著者

安田 聡子

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.290-307, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-21)

参考文献数

47

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This paper attempts to demonstrate that university-industry (U-I) linkages take multifaceted forms simultaneously spanning across the whole spectrum beyond the usual understanding of industry-funded joint research and commercialization of intellectual property rights. It unveils a variety of informal knowledge-transfer channels, most of which had rarely been investigated. The analyses are on the various records regarding multiple types of U-I collaborations between Mutoh-Umemura Laboratory of the Department of Architecture of the University of Tokyo and various companies and corporate scientists during 1941–1977. The channels analyzed include "consulting," "laboratory equipment and materials granted by companies," "accepting corporate scientists into university labs for training purposes," "employment of graduate students and their continued research in corporate labs," "recruiting university professors to industry labs," "regular research meetings," and "relationship cultivation among professors, alumni, and corporate scientists."

著者

長根(齋藤) 裕美

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.222-239, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-21)

参考文献数

32

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This paper focuses on "researchers" at universities, and provides an overview of the historical changes in the researcher training system and the changing environment for researchers, especially from around the 1980s to the present, based on literature and data. In particular, it will focus on the training system for researchers, the labor market and career paths of Ph.D. holders, changes in faculty organization, research time, and university staff supporting research. The researcher training policy of the past 40 years has produced young researchers who cannot find stable jobs at universities even after obtaining Ph.D. and who have no prospects for the future. In addition, industry has not been actively recruiting doctoral students. On the other hand, researchers who have found jobs at universities also face a challenging research environment, and the severity of the situation increases. It is not easy to conclude that these consequences depend on a series of university reforms but the decline in Japan's research capabilities has been pointed out worldwide. In light of the fact that it is researchers who support scientific research, there is a need to redesign the research system from the perspective of researchers.

著者

小久保 欣哉 松田 裕之 岩田 幸訓

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.47-58, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-02)

参考文献数

23

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In the IoT ecosystem built by data platformers, algorithms are building further competitive advantages in large-scale teacher data and machine learning by increasing predictability through self-enhancement actions. It is hard to say that Japanese companies have a strong presence in the platform business, and it is not easy to build an advantage for Japanese companies from the viewpoint of population size and language. Therefore, in the business area which does not necessarily depend on large-scale data, we constructed deferred acceptance (da) algorithm and sought the area in which the optimal allocation of resources can be realized by providing them. As a result, it was suggested that the current assignment can be significantly improved by using the da algorithm. Japanese companies wonder if they can build a competitive advantage by steadily creating optimal algorithms in fields that do not rely on large-scale data or machine learning.

著者

稲水 伸行 塚本 裕介 牧島 満 里 政幸

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.32-46, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-02)

参考文献数

22

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This paper uses data from about 1,000 people obtained under the declared state of emergency to compare 1) a group that had telecommuting experience before the Corona disaster and was telecommuting under the declared state of emergency, 2) a group that experienced telecommuting for the first time, and 3) a group that was working in an office. First, the results show that an abnormal level of telecommuting was taking place under the declared state of emergency, which has not been assumed by existing studies. Second, people who were in the office communicated more, but incidental communication could be compensated to some extent by the experience of telecommuting. Third, unexpectedly, telecommuting for work that was thought to be only possible in the office led to a positive psychological state. Based on these findings, we will discuss how COVID-19 will change the way we work.

著者

立本 博文 平井 祐理 生稲 史彦

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.5-16, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-02)

参考文献数

9

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This paper investigates the impact of big data on the business performances of Japanese companies by using the dataset of the questionnaire surveys conducted by RIETI in 2017 and 2020. There are three key findings.First, the companies that benefit from big data have not been significantly increasing. But the majority of the companies expect to expand their data use in the future. The fact indicates that the base of data utilization in Japan is growing with expectation.Second, measuring companies' data capability by data analytics competency (DAC) scores, we found the difference between manufacturing and service sectors. The DAC's effect in the service sector is statistically positive, whereas that in the manufacturing sector is not. This suggests that the benefit of data utilization is much evident in the service sector than that in the manufacturing sector.Third, by plotting the DAC scores of each sector on the data capability map, we found out the similarity and superiority among sectors. From the map, financial and information sectors have similar data competencies and relatively superior to other sectors in the light of data utilization.This study gives a good starting point for future research on sector comparison of the impact of big data and firms' capacity of data utilization.

著者

村上 由紀子

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.3, pp.357-371, 2020-12-16 (Released:2020-12-26)

参考文献数

51

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This study demonstrates a relationship between researchers' international mobility and the use of international knowledge exchange networks (IKNs) in order to contribute to evidence-based policymaking. While previous studies focused on collaborative research networks and citation networks for articles and/or patents, this study targets IKNs, which the Fifth Science and Technology Basic Plan aims to develop. The study analyzes a sample of approximately 1000 researchers from national universities and laboratories in Japan, finding that having over a year of overseas research experience increases the likelihood not only of connecting to IKNs but also of having strong ties within IKNs. This study also finds that researchers' abilities and research environments, in addition to the type of research institutes for which they work, affect the use of IKNs. On the basis of these findings, this study suggests the implementation of policies that support international mobility and improve the research environment.

著者

金間 大介 高野 里紗

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.3, pp.339-352, 2020-12-16 (Released:2020-12-26)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

1

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Ever since the enactment of the Science and Technology Basic Plan in 1996, university-industry (U-I) collaboration in Japan has shown the stable expansion although Japanese economy has experienced a few depressions. In this research, aiming to grasp the details of U-I collaboration in Japan and provide new evidences and knowledge to the discussion on policy making, a large dataset of U-I collaboration contract from a large research university is deeply analyzed. A total number of 4,412 research contracts for 10 years from 2005 to 2014 is investigated, and categorized into four types based on collaborative behaviors of university researchers and firms. As a result, various patterns on U-I collaboration have been observed, and outputs from such collaborative researches have been also diversified. For the future study, joining with other datasets such as patents and objective of U-I collaboration will be required, and more precise analyses should be conducted.

著者

枝村 一磨

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.3, pp.316-328, 2020-12-16 (Released:2020-12-26)

参考文献数

10

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In this study, the empirical analysis of the effect of industry-university collaboration on the research productivity of firms is carried out using Japanese firm-level panel data. In consideration of estimating the model in which the dependent variable is the number of patents and the number of papers, the panel-Poisson model, which is a count data model, was used for estimation. As a result, industry-university collaboration has a positive effect on R&D productivity of firms. Even if the scale of R&D input, the firms' absorptive capacity, and the industry characteristics and time trends are controlled, the number of patents and papers by firms publishing with university are larger than that by firms with no publication by industry-university collaboration. The number of patents and papers by firms collaborating with university tends to be larger than that by firms not collaborating. The same results could be found in the effect of the number of industry-university collaborative papers, the number of industry-university joint patents, and the amount of research expenditures paid to universities on the number of patents and papers by firms.

著者

高田 広章

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.3, pp.309-315, 2017-10-31 (Released:2018-04-01)

参考文献数

1

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This paper explains the history and future of automotive embedded systems from the viewpoint of Cyber Physical System (CPS) and describes the development issues of embedded control systems focused on the model-based development and difficulties of specification definition.

著者

氏田 壮一郎

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.4, pp.378-389, 2021-12-31 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

24

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This study aims to clarify the process of sharing and evaluating subtle massage comfort in the massage-chair development. As a result, the designers acquire sensory criteria while accumulating experience through new product development cycles. They evaluate massage action by the prototype function based on their experimental criteria. And many massage techniques are realized as the state of components or digital codes and are shared within the development department. By combining them, new massage functions are multiply created. At the final stage, the development manager evaluates the prototype massage function and totally optimizes to enhance the comfort of the product. From this case, it is clarified that this massage function development is the process which involves both manipulating the realized part and evaluating the massage action based on the shared experimental criteria.

著者

氏田 壮一郎 玉田 俊平太

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.3_4, pp.292-302, 2014-02-26 (Released:2017-10-21)

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製品開発において価値形成は,重要な経営課題である。価値形成には,顧客ニーズに合致した便益を製品の中に同化するプロセスが必要であり,市場の顧客ニーズを認識する過程が重要となる。本研究では,価値形成を実現する手法を探るため,「もみ味」という感覚的で曖昧な便益を実現するマッサージチェアの開発プロセスを分析した。事例分析の結果,「共創同期プロセス」と「仮想顧客同期プロセス」の二つの開発モデルに分類することができた。前者は,試用者などの共創相手とともに開発を行うことで正確な顧客ニーズの把握を目指すプロセスである。後者は市場に精通したマネージャーが仮想顧客となり,そのイメージに基づき価値形成を実施するプロセスである。この両プロセスの違いは顧客ニーズを収集する対象にあり,共創同期プロセスは共創相手に仮想顧客同期プロセスはマネージャーにその収集対象を設定している点である。市場における顧客ニーズとの乖離のリスクを回避する場合は共創同期プロセスが有利であり,革新的な製品開発や短期間に低コストで開発したい場合,仮想顧客同期プロセスが効率的である。

著者

キム ヨンロック 田中 優貴

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.4, pp.353-366, 2019-12-27 (Released:2020-01-29)

参考文献数

13

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As an infrastructure layer technology, Blockchain technology could have an impact on a broad range of industries, and we discussed the implication to the human resource industry in this paper. We already see a few cases where Blockchain technology is used for issuing and verifying academic certificates outside of Japan. Active research has been undergoing on decentralized ID and private data management, and there is a possibility as a core technology for trust sharing and management platforms. Despite various challenges the technology faces today, we might see a certain level of disruption in the human resource industry in the near future and would need to continue to watch the evolution of the technology.

著者

板谷 和彦

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.3, pp.224-229, 2018-09-22 (Released:2020-01-31)

参考文献数

18

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In this paper, "chances," encountered in the course of trial & error, and "serendipity," the handling for the chances, are discussed and their related empirical research is reviewed. What is important in the course of trial & error is obtaining unexpected results, in other symbolic words, the encounter of "chances." This academic consideration presents the interpretation that the chance in trial & error is a kind of fluctuation phenomenon caused by some unstable state in the course of random probability. "Serendipity" is, on the other hand, cognitive actions anchoring the chances to some value or benefit. Here, the relations among serendipity, trial & error, and chances are graphically demonstrated. Serendipity should be took advantage of not only in the conventional fields of science and technology, but also in social or organizational context. It has an aspect leading to anti-paradigm choice. The empirical research presents that the important factors to serendipity generation, effective promotion factors and paths differ depending on the type of serendipity.

著者

上山 隆大

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.202-203, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-21)

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The institution of the university, which had begun as a self-governing organization of students in Bologna in the 12th century, has undergone many transformations over the years, which is the fate of the university system. In the nineteenth century, as the utility of knowledge and the value of technology created by academia became enormous, a new structure was born in which the state mainly supported university research. On the other hand, as Max Weber observed about American academia, in the early 20th century, there was a growing expectation for universities to have financial autonomy and agile management of research. In Japan as well, there were already growing voices among professors of imperial universities in the Meiji era that the autonomy of universities should be considered from the standpoint of financial independence. It is now worth considering the historical lessons of this.

著者

金間 大介

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1_2, pp.62-72, 2012-09-20 (Released:2017-10-21)

参考文献数

23

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若手研究者は国や組織の競争力を高める重要な資源であるため,今後の科学技術政策やイノベーション戦略を立案する上で,彼らの意欲を高めるような方策を検討することには大きな意味がある。そこで本研究では,直接若手研究者に対しインタビューを行い,研究を行う動機や,やる気を低下させる要因,その対処法などについて調査した。その結果,若手研究者には,彼らの持つモチベーション特性の違いから,課題解決型と課題発見型の2つのタイプが存在することが分かった。課題解決型の若手研究者は,自己の能力や技能を用いて課題解決に挑むことに研究の面白さを感じる一方で,対応不可能と思われる課題や暖昧な課題を与えられた時に意欲の低下が見られた。このような時彼らは,暖昧な作業の中から挑戦すべきテーマを見つけ出すなどして自らのモチベーションを保つよう対処していた。課題発見型の若手研究者は,自身が関与する研究分野を既知の領域と未知の領域に別けて考え,自らが先頭に立って未知の領域を開拓することを研究意欲の源泉としていた。また彼らは,外部からの強いコントロールを感じた時に意欲の低下を示した。このような時彼らは,何らかの外的な報酬に行動の原因を帰属させることでモチベーションを取り戻そうとしていた。

著者

姜 娟 原山 優子

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.63-77, 2005

参考文献数

72

被引用文献数

4

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1980年代以降に顕著となる, 科学技術政策と地域政策との意識的な接合-それを「地域科学技術政策」と呼ぶことにする-への取り組みは, 社会における科学・技術の位置や性格の変化とグローバル化という二つの大きな歴史的変化を背景とした科学技術政策と地域政策の双方における一つの転換を印している。その転換において, 新たな政策の目標や手段は, 時代変化の性格とそれが課す挑戦についての一定の理論的理解に基づくと同時に, 政策の形成や実施の制度的条件によっても規定されるが, さらに, 政策転換も一直線ではなく, 学習によって段階を経るという点で歴史的経路依存性をもっている。本稿においては, 「地域科学技術政策」は当初の「サイエンス・パーク・パラダイム」から, 90年代に入って, 「ラーニング・リジョン・パラダイム」へ進化してきたと捉えているが, 日本におけるその進化過程を欧米におけるそれとの対比で検討する。

著者

高山 誠

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1_2, pp.58-61, 2004-09-20 (Released:2017-12-29)

参考文献数

3

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The current mode of competition in the Japanese industry is competition for the top tier. This is essentially competition for the highest asset value of the business but not for long-term excellence. The author reviews the history of this type of competition, discusses problems inherent to it, including possible moral hazard, and points out that it does not favor planning for the uncertain future for which the traditional Japanese management was prepared with accumulated internal resources. This situation requires that the Science and Technology Basic Plan incorporate careful strategies for commercialization of its outcomes. The key for long-term survival strategy is quest for uniqueness.

著者

小林 信一 細野 光章

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.4, pp.450-471, 2021-05-27 (Released:2021-05-22)

参考文献数

35

著者

細野 光章 小林 信一

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.4, pp.384-386, 2021-05-27 (Released:2021-05-22)

参考文献数

1

著者

鈴木 潤 姜 娟

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.195-208, 2012

参考文献数

15

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近年,「グリーン・イノベーション」に対する重視と重点投資は,世界的な潮流となっている。しかし真に有効な関連政策や企業戦略などを検討するためには,従来言われてきた「日本の環境技術は世界一である」という通説を盲目的に引用することは慎むべきであり,今一度冷静に各種の環境関連の「コア技術」とそれらをサポートする「近隣技術」を俯瞰し,日本企業の技術競争力の国際的位置づけをエビデンスに基づいて明らかにすることが必要であると考えられる。本論文では,PATSTATを用い,IPCコードの「共起」に基づいて,より科学的かつ合理的な環境技術の定義法を提示するとともに,各技術分野の「近隣技術」を同定し,分析の視野に加えた。さらに,企業が自国の国内に多くの特許を出願するという"home country bias"を考慮したうえで,新たに定義された個々の技術領域の「コア技術」及び「近隣技術」における各国の国際特許出願数を集計し,国単位のマクロレベルで,各技術分野における日本の国際競争力の実像の把握を試みた。これらの分析の結果,環境技術のほとんどの分野において世界で最も高い技術競争力を有するのはほぼ例外なく米国とドイツであり,日本はいくつかの分野でトップではあるものの,圧倒的とは言えないという事実が明らかになった。さらに,特定の分野ではアジアの新興国による追い上げを受けている。少なくとも現時点で日本が「世界一の環境大国」であるとするのは幻想であるかもしれない。