著者
金子 真理子
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.65, pp.69-89, 1999-10-15 (Released:2011-03-18)
参考文献数
23
被引用文献数
1

This paper analyzes the processes in the classroom, in which the teacher's evaluation affects pupils' involvement in various activities at school. In this paper, I aim to understand social meanings of evaluation in the classroom. In so doing, I hope to shed new light on the sociology of school.Based on ethnographic research conducted at an elementary school, I found the following:1) Among pupils, their recognition of teacher's evaluation is differentiated, because evaluation in the classroom is getting multifarious and the criteria of report cards are not open to pupils.2) Patterns of pupils' reaction to the teacher's evaluation are differentiated based on both “pupils' recognition” and “grades on test”. Differentiation of pupils' reaction to evaluation is a result of pupils' strategies, based on their own recognition, for making difference and getting a respectable position in the classroom. For example, lowly-graded pupils recognize their teacher's evaluation in everyday life positively and react to it accordingly. Through such strategies in dealing with teacher's evaluation, pupils make their own positions in the classroom as a social space.3) Pupils' involvement in school activities is differentiated, depending on patterns of their reaction to the teacher's evaluation.As is discussed above, the process of evaluation in the classroom is a social interaction process. Lastly, I suggest that this process makes various patterns of pupils' adjustment to school, and on the other hand it can cause a part of “self-selection”.
著者
金子 真理子
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, pp.107-128, 2003-05-25 (Released:2011-03-18)
参考文献数
20
被引用文献数
3 1

In 2002, cumulative guidance records in elementary and junior high schools were revised along with the new course of study, which was designed to develop a “zest for living” so that students can learn and think by themselves. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the implementation process of educational reform under the influence of social and political dynamics, by studying evaluation behaviors in junior high schools, which are now in a transition period, and to examine its consequences. The main data were gathered through interviews at elementary and junior high schools in Tokyo, from October to November 2002.The main point of the new records is that students are evaluated based on absolute evaluations instead of traditional relative ones. Before the revision, teachers evaluated their students with relative evaluations, based mainly on examination scores. Under the new system, however, they have to rate the abilities of their students with absolute evaluation from various viewpoints, and to submit a “comprehensive evaluation, ” aimed at “evaluating achievement of students more properly.”Before discussing whether the new system has enabled “more appropriate evaluations, ” it is necessary to understand the mechanisms preventing the idealistic realization of educational reform in schools and to study their social consequences from various aspects. By investigating the implementation process of the new evaluation system in junior high school, the following conclusions were made:(1) Students and their parents, who have been sensitive to school recommendations, demand teachers strict procedure for evaluations. In addition, local governments have tended to adopt a policy trend of “school evaluations” which asks schools for more accountability. Those have forced teachers to carry out “evaluations for accountability” to satisfy the gaze of “an unspecified number of the general public.” For this reason, teachers are spending much time scoring students' exam results and daily activities from a variety of points.(2) The above behavior by teachers holds the risk of pushing the development of action and ability of their students in the classroom in a certain direction. For example, many students tend to adopt a kind of “action standard, ” which is far from the development of understanding in each subject, such as submitting homework just to get higher evaluations, and not for the better understanding of subjects.(3) The introduction of absolute evaluation has caused differences in evaluation standard among schools, leading to an undermining of the reliability of school recommendations. As a result, “evaluations” in junior high schools have been decoupled with entrance examinations for high schools. Under this circumstance, the social function of schools is also changing.Lastly, I suggest that this attempt at reading the social and political dynamics in the process of implementing educational reform is an effective and vital measure for heightening reflectivity on the reform.
著者
樋田 大二郎 岩木 秀夫 耳塚 寛明 大多和 直樹 金子 真理子 堀 健志 岡部 悟志
出版者
青山学院大学
雑誌
基盤研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
2009

実証研究の結果、日本の高校では確かにゆとりから学力回帰の流れが起きており、学力向上のためには、かつてのメリトクラシーとトラッキングの組み合わせによる構造に起因する動機付けでは無く、また内発的動機付けに期待する多様化の制度改革も一段落して、今日では学校生活の楽しさと個別的面倒見主義による動機付けが強調され、あるいはそれを支える新自由主義的競争原理の導入などが進行していた。しかし、そうした動向は主体性や創造性などの従来からの教育的価値を損なう危険を秘めていた。研究グループは、シンガポールとの国際比較研究から、代案として複線型教育体系もしくはその要素の一部を日本に導入することを検討した。
著者
樋田 大二郎 岩木 秀夫 耳塚 寛明 苅谷 剛彦 金子 真理子 大多和 直樹
出版者
聖心女子大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2003

われわれが1979年以来行ってきたデータの再分析、および日本、シンガポールの再調査を行っている。シンガポールは、非常に学歴が重視される国であり、研究者の間ではメリトクラシー(能力と努力の結果が支配する)の国であると考えられている。こうした背景には、シンガポールの国際社会やアジアにおける軍事的、経済的位置づけやさらには多民族の融合というこの国独自の事情がある。しかし、それだけでなく、人々を学習に駆り立て、学習の結果を人材の社会的配分の基準にすることを正当化するような考え方や仕組みが存在する。一昨年度以来のわれわれの調査では、シンガポールは、教育政策においてアファーマティブ・アクション(マイノリティへの優遇:大学入学枠の確保、点数の加算など)や救済重視的な社会的敗者対策はとらずに、競争参加への機会均等をすべての国民に対して保証する/競争の結果に基づいて地位配分を行う/競争の結果に基づいて地位配分が行われるプロセスと基準を明確化し納得させる/競争の内容(学習の内容と方法)を明示化し納得させる/競争の内容(学習の内容と方法)を「学問中心」ではなく、生徒の興味、企業からの要請や国際社会からの要請に応じたものにしている/競争の内容(学習の内容と方法)が卒業後の生活と結びついていることを生徒に認知させ、納得させる/競争の結果に基づいて手厚いエリート教育と手厚い大衆教育を行う/敗者復活の機会を用意する、などの教育政策を採っている。しかし、こうしたシステムのあり方に加えて、授業面で、私たちの知見では、シンガポールは、授業内容が卒業後の進路とレリバンスが高く、それを可能にするために、コース設置、教員採用、カリキュラム、教科書などが、現場裁量に任せられる部分が大きく、ガンバが進路先とコミニュケーションを親密にとっている。