著者

中根 美知代

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.117-121, 2013-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

著者

野村 恭史

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.23-36, 2013-11-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

27

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We can regard Russell's theory of classes in The Principles of Mathematics as a dual theory of classes based upon the distinction between a class as one and a class as many. In this paper, I shall show the following (A)-(D) from the viewpoint of how Russell dealt in the Principles with the paradox that bears his own name. (A) The dual theory of classes is one that deserves serious considerations. (B) Russell offered measures against the paradox other than the simple theory of types developed in an appendix to the Principles. (C) Russell avoided the paradox without forbidding self-memberships of classes in general. (D) Though introducing a hierarchy of types into pseudo-entities is a very important step to Russell's later theories (e.g., the substitutional theory and the ramified theory of types), we can find this strategy already in the Principles.

著者

佐金 武

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.57-78, 2013-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

60

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Time should be defined as the dimension of change because it passes. In this figurative talk, I believe, there is some truth that everyone should admit. In this paper, I aim to show what is behind the idea of time's passage, based on the presentist program originated by Arthur Prior, the founder of tense logic. For Prior, the presently existing things, and how they are, exhaust reality. Assuming this, he maintains that some statements may change in their truth-values since things, which those statements are about, do change in their properties. This is just what we mean by saying that time passes. I shall clarify and defend Prior's line of thought in the contemporary context of philosophy of time.

著者

藁谷 敏晴 小山田 圭一

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.31-43, 2011-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

67

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In this paper, we present a logical system which is constructed on the following principles: I) the singular proposition is a universal proposition with a singular term as its subject; II) the identity proposition is a singular proposition with a singular term as its predicate; III) a singular term is a term which designates the only one object. The resulting system is shown to be inferentially equivalent to the original system of Lesniewski's Ontology dating from 1920. We shall present some results on the comprehension axiom and the law of extensionality, too.

著者

吉田 夏彦

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.45-47, 2011-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

著者

大森 仁 藁谷 敏晴

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.51-68, 2012-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

21

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A system of paraconsistent logic called PCL1 is known to have an interesting relation to Modal Logic S5, and in one of our previous papers, we focused on some concrete conditions to obtain the "minimal" extension of PCL1 enriched with the classical negation. Based on this result, the present paper offers some additional remarks on enriching PCL1 with the classical negation and other concrete conditions to obtain the relation between PCL1 enriched with the classical negation and S5. Also a simple relation between PCL1 and the existing systems is clarified and a maximal three-valued extension of PCL1 is presented.

著者

藤田 博司

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.69, 2012-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

著者

中山 康雄

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.71-81, 2012-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

26

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In this paper, I introduce three criteria for the historical assessment of research activities and apply them to mathematical activities, especially research activities in the set-theory. These criteria are accuracy, expressibility, and coherence. According to my proposal, a research tradition is progressive, when it is more accurate, more expressive and more coherent than its predecessors. A research tradition in a crisis is regressive with respect to at least one of these criteria. This approach is based on a nominalistic non-realism that is connected with a metaphysical position, namely the ontological theory of multiple languages.

著者

大塚 淳

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.39-47, 2010 (Released:2017-09-10)

参考文献数

10

---

For the past few decades, the statistical analysis of causation, referred to as causal Bayes-net, has gained wide applicability to many scientific areas including economics, biology, psychology and others. Bayes-nets model the causal relationships with a graph-theoretic structure and evaluates the effect of a causal intervention with the aid of the probabilistic pattern called the Markov Condition. This paper firstly reviews this statistical approach to see how it works in tasks such as the prediction of causal consequence or the evaluation of counterfactual propositions. The success of Bayes-nets in these tasks comes not without philosophical implications. Two related interpretations of causality - the probabilistic reductionism and the interventionist theory - are examined in the second half of the paper. Although both of them suffer from the problem of unfaithfulness, i.e. the probabilistic independence not implied by the Markov Condition, it will be argued that resorting to the underlying mechanism, or the ‘invariance’, helps the interventionists to avoid the problem and to justify some assumptions in the use of Bayes-net.

著者

森田 邦久

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.49-54, 2011-05-15 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

10

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In 1930, Einstein proposed the Gedankenexperiment that seems to show the invalidity of the time-energy uncertainty relation. Bohr gave an answer to this Einstein's challenge by resorting to the Einstein's general theory of relativity. However, many scientists and philosophers have critiqued his answer, and proposed new ones. The important proposals in these are ones given by Treder and Busch. In this paper, I survey and critique these answers. The point is how to interpret the time-energy uncertainty relation appeared in the Einstein's Photon Box. Next, I suggest a new answer to the Photon Box Gedankenexperment. My suggestion is that measurement of energy of phton is done by measuring the mass of box before and after the emission of photon.

著者

實川 幹朗

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.55-74, 2011-05-15 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

46

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"The enclosure of the mind" denotes a trend in the western thought history. It is a combined operation; how, where and in what the mind has been enclosed. Where is the place of the mind? -Our scientific common sense teaches us that it is in the individual brain. This represents a completed feature of "the enclosure of the mind". The opposite idea is the panpsychism, though, it would certainly be felt somewhat "fishy". Under this view, mechanisms such as communications from mind to mind should be natural, which would appear more doubtful. -This "fishiness" is an effect of "the enclosure of the mind" in the modern ages. There has been, however, no successful scientific proof of the "scientific common sense", yet. In a word, this is an opinion that the Zeitgeist has constructed, and the trustworthy appearance derives from the fact that it reflects the ground note of the modern world. In this article, this phenomenon is analyzed from three dimensions: <area system>, <human system>, and <spirit/material system>. They are in the thought history to form "Modern ages of the mind". Intertwined in the meanings, they are logically independent. These factors have produced an apparently bold new phenomenon. But, it can be analyzed as a revival of the traditional human-centrism and the rationalism that characterize the history of the West European thought.

著者

塩野 直之

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.67-76, 2010-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

15

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Shoemaker presented a theory of properties according to which there are no metaphysically possible worlds that are not causally possible, because the causal powers of properties are essential to them. The theory apparently has the consequence that the range of metaphysically possible worlds is considerably narrower than has normally been thought. On closer inspection, however, it seems to leave open the possibility that there are possible worlds with "alien" properties that are not instantiated in the actual world, those properties being governed by laws that do not govern actual world properties. This paper examines whether this possibility is a serious threat to Shoemaker's theory, and concludes that it may indeed be.

著者

谷川 卓

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.77-85, 2010-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

27

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In this paper, I argue that non-occurrences of events are not qualified as causal relatas from an ontological point of view. It is a matter of fact that we usually use sentences which appear to report non-occurrences of events as causes or effects. But such sentences do not represent the states of the world straightforwardly and hence requires an interpretation. According to the interpretation I endorse, sentences mentioning non-occurrences of events should be interpreted in terms of counterfactuals. This interpretation shows that non-occurrences of events are mentioned on the basis of the concept of possibility. This view is supported by clarifying the ontology of events, confirming the truth condition for counterfactuals, and analyzing cases of double prevention.

著者

糸山 浩司

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.87-94, 2010-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

8

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南部陽一郎博士2008年ノーベル物理学賞受賞の対象となった素粒子物理学における対称性の自発的破れの機構を、場の量子論の成立、発展を含めて論じる。

著者

野内 玲

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.9-18, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

17

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Scientific realists are pressed to reply against the critical argument from the anti-realist, pessimistic induction. One of the promising positions for them is that of ontic structural realism. This position claims that scientific theories are true of world structure and we must ontologically commit ourselves not to theoretical entities but only to such structures, totally eliminating the former. This elimination of relata, with the admission of relations has subjected it to a barrage of criticism. In this paper, I survey the debates about ontic structural realism and examine where its defects, if any, lie.

著者

神山 和好

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.19-26, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

24

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Recently, Crispin Wright has proposed a unified strategy against skepticism (Wright, 2004). It is interesting as a defense to our attitude to "receive various things without doubt." But I have doubt in the effectiveness of the suggested program with Davies (Davies, 2004). However, I am not satisfied with the counterproposal of Davies either. In this paper I suggest an alternative anti-skeptical strategy after checking the proposals of Wright and Davies.

著者

柏端 達也

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.27-28, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.29-38, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

15

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It is often thought a difficult task to find a place for qualia in the physical world. The reason for this may be that qualia seem to be essentially intrinsic qualities so they cannot be captured entirely in terms of their causal-functional roles. This is the typical way in which qualia are thought to be physicalistically problematic. In this paper I rethink that very problem of qualia by means of metaphysical considerations concerning properties in general. The relevant question in the metaphysics of properties is whether properties have essences which determine their identities independently of their dispositional aspects. (Such essences are called 'quiddities'.) Indeed, the problem of qualia would take a different shape depending on the answer to that metaphysical question. I show this with reference to three main views on that question, namely, quidditism, the causal theory, and the identity theory. In closing, I make a brief remark about what these considerations imply for the relationship between physicalism and qualia.

著者

金杉 武司

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.39-48, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

15

---

Mental causation is one of the major problems in the philosophy of mind. It is a big problem not only for dualism but also for physicalism because even physicalists, as long as they accept the multiple realizability of mental properties, cannot identify mental properties with physical properties, therefore, they seem to be forced to exclude mental properties from physical causal relations. Sydney Shoemaker recently proposed interesting metaphysics of properties as a physicalist solution to this problem. According to Shoemaker, causal powers are essential to properties, and a realized property is a part of its realizer. This paper aims to assess the possibility of a physicalist solution to this problem through a critical examination of the adequacy of his solution.

著者

渡辺 恒夫

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.49-58, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

21

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Based on the considerations of two kinds of documents, those from the "Symposium about the environmental problem (1992)" and current several leading textbooks of environmental science, I picked up three kinds of antagonism in the epistemology of science: objectivity vs. subjectivity, analysis vs. synthesis, and value-neutral vs. value-oriented. "Modern science" has emphasized the left-side of these binary oppositions, rejecting the right-sides. However, our considerations suggested that the underlying epistemology of the environmental science stands on the right side: subjectivity, synthesis, and value-oriented. I ended this paper by emphasizing that more detailed considerations of the problem of subjectivity are necessary for the development of environmental science.