These results indicate that changes in step frequency and step length with flight time are due to an increase or decrease of vertical impulse. Moreover, it was revealed that vertical impulse is influenced by the thigh angle of the swing leg during the stance phase, rather than by the angular velocity of the swing leg.

著者

廖 本暠 中島 大貴 半田 卓也 菊地 啓太 桜井 伸二

出版者

中京大学先端共同研究機構体育研究所

雑誌

中京大学体育研究所紀要 = BULLETIN OF RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND SPORT SCIENCES CHUKYO UNIVERSITY

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.55-62, 2022-03-31

著者

藤谷 光順 桜井 伸二

出版者

日本アダプテッド体育・スポーツ学会

雑誌

障害者スポーツ科学 (ISSN:13486055)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.33-42, 2014

---

The purpose of this study was to report the supporting approach for the improvement of the athletic performance of a Paralympic swimmer. The subject was a gold medalist in the 50 m breast stroke event in the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games, and was classified in SB3 according to a congenital limb deficit. Four synchronized under-water video cameras (60 fps and 1/1000s) were used to record the maximum 50 m breast stroke swimming motion. Three-dimensional coordinates of anatomical landmarks of the swimmer were obtained using DLT procedures. Filming and analysis were executed three times every two months. Video-imaged and motion analysis results were relayed back to the athlete and coach every time. Suggestions for the athletic performance improvement derived from the motion analysis were as follows: (1) increase stroke length and decrease stroke rate, (2) conform stroke motion in non-breath stroke to the motion in on-breath stroke, and (3) decrease drag force in recovery phase, and shorten stroke length of right arm in late in-sweep phase. The filming and supporting activities based on data acquisition and analysis were continued to the 2012 London Paralympic Games for improving the athletic performance so as to achieve the best results for athletes.

著者

船渡 裕太 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.16085, (Released:2017-11-02)

参考文献数

27

---

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between take-off motion and jump distance in medium-hill ski jumping. The subjects were 21 ski jumpers (16 males and 5 females, height: 1.65±0.09 m, weight: 54.6±8.9 kg, age: 19.2±6.8 yr) whose take-off phase on a medium-hill (hill size: 68 m) was filmed with two synchronized high-speed video cameras (200 Hz). The take-off motion was analyzed two-dimensionally in the sagittal plane. The results were as follows:  1) The approach velocity and vertical velocity of the jumper's center of gravity at the instant of release were found to be significantly correlated with jump distance (r=0.768, p<0.01; r=0.775, p<0.01), suggesting that these two parameters are as important for medium-hill as for normal-hill ski jumping.  2) Ski jumpers increased their jump distance by moving their trunk forward with knee joint extension during take-off and by reducing the trunk angle at the instant of release from an initial position in which the lower limb joints were deeply flexed.  3) Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that (1) the hip angle at the initial position, (2) the knee joint angular velocity at the instant of release, and (3) the horizontal velocity of the trunk relative to the feet at the instant of release were the three significant factors, accounting for 82.3% of the jump distance. The importance of knee joint angular velocity at the instant of release has increased following the recent changes in ski jumping technique and regulations.

著者

尾関 一将 桜井 伸二 田口 正公

出版者

日本水泳・水中運動学会

雑誌

水泳水中運動科学 (ISSN:18806937)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.4-11, 2015 (Released:2015-03-05)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2 2

---

The aims of this study were to evaluate performances during the start phase using both the kick start and the track start and to compare kinematic parameters for sex differences. Eleven male and 10 female elite collegiate swimmers executed the two start techniques in random order. Trials were recorded using three synchronized video cameras sampling at 60 frames/s and analyzed in the 2-dimensional sagittal plane. Paired t-testing was used to compare all variables between the two techniques. When differences in kinematic parameters were observed, absolute differences between with or without start plate were calculated. Two-way analysis of variance was used to compare parameters between males and females. In male swimmers, block time and 15-m time were significantly shorter for the kick start than for the track start. Horizontal velocity and speed at take-off were greater for the kick start than for the track start. In female swimmers, the 15-m time was significantly shorter for the kick start than for the track start. Horizontal velocity at take-off was greater for the kick start than for the track start. In addition, 15-m time was comparably improved by using the kick start for both male and female competitive college swimmers.

著者

梅垣 浩二 室伏 広治 太田 憲 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本機械学会

雑誌

シンポジウム: スポーツ・アンド・ヒューマン・ダイナミクス講演論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2012, pp.265-270, 2012

---

An increase or decrease of the hammer head mechanical energy was caused by an accumulation of the positive or negative handle power which was the product of wire tensile force and handle velocity in the wire length direction. During single support phase a decrease of the wire tensile force was reduced by a fictitious force caused by handle relative pulling acceleration and relative leading velocity to thrower's center of mass (C.M.). Ground reaction force was resulted from maintaining balance with wire tensile force, hammer head centrifugal force, hammer handle coriolis force, and so on under rotational coordinate system. During double support phase handle relative pushing acceleration and relative drawing velocity to thrower's C.M. caused a fictitious force which make balance with the addition of wire tensile force and hammer head rotational force in the wire length direction and with hammer head rotational force in the horizontal direction perpendicular to wire, so that thrower pushed the ground on his/her feet.

著者

梅垣 浩二 室伏 広治 桜井 伸二 高松 潤二 東洋 功

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, 2004

著者

太田 憲 梅垣 浩二 室伏 広治 小宮根 文子 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本機械学会

雑誌

ジョイント・シンポジウム講演論文集:スポーツ工学シンポジウム:シンポジウム:ヒューマン・ダイナミックス

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.270-274, 2008

---

Dynamics-based force sensor using accelerometers which measures forces and joint torques has been developed. In this study we have applied this method to hammer throw training aid integrating small sensors, signal processing, short-range wireless transmission, data-logger and biofeedback training system. The purpose of this study was to establish methods for the measuring of rotational movement and the biofeedback training system for hammer throwers. Microelectromechanical systems accelerometers were chosen as the sensor platform capable of because they are noninvasive miniaturized devices and have wide bandwidth. In this system, a wireless data-logger was developed as a wearable device to replace cables and reduce constraint caused by wearing cables. The transmitted data were given as biofeedback information over a speaker through signal processing and voltage to frequency conversion.

著者

梅垣 浩二 室伏 広治 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, 2009