著者
中河 伸俊
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, pp.100-121, 1981 (Released:2017-03-11)

Strain theory (anomie theory) and deviant subculture theory are both motivational theory in the sense that both theories focus on the formation of motivation (or inclination) toward deviance in explaining the causes of deviant behaviors. In contrast, control theory, which has been developed as control theory of delinquency by Briar and Pilliavin, and Hirschi, and as deterrence theory by Tittle and Gibbs, among others, explains deviant behaviors by the lack of control. An individual's internal control over his inclinations toward deviance can be conceptualled as his normative reference relationships with others. Employing Kelman's typology of interpersonal influence, Schmitt presents three types of normative reference relationships: compliance normative reference relationship, identification normative reference relationship, and internalization normative reference relationship. All three types of relationships are relevant to the explanations of an individual's internal control process. Compliance occurs when an individual percieves other's possible rewards and sanctions (punishments) significant and conforms to others' normative opinions. Identification occurs when he percieves a "self-defining" relationship with others as desirable and accepts other's normative opinions. Internalization occurs when he integrates other's normative opinions into his own value system. This paper describes internal control mechanism and contingencies of the control for each type of the relationships. Then, the basic proposition of control theory is refotmulated as follows: the more (any or all types) of normative reference relationships an individual has with others, and the larger the strength of the relationship(s) is, the less he is likely to deviate from the others' behavioral standards. Finally, the paper briefly discusses cultural and socio-structural factors which influence the formation and maintenance of the three types of control, and, also presents an attempt to apply the typology of the control to differential association theory.
著者
秦 政春
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, pp.175-198, 1986 (Released:2017-03-30)

Bullying is not only educational problem but also serious societal problem at present. Contemporary bullying problem is characterized by bullying the weaker in groups. In addition, some forms of bullying tend to become more wicked and criminal obviously. Recently, there are cases in which bullied juveniles committed suicide. Based upon these contemporary tendencies concerning bullying problem, this paper analyzes the primary factor of bullying. Moreover, the problem of educational process in school which affects the bullying is distussed in a viewpoint of educational pathology. The results are as follows : (1) There are two types of deviant behaviors, bullying and non-bullying (see Figure 2). Bullying deviant behavior type is characterized by a series of bullying acts as a matter of course. This type is relevant to defiant attitudes toward class teacher. On the other hand, non-bullying type is characterized by criminal acts and absence of bullying. (2) Bullying is related to the defiant attitude toward class teacher, as previously stated. For example, juveniles who commit the bullying speak in of their class teachers behind their back (see Table 1). Consequently, it stands to reason that bullying is caused by juveniles' distrust of class teachers (see Table 2). (3) The structure of human relations in a classroom forms the background of bullying among juveniles. In every classroom, there are a few juveniles disliked by all other classmates. Classmates turn a cold shoulder on, and bully these isolated members in various ways. That is to say, the juvenile is entirely alienated and bullied by the rest of his/her classmates (see Figure 5). (4) As a result of Hayashi's quantification method of the first type the most influential variable of bullying is an attitude toward a class teacher, and then breach of school regulations (see Table 4). As to a variable of suffering the bully, the primary factor is immaturity in mentality (see Table 5). (5) Simply stated, bullying problem is a pathological phenomenon of school education, because the problem reflects mutually distrustful relationships between class teachers and juveniles. However, it is necessary to interpret positively this fact. We need to investigate desirable relationship structure between class teachers and juveniles in order to eradicate bullying.
著者
岩井 宜子
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, pp.115-132, 1995

The sexual offences may be grouped into three types with their protecting interests. Those in the first type consist of rape and sexual assault etc., which protect freedom to consent to sexual intercourse or other indecent acts. Those in the second type consist of the article forbidding obscene acts to juveniles in Ordinance for eliminating harmful circumstances surrounding juveniles, Child Welfare Act and Anti-Prostitution Act etc., which protect the youth who have the immature capacity to concent to sexual activities, from sexual abuse by the adults. Those in the third type consist of the crime of indececent behavior in public, and the crime of distributing the pornographic books etc., which protect social sexual morality or sexual sense. Looking the history of the regulation on the sexual offences, it declares clearly the changes of the women's social and marital status. Those in the first type were considered as the offences which invade sexual morality in the past, but recently, the existance of consent at the sexual intercourse had been regarded as important, so the necessity of the protection from the injury by the sexual assault in the familiar terms were recognized gradually. Those in the second type aim to regulate the activities of sexual abuse to the juveniles whether or not the victim consents. In those field, ambiguity of the word "Inkou" (obscene act) and the rationality of paternalistic intrusion by the penal sanction are called in question. Those in the third type were gradually decriminalized with the progress of the sence of liberation of sex. In this paper, it is aimed to consider what is the better method to protect the interests being invaded by those in the first and the second types of sexual offences.
著者
武内 謙治
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, pp.68-83, 2015

近時の少年司法・矯正改革の特徴としてみられるのは,(1)非行を「社会病理」ととらえる視点の退行,(2)人間行動科学領域の専門知の退行・萎縮,そして(3)(立法の場における)(とりわけ裁判)実務家からポジティブな実務経験が語られることの乏しさ,という現象である.本稿は,非行を社会病理ととらえる視点が,保護処分の処遇上の有効性を正面から問題にする思考や,非行の問題を社会として引き受けることとつながってきたこと,特に結果重大事件における専門知の用い方が悪循環を来していること,(裁判)実務家からポジティブな経験が語られることが少なくなっていることが,「適正」という言葉の理解に反映しており,少年法適用年齢の問題もこれと無関係ではないこと,しかしながら,この傾向を推し進めることは,理念的には,個の尊重や自立的な非行の克服への信頼の軽視ないしは否定を,実際上はケースワークの退行を帰結することを指摘する.それを踏まえて,問題状況を好転させる契機が今次の少年司法・矯正改革に内在しているかを問い,その枠を超えたより抜本改革として,参審制による審判への民衆参加制度を採用する必要性と可能性について論じる.
著者
上野 正雄
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.42, pp.65-71, 2017

少年法は保護処分すなわち教育によって少年を更生させようとする.しかし,近時の少年法を巡る 動きを見ると少年の責任を追及するという姿勢が強くなってきている.その背景には,少年を可塑性 が高いという点で質的に成人と異なる存在と見るか(子ども観),少年と成人の連続性を重視して本質 的な相違はないと見るか(小さな大人観),法対象者の見方の違いがある.このような中で,近時の脳 科学・神経科学の進歩は,衝動的行動を抑制する前頭前皮質の成熟は20代後半まで緩徐に進行するが, 感情をつかさどる大脳辺縁系は10歳頃に始まる思春期に成熟が促進され,この両者の成熟速度の不均 衡のため,10代の若者は危険な行動に走りがちだが,一方で環境に素早く適応することができる,と いう知見をもたらした.これは「子ども」観が拠って立つ科学的根拠の一つとなる.反面,非行少年 に対する責任を追及するという方策は,少年の更生とそれによる社会の安全確保にとって望ましいも のではないことになる.その上で,「子ども」観の徹底という点から,少年法上のいくつかの制度につ いてどのように解釈し,運用することが適切なのかを検討する.
著者
渡部 真
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
no.5, pp.166-187, 1980-09
被引用文献数
1
著者
清田 勝彦
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, pp.139-160, 1984 (Released:2017-03-30)

The purpose of this paper is to study the essential characteristics of the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency in relation to its social back-gorunds. First, the author referred to the differences between the traditional and the contemporary types of juvenile delinquency. Secondly, the author pointed out that distinctive tendencies of the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency are "generalization of delinquency" and the increase of "play-type delinquency", and analized the characteristics of each tendency in connection with its social backgrounds. In this paper, the author defines the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency as "the characteristic form of juvenile delinquency in contemporary society and the form of juvenile delinquency which sharply reflects the contemporary social situations". By defining in this manner, it is clear that the form of juvenile delinquency which has the distinction of "generalization" and "play-type" is a tapical form of the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency. But traditional-type juvenile delinquency which is committed by boys with handicaps in their dispositions and/or environments, remains firmly in this society, and the author would like to define much of this type as another contemporary-type juvenile delinquency. Recent tendency of juvenile delinquency is the strong dichotomy between the middle-class, play- and escape-type juvenile delinquency and the traditional, violent- and aggressive-type juvenile delinquency. The author analized this in relation to the duality of contemporary social structures and the social situations of administrated society.
著者
潮見 憲三郎
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, pp.79-99, 1986 (Released:2017-03-30)

Crime news often poses problems of undue damage to peace and integrity of the people involved. Particularly true in our society where competitive media swarm over whatever topic (or scandal) they sniff out and almost one-ethnic nation of a hundred million population of one language, one time (GMT) and of virtually one life-style well sup on headlines passed over into the door of each house. The year 1985 was characterized by our mass media having reached a new depth in combing out scandals, murders and accident bloodsheds, too deep and too derogatory. Reporters' pushing too far recoiled on itself. Mr.Asano, a reporter at the Kyodo News Agency, voiced a call for more decency in reporting. He referred to Scandinavian "anonymity reporting" and Press council/Ombudsman system. Asano's point was supported by many fellow news-men, lawyers, academics as well as by lay citizens. They initiated a movement to improve the present system of mass media. There is another problem for us to sift out. The government policy of "non-access to public documents," apparently undemocratic practices obstinately handed over from old regime, should be recalled. Establishment of the principle of free access to public documents provides a basis for a drastic change in the relations between the government and the media and between the media and the people・・・・・・from subordinative to equal relationships, because the press no longer "monopolize" the news-sources. Some examples of autonomous schemes of self-restraint on the part of mass media are reviewed : Ombudsman of the Washington Post and other United States newspapers, and Swedish Press Ombudsman and Press Council. They are not legal entities, their decisions being publicized by virtue of agreement with mass media. They accept complaints, investigate those worthy of attention, and then take steps to remedy the problems ・・・・・・"intercession, conciliation, or, in extremes, publicizing professional misconduct in order to force improvement. The word publicizing means to let both newsrporters, editors and the readers know what is right and what is wrong. They all need improved recognition・・・・・・a sure method to control the problem.
著者
土井 隆義
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.13, pp.102-121, 1988

This paper studies the mechanism of the construction of an offender's motive during criminal investigation and prosecution as a statement by which to interpret his acts. Motives are constructed after the fact as interpretations of acts and are attributed to the actor. The criminal investigation and prosecution process adapts concrete offenses to abstract categories of crime. This process is a public ex post facto interpretation of offensive acts. Therefore an offender's motive is constructed during the criminal proceedings and is attributed to him. In other words, an offender's motive is not a psychological fact which existed at the empirical scene of the crime, but a product which is spun out of the communication between a representative of authority and a deviant actor. From this standpoint, the suspect's confession, the report of the criminal investigation and the trial in criminal court are analyzed. As an actor is an interpreter of his own acts, the confession of a motive by a suspect must be viewed not as venting a pre-existing psychological fact but as an attempt to account for his offensive conduct. This work is done under the case-solving-frame furnished by the investigator in the interrogation process, so the statement of motive constructed in this situation is constrained by the view of the authorities. Furthermore, the statement of motive fixed in the report of the investigation cannot be reduced to the suspect's past mental state at the scene of the crime, because the spoken words in the confession are transformed into written words in the report, and the information is limited by this conversion. Therefore the verdict in court is given not to the act itself but to the concept which was granted to it during the investigation. Since the offender's motive does not belong to the past empirical world, this verdict is actually a technical simplification of the multiple reality of the crime. The work of achieving a verdict is also a search for the motive of the suspect according to 'taken-for-granted ideas.' Thus the offender, an object attributed a deviant motive, comes to be categorized as the anonymous person type "criminal."
著者
石川 恵美子
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, pp.23-46, 1987 (Released:2017-03-30)

I examined what kind of concrete behaviors were stipulated as predelinquency in its concept. I'll leave abstract discussion on the concept of pre-delinquency to the scholars and judges. I also tried to clarify, from a variety of data, whether or not difference between pre-delinquent and a similar concept of "misdemeanor juvenile" (Furyo-koi Shonen) devised by the police was obvious enough. I learned: If a misdemeanor juvenile has committed any one of such behaviors as runaway from home, drug addiction, violence and fight, he is probably considered to be a pre-delinquent. And when the misdemeanor juvenile under the police guidance is regarded as having rehabilitated himself, he is not probably refferred to the Family Court as a pre-delinquent. (It is obvious that the police decides whether the juveniles are pre-delinquents or not.) The exsisting Juvenile Law has inadequacies regarding pre-delinquency. The followings will exemplify the exhibited problems; 1. Many pre-delinquents are sent to the Family Court escorted by the police (The police actually takes charge of them and escort them to the Family Court on the pretext that they go together voluntarily). 2. The pre-delinquents are referred to the Detention House in so many cases. This comes because some judges decide by themselves without hearing the research secretary (of the family court)' opinions. 3. Police officers often want to visit the juveniles confined in the Detention House for the purpose of information-gathering. 4. Further, there is no legal controle when the police try to find pre-delinquents. There is no legal basis when the police guide the pre-delinquents and misdemeanor juveniles, either. Something must be done immediately to cope with these circumstances from the view point of juveniles' (fundamental) human rights.
著者
齊藤 知範 山根 由子
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, pp.104-120, 2018-10-20 (Released:2020-03-20)

性犯罪者の再犯について,出所時年齢だけでなく初犯時年齢を用いる形で,海外では実証研究が行われてきた.本稿では,生存時間分析を用いて,出所者の性的犯罪による再犯に影響するいくつかの要因を明らかにした.海外の研究同様に,過去の暴力的性犯罪の検挙歴の多さが性的犯罪による再犯リスクに影響することが明らかになった.さらに,過去の暴力的性犯罪の検挙歴の多さを考慮に入れた上でも,出所時年齢が20歳代・30歳代であると性的犯罪による再犯リスクは高いことが示された.一方で,出所時年齢にもとづくサブグループ別の分析をおこなったところ,出所時年齢が20歳代・30歳代である場合に,初犯時年齢が10歳代であることが再犯リスクの高さに影響することが示された.これらの知見の含意と今後の研究の方向性についても論じる.
著者
山本 奈生
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.32, pp.120-133, 2007-10-20 (Released:2017-03-30)

G・ケリングらの「割れ窓理論」は,これまで国内外の警察政策に対し一定の影響力を発揮してきたが,そこに見られるコミュニタリアン的色彩の強さから,賛否を巡る多くの議論の的ともなってきた.しかし,そうした議論とは裏腹に,政策決定の現場やマスメディアにおいては,ほとんどの場合,「治安の悪化」に対する特効薬として肯定的に評価されてきたと言ってよい.本稿では,「割れ窓理論」に基づく取締り政策の事例として,京都市における「祇園・木屋町特別警察隊」の試みを取り上げ,質的な分析を加えることによって,ここでの取り組みが指示する「無秩序」がどのような立場から定められているのかを問題とする.この調査が照準するところは,(1)京都市の取り組みで,「安全・安心」を希求する主体はどの位概に在るのか,そして何が「無秩序」として分割線の外部に引き出されているのか.(2)バーテンダーなど街で働く人々は,この警察政策をどのように捉えているか,の二点であり,これらの考察を通して,「割れ窓理論」が持つ理論的な問題点を描写する.
著者
鮎川 潤
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, pp.20-32, 2005

2000年,国会で議員立法によって改正少年法が成立した.本稿はこの少年法改正について,いかなる根拠に基づいてどのような成果が唱えられて改正にいたったのか,エビデンス・ベイスト・ポリシー(エビデンス・ベイスト・プラクティス)との関連から考察する.次に,改正後の変化に関し,「移送」を取り上げ,エビデンス・ベイスト・ポリシーを生かしうる調査の提言を行う.最後に,2005年に国会へ提出された少年法改正案について,どのようなエビデンスに支えられているのかについて焦点を絞った検討を加えるものである.