著者
Ryuji YOSHIDA Yoshiaki MIYAMOTO Hirofumi TOMITA Yoshiyuki KAJIKAWA
出版者
(公社)日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.95, no.1, pp.35-47, 2017 (Released:2017-03-01)
参考文献数
29
被引用文献数
11

The environmental conditions for tropical cyclone genesis are examined by numerical experiment. We focus on the case of a non-developing disturbance showed features for tropical cyclone genesis in the Pacific Area Long-term Atmospheric observation for Understanding climate change in 2010 (PALAU2010) observation campaign over the western North Pacific. We clarify the importance of the presence of abundant moisture around the disturbance for continuous convection and demonstrate that the collocation of a mid-level vortex and a low-level vortex, i.e., the persistence of an upright structure of vortices, is important in tropical cyclone genesis. We conduct two numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model Advanced Research WRF model in double nested domains with a horizontal grid space of 27 km and 9 km for the outer domain and the inner domain, respectively. The first experiment is based on reanalysis data (a control experiment) and the second includes increased water vapor content over the northwestern dry area of the disturbance. In the control experiment, the disturbance did not develop into a tropical cyclone in spite of the existence of the mid-level and low-level vortices. In contrast, the sensitivity experiment shows that a tropical cyclone was formed from the disturbance with increased water vapor content. The presence of persistent upright vortices was supported by continuous convection until the genesis of the tropical cyclone.

1 0 0 0 OA Editorial

出版者
(公社)日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.95, no.1, pp.1-2, 2017 (Released:2017-03-01)
参考文献数
8
著者
和田 雄治
出版者
METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
雑誌
氣象集誌. 第1輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.8, pp.261-277, 1912
著者
和田 雄治
出版者
METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
雑誌
氣象集誌. 第1輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.3, pp.81-87, 1910
著者
高橋 劭 久原 和冶
出版者
社団法人日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.1, pp.21-31, 1993-02-25
被引用文献数
1

ミクロネシア・ポナペ島に特殊ラジオゾンデ8台を飛揚した。この装置は雲内の降水粒子の映像と電荷の情報を地上に伝送する。ミクロネシアの雲には多くの雪が成長していた。興味のある降水粒子の映像は偏平楕円体状の雨滴、フリスビーのような雪片、テトラポッド型の雹、成層圏付近の広い平板を持つ立体樹枝等である。降水粒子の高度分布から降水機構を考察した。強い雨を降らすレインバンドは0℃高度のすぐ上の狭い層で凍結氷・雹を成長させていた。この層に水が多く蓄積される。他に二種異なった雲系が観測され、その1は孤立積乱雲で他は上層対流雲である。前者では"温かい雨"と加住霰形成が独立に起こり、後者では霰形成が盛んに行われていた。これらの雲の電気的性質についても簡単に調べた。
著者
SUWARMAN Rusmawan ICHIYANAGI Kimpei TANOUE Masahiro YOSHIMURA Kei MORI Shuichi YAMANAKA Manabu D. SYAMSUDIN Fadli BELGAMAN Halda Aditya
出版者
(公社)日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2017-003, (Released:2016-10-31)
被引用文献数
1 5

This study examined the relationship between the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and atmospheric water isotopes during the wet season over the Maritime Continent. The model data used were obtained by incorporating stable isotopes into atmospheric general circulation and analytical moisture transport models. These models were used to analyze the climatological variables and rainout processes from various water sources that control isotopic variation. The correlation between the simulated stable isotope ratios and ENSO varied between –0.31 and 0.75 with stronger correlation over most of the Maritime Continent (|r|› 0.36, corresponding to the 95 % significance level) except Java. Generally, during La Niña years, the isotopic ratio in water vapor and precipitation is lighter than during El Niño years by about 2 ‰. It was suggested that anomalous water vapor flux, precipitable water, and precipitation, but not evaporation, are responsible for isotopic variation. Furthermore, it was revealed that water vapor flux is convergent (divergent) during La Niña (El Niño) years, which suggests that the strengthened (weakened) Walker Circulation increases (reduces) precipitation and results in lighter (heavier) atmospheric water isotopes. The relationship between isotopes and precipitation, or the so-called "amount effect," is evident over the most of the Maritime Continent. Analysis of moisture transport suggested that rainout processes control isotopic variation. The increase in the quantity water source, expressed in precipitable water, transported from the north and south Maritime Continent during El Niño years does not result in isotopic depletion attributable to the lack of condensation processes. Moreover, the decrease in the quantity of both water source during La Niña years does not result in isotopic enrichment attributable to intensive rainout. An asymmetric ENSO feature was found in this study, evidenced by the similar contributions of water source from the northern Maritime Continent and the Pacific Ocean during both ENSO phases.
著者
村田 昌彦 伏見 克彦
出版者
社団法人日本気象学会
雑誌
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.74, no.1, pp.1-20, 1996-02-25
被引用文献数
1

ENSOイベント(1991年, 春-1992年, 夏)が発生した1990年から1993年の期間に, 気象庁が実施した, 北西太平洋域での大気中および海洋中CO_2の観測の結果について報告する. 大気中CO_2濃度は, 北緯30度以南で1990年から1991年にかけて, 季節的に調整されていない値であるが, 冬(4.0ppmv)と夏(4.5ppmv)に非常に大きく増加した. 他の観測期間中の2年間では, 小さいかまたはときどき負の増加率となった. 一方, 海洋中CO_2は, 海水と平衡に達した乾燥空気中のモル分率でみると, 1990年の値と比較して, 1991年から1993年の冬と夏に, 特に低緯度において有意な増加を示した. 一定の温度に規格化した海洋中CO_2も有意な増加を示し, 冬により大きく, 夏により小さい増加となった. これは, 夏の海洋中CO_2の増加はもっばら表面の海水の温度変化からきているが, 冬の場合は, 現段階では不明の他の要因がより大きく関連していることを意味する. ΔpCO_2と大気一海洋間のCO_2フラックスの計算値は, 冬に北緯10度以北の領域が, 最大で正味一10.0m-mol・m^<-2>・d^<-1>程度の吸収域となることを示す. しかし, 北緯10度以南の領域は, しばしば最大で正味2.4m-mol・m^<-2>・d^<-1>の弱いCO_2の発生域となる. 夏の北西太平洋は弱い発生域, または大気中CO_2に対してほとんど平衡となる. 1991/92 ENSOイベントに関連づけられる冬の海洋中CO_2の増加は, 表面の海水の温度の低下と塩分の増加という状況は共通しているが, 1982/83 ENSOイベントの場合ほど顕著ではない. 1991/92 ENSOイベントに対する西部熱帯太平洋域のCO_2フラックスの反応は, 中部または東部熱帯太平洋域で従来の結果から得られた変化の大きさと比較すると, かなり小さい.
著者
Tadahiro HAYASAKA
出版者
(公社)日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.94, no.5, pp.393-414, 2016 (Released:2016-10-31)
参考文献数
111
被引用文献数
9

We reviewed the long-term trends and inter-annual variations in the surface shortwave irradiance in China and Japan. Pyranometer observations revealed decreases followed by increases in the shortwave irradiance in China and Japan between the 1960s and 2000s, while obvious long-term trends were not evident in the satellite observations after 1983. In China, surface shortwave irradiance decreased from 1961 until around 1990, but then began to increase. In Japan, on the contrary, the decreasing trend stopped in the 1960s, with little inter-annual variation during the 1970s and 1980s, and an increase began around 1990. The causes of the differences between the shortwave irradiance trends in China and Japan were ascribed to an increase in light-absorbing aerosols in China that began in the 1960s and a decrease in absorbing aerosols in Japan that began in the late 1970s. Absorbing aerosols decrease both direct and diffuse radiation, while non-absorbing aerosols decrease direct radiation but increase diffuse radiation. Although these aerosol influences are generally found under clear sky conditions, absorbing aerosols could have direct effects even under cloudy sky conditions. The trends of surface shortwave irradiance in China and Japan are in line with the so-called global dimming and brightening dimming processes, although the phases of the minimum periods in the two regions slightly differed. An increase in anthropogenic aerosol was responsible for the variation in the shortwave irradiance through the direct radiative effect of aerosol in the polluted area, while indirect radiative effects, i.e., changes in cloud cover due to an increase in cloud condensation nuclei, dominated in pristine areas. The effects of other factors, such as variations in water vapor and natural aerosol levels, appear to be small compared to the effects of cloud and anthropogenic aerosols.
著者
謝 尚平 佐伯 なおみ
出版者
(公社)日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.77, no.4, pp.949-968, 1999-08-25 (Released:2008-01-31)
参考文献数
57
被引用文献数
3 55

世界最大の砂漠と最大のモンスーン域は共にほぼ同じ緯度のアフリカ・ユーラシア大陸の亜熱帯に存在する。このような降水の東西分布の形成機構を調べるために、大気大循環モデルを用いて理想化した海陸分布の下で実験を行った。特にここではアジア大陸の南岸を北緯17度線に沿って東西真っ直ぐに設定した。山岳がなく、また海面水温と陸面パラメータが東西一様であるにも関わらず、夏期の降水は亜熱帯大陸の東部で多く、西部で少ない。このような降水分布の東西非一様性は夏期の海洋上に現れる高気圧の水蒸気輸送によると考えられる。更に、降水と土壌水分のゆっくりとした相互作用はモンスーン降水帯の北進を遅らせ、土壌水分が十分に増加する前に、太陽放射の強制によって降水帯は南下し、大陸内部まで進入できない。太陽放射を夏の値に固定した実験では、モンスーン降水帯が徐々に北進し、北アフリカ全域をカバーするようになった。モデルのモンスーン降水は6月後半に突然大陸南岸に現れる。このようなモンスーンの急な開始は西進する波動の発達に伴って起きる。春分後、暑い大陸と冷たい海洋間に北向きの温度傾度が大気下層で形成され、時間と共に強化されていく。この下層の南北温度傾度は偏東風シアーとほぼ温度風バランスをしており、背の高い南北モンスーン循環は形成されない。しかし、このような温度風バランスは最終的には傾圧的に不安定になり、湿潤傾圧不安定の爆発的な成長によってモンスーンが始まる。
著者
鹿角 義助
出版者
METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
雑誌
氣象集誌. 第1輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.17, no.5, pp.215-220, 1898
著者
Akio KITOH Tomoaki OSE Izuru TAKAYABU
出版者
(公社)日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.94A, pp.1-16, 2016 (Released:2016-02-11)
参考文献数
109
被引用文献数
3 32

High-resolution downscaling is vital to project climate extremes and their future changes by resolving fine topography reasonably well, which is a key to represent local climatology and impacts of weather extremes. A direct dynamical downscaling with a regional climate model (RCM) embedded within an atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model (AOGCM) is commonly used but is subject to systematic biases in their present-day simulations of AOGCM, which may cause unexpected effects on future projections and lead to difficult interpretation of climate change. In a high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM)-RCM system, the present-day climate in AGCM is forced by observed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea-ice distribution. Then, the future climate is calculated with the “future” boundary conditions (SST and sea-ice), which are created by adding their future changes projected by AOGCM to the observed present-day values, besides the future radiative forcing. This system is one of methods to minimize the effects of such biases. A Meteorological Research Institute AGCM with 20-km grids is successfully applied to project future changes in weather extremes such as tropical cyclones and rain systems that cause heavy rainfall and strong winds. Regional downscaling with 5-km mesh RCM is then performed over certain area to investigate local extreme rainfall events and their future changes. In this paper, we review various downscaling methods and try to rationalize a use of high-resolution AGCM-RCM system.
著者
Vargas Walter M. Minetti Juan L. Poblete Arnobio G.
出版者
社団法人日本気象学会
雑誌
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.73, no.5, pp.849-856, 1995-10-25

南アメリカ中緯度における北東風と西風の強さの変動に、顕著な気候ジャンプが認められた時期を、気候的シグナル-ノイズ比などの検定によって明らかにした。、このような顕著なジャンプは、10年以上の周期で起こっており、過去100年間ではおおむね北半球で見いだされた気候ジャンプの時期と一致していた。月別の西風の強さでは、、ジャンプは1年のうち6つの月(1、3、4、7、11、12、の各月)に認められ、7月では1939年(弱化)・49年(強化)・67年(強化)・77年(弱化)に、また1月では1974年(弱化)に見いだされた。北東風の気候ジャンプは月および季節単位で認められたが、年単位ではで認められなかった。北東風における主要な気候ジャンプは1950年代初頭に認められ、長周期変動ととのにその強化(弱化)は、アルゼンチンの亜熱帯地域における降水量の増加(減少)と関係していたと考えられる。
著者
植田 宏昭 安成 哲三 川村 隆一
出版者
社団法人日本気象学会
雑誌
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.73, no.4, pp.795-809, 1995-08-25
参考文献数
15
被引用文献数
13

西太平洋上の大規模対流活動と風の場の季節変化を、静止気象衛星の赤外黒体輻射温度(T_<BB>)とヨーロッパ中期予報センター(ECMWF)全球客観解析データを用いて、1980年から89年の10年間にわたり解析した。特に、本研究では西太平洋上20゜N,150゜E付近の大規模対流活動が、7月下旬に急激に北上することを記載する。活発化した対流活動はそこに強い低気圧性循環を作り出し、その低気圧の南側に西風、北側に東風を引き起こす。この強い低気圧性循環は西部熱帯西太平洋上に忽然と出現する。しかし、同時期の110゜E以西のモンスーン西風気流は加速しておらず、この急激な変化はアジアモンスーンシステムとは切り離されていることを示唆している。更に対流活発域の北側には高気圧性循環が生じ、それは日本付近の梅雨明けに対応している。また大規模対流活動の急激な北上は熱帯性低気圧活動に関連していることが明かになった。中緯度では、7月下旬の大規模対流活動の急激な北上前後のジオポテンシャル高度パターンから、鉛直方向に等価順圧構造になっている事が分かり、20゜N,140゜E(西太平洋)付近の対流活発域から、北方の60゜N,180゜E(べーリング海)に向かってロスビー波が北東方向に伝播していることが示された。この他20゜N,150゜Eの海面水温(SST)は、急激な対流活発化の約20日前の7月上旬に、29℃を越える高温に達していることを示した。この北東方向に拡大する温かいSST領域は、7月下旬の対流活発化と密接に関係していることが推察される。この結果より、SSTの上昇は対流活動の急激な北上に対して十分条件ではないが、重要な必要条件の一つであると考えられる。
著者
HAYASAKA Tadahiro
出版者
(公社)日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2016-024, (Released:2016-07-13)
被引用文献数
9

We reviewed the long-term trends and inter-annual variations in surface shortwave irradiance in China and Japan. Pyranometer observations indicated a decrease followed by an increase in shortwave irradiance in China and Japan during the period from the 1960s to 2000s, while obvious long-term trends were not found from satellite observations after 1983. In China, surface shortwave irradiance decreased from 1961 to around 1990, but then began to increase. In Japan, on the other hand, the decreasing trend stopped in the 1960s, with little inter-annual variation during the 1970s and 1980s, and an increase that began around 1990. The causes of the difference in shortwave irradiance trends between China and Japan were ascribed to an increase in light-absorbing aerosols in China since the 1960s and a decrease in absorbing aerosols in Japan since the late 1970s. Absorbing aerosols decrease both direct and diffuse radiation, while non-absorbing aerosols decrease direct radiation but increase diffuse radiation. Although these aerosol influences are generally found under clear-sky conditions, absorbing aerosol could have a direct effect even under cloudy-sky conditions. The trends of surface shortwave irradiance in China and Japan are in line with the so-called global dimming and brightening dimming processes, although the phase of the minimum period differed slightly between the two regions. An increase in anthropogenic aerosol was responsible for the variation in shortwave irradiance through the direct radiative effect of aerosol in the polluted area, while an indirect radiative effect, i.e., changes in cloud cover due to an increase in cloud condensation nuclei, dominated in pristine areas. The effect of other factors, such as variations in water vapor and natural aerosol levels, appear to be small compared to the effects of cloud and anthropogenic aerosols.
著者
Hiroki TSUJI Hisanori ITOH Kensuke NAKAJIMA
出版者
(公社)日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.94, no.3, pp.219-236, 2016 (Released:2016-07-02)
参考文献数
29
被引用文献数
15

To understand the basic mechanism governing the size evolution of tropical cyclones (TCs), we systematically perform numerical experiments using the primitive equation system on an f-plane. A simplified, TC-like vortex is initially given and an external forcing mimicking cumulus heating is applied to an annular region at a prescribed distance from the vortex center. Moist process and surface friction are excluded for simplification. We focus on the sensitivity of size evolution to the location of the forcing. The vortex size is defined as the radius of 15 m s-1 lowest-level wind speed (R15). The evolution of R15 depends on the forcing location, and its dependence can be understood by considering radial transport of the absolute angular momentum (AAM) at R15 due to the heat-induced secondary circulation (SC), whose structure is governed by the distribution of inertial stability. When the forcing is applied to the outer part of a vortex but still inside R15, where inertial stability is weak, the SC extends to the outside of R15 and carries AAM inward. Thus, R15 increases. Conversely, when the forcing is applied near the center of the vortex, where inertial stability is strong, the SC closes inside R15 and R15 hardly increases. These results indicate that extension of the heat-induced SC to the outside of R15 is important for the evolution of the vortex size. Moreover, the further beyond R15 the SC extends, the more the vortex size increases. This relationship is consistent with the result of the parcel trajectory analysis; the larger the extent of SC, the longer distances the parcels cover, conserving larger AAM. Finally, when the forcing is applied to the outside of R15, smaller AAM is carried outward by the SC on the inward side of the heating location, resulting in the decrease of R15.
著者
馬塲 信倫
出版者
METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
雑誌
氣象集誌. 第1輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.10, no.9, pp.465-474, 1891
著者
Kentaro TAKIDO Oliver C. SAAVEDRA VALERIANO Masahiro RYO Kazuki TANUMA Tomoo USHIO Takuji KUBOTA
出版者
(公社)日本気象学会
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.94, no.2, pp.185-195, 2016 (Released:2016-04-28)
参考文献数
30
被引用文献数
24

This study evaluated the accuracy of gauge-adjusted Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP_Gauge version V5.222.1, hereafter G_Gauge) data in Japan’s Tone River basin during 2006-2009. Specifically, the accuracy of a gauge non-adjusted product, GSMaP Moving Vector with Kalman Filter (GSMaP_MVK, hereafter G_MVK), was also evaluated. Both products were also evaluated against ground observation data from rain gauge-radar combined product Radar-Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (Radar-AMeDAS) in terms of temporal and spatial variability. Temporal analyses showed that G_Gauge had better accuracy than G_MVK at sub-daily time scales (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h) within any range of precipitation intensity and better detection capabilities of rainfall event. Linear regressions with Radar-AMeDAS showed better performance for G_Gauge than G_MVK at any time scales in terms of Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the slope of regression. At an hourly scale, in particular, Pearson’s correlation coefficient for G_Gauge (0.84) was higher than that for G_MVK (0.72) as well as the slope of linear regression (0.87 and 0.65, respectively). The probability of detection (POD) improved from 0.48 (G_MVK) to 0.70 (G_Gauge) when gauge-adjusted data were used. However, spatial analysis detected that G_Gauge still underestimated the precipitation intensity in high-elevation regions and slightly overestimated it in low elevation regions. The POD and false alarm ratio had a linear relationship with log-transformed elevation data, and the relationships were stronger in the winter seasons than in the summer seasons. At any spatial and temporal scale, the evaluation of these products should consider seasonal changes (especially in winter) and the topographic effects. For further improvements of G_Gauge, we suggest including higher resolution gauge-based network data than the Climate Prediction Center unified gauge-based analysis of global daily precipitation, which is used for G_Gauge.