著者

佐伯 大輔

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.41-47, 1999-06-20 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

21

---

6個体のゴールデンハムスターに確率学習課題を行わせ, その反応パターンを調べた。手続きとして, 位置課題及び非訂正法を使用した。確率条件として, 左右のレバー押し反応に対する強化確率が, 70% : 30%及び60% : 40%の2条件を設けた。また, 各確率条件を実施する前に, 左右のレバーに対して等頻度に反応させるベースライン条件を挿入した。その結果, 両方の確率条件において, すべての個体が, より強化確率の高い選択肢に反応のほとんどを割り当てる最大化を示した。この結果から, ゴールデンハムスターは, ラットやハト等の他の動物種と同様の反応パターンを示すことが明らかとなった。

著者

長谷 一磨 飛龍 志津子

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.55-67, 2019 (Released:2019-12-18)

参考文献数

79

被引用文献数

1

---

Bats emit ultrasonic vocalizations through their mouths or nostrils, listen to echoes returning from surrounding objects, and reconstruct three-dimensional images to navigate in the dark. To perform the reconstruction, bats compare their original emission with returning echoes that have been changed by the surroundings. In natural environments, echolocating bats receive various sensory inputs, including insect echoes, clutter echoes, and pulses and echoes from other bats, which must create a complex acoustic situation. Here, we discuss how bats extract own faint echoes in the presence of noise, by focusing on three similar but different situations; auditory masking, clutter interference, and jamming. Sensitivity to faint echoes is maintained after intense pulse emission, by contraction of middle ear muscles during emission. Echoes from off-axis objects could be "defocused" by comparing spectral features in the pulses and echoes. In the presence of conspecifics, bats increase the intensity and duration of pulses to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of their own echoes. They also regulate spectrotemporal features of pulses to separate their own echoes from sounds of conspecifics. Some of the adaptations made by bats may have future engineering applications for radar or sonar systems.

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.43-44, 2014 (Released:2014-06-24)

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.55-60, 2022 (Released:2022-12-16)

著者

関 義正

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.101-111, 2019 (Released:2019-12-18)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Rhythmic entrainment, or synchronization, to musical rhythm is universally observed in almost all human culture; however, in non-human animals, this kind of behavior has been demonstrated only by some specific species. Thus, exploring the evolutional origin and the psychological substrate for this capability is an attractive research topic. This article reviews recent studies tackling this question and relevant researches, then, introduces a hypothesis explaining the origin of the prominent capability for rhythmic synchronization in humans.

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.125-127, 2011 (Released:2011-07-15)

著者

関口 勝夫 牛谷 智一 実森 正子

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.95-105, 2011 (Released:2011-07-15)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Two experiments investigated the processing of global and local information by pigeons. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained to discriminate four hierarchical stimuli composed of two letters at global level and two other letters at local level. Color frames predicted the level to be tested in the subsequent two-alternative forced-choice test. The pigeons learned to discriminate the global/local compound stimuli and then showed successful transfer to the stimuli composed of novel letters that were irrelevant to the subsequent test. In Experiment 2, new pigeons were trained with the stimuli that had relevant letters only at one level. The local-relevant and global-relevant stimuli appeared in alternating daily sessions, so that the daily context allowed attention to be directed to the appropriate level. Performances on probe trials for the familiar training stimuli and novel global/local compound stimuli were compared under the context-consistent and context-inconsistent conditions. The tests revealed a cognitive precedence for local information of the compound stimuli.

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.89-95, 2010 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

橘 亮輔

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.1-11, 2021

---

<p>Song learning of songbirds provides us a unique opportunity to study detailed mechanisms for vocal learning in various species, including humans. Recent studies in the behavioral neuroscience field have shown accumulated evidence indicating that their song learning is based on reinforcement via the auditory feedback of their own voice. The present review introduces an experimental paradigm that can elicit additional learning in bird's songs as a response to perturbations in the auditory feedback with noise presentation. This paradigm, named the noise-avoidance (NA) experiment, is quite useful for understanding the mechanism for song learning. Here I summarize findings obtained from the NA experiments, and review the current understanding of behavioral and neuroscientific mechanisms for feedback-based vocal learning. Additionally, I discuss computational aspects of the NA behavior in light of the reinforcement learning framework, and how the NA paradigm can be associated with the operant conditioning.</p>

著者

佐藤 綾

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.1, pp.89-97, 2018

---

<p>The guppy (<i>Poecilia reticulata</i>), a polyandrous livebearing fish, is a model organism in the study of sexual selection. This species exhibits sexual dimorphism, such as male body coloration (orange, black, or iridescence color spots). Although there is evidence of a preference for colorful males in female mate choice, a wide variation in male color patterns is found even in a population. Recently, there has been an increase in studies examining the postcopulatory processes involved in sperm competition and cryptic female choice in this species. If male traits that favor sperm competition and/or cryptic female choice correspond with traits preferred in female mate choice, then postcopulatory processes will reinforce the selection to colorful males. In contrast, if males with traits preferred by females are not favored by sperm competition and/or cryptic female choice, then postcopulatory processes will weaken the selection to colorful males. In this paper, I review studies of the relationships between male guppy coloration and female mate choice, sperm competition, and cryptic female choice, and discuss the possible factors that maintain the variation in male coloration.</p>

著者

藤 健一

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.51-65, 1996-03-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2 1

---

行動実験の実験動物として多用される脊椎動物のハトやラット, サルなどにおいて見いだされた強化スケジュールの機能について, 系統発生的に遠い共通の祖先を持つ現生の魚類の真骨類骨鰾目のキンギョを対象に選び, 反復実験を行った。その結果, 正の強化スケジュールの行動統制機能は, キンギョにおいても確認された。しかしながら, 魚類を対象とした強化スケジュール研究には多くの強化スケジュールが未着手のまま残されており, こういったスケジュールが, 既にその行動統制力が確認された動物種におけるのと同様の統制力を有しているという保証は無い。また, 魚類は陸生動物と異なり, 環境に直接はたらきかける身体器官が限定されており, このことがオペラント行動にもたらす制約についても研究される必要がある。さらに, 脊椎動物とは異なった進化の道筋をたどって現在に至った他の動物種, たとえば節足動物や軟体動物における強化スケジュールの行動統制力の体系的分析は, 現在のところ非常に少ない (Abramson, 1986) 。行動分析学の進むべき一つの方向としての行動分析学的比較行動学ないしは行動進化学 (佐藤, 1993) は, 体系的実験の行われることの少なかった脊椎動物や無脊椎動物についての強化スケジュール研究をも要請していると考えられる。

著者

山梨 裕美 櫻庭 陽子

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.187-203, 2019 (Released:2019-12-18)

参考文献数

109

---

With the accumulation of knowledge regarding sociality of animals, social enrichment is regarded as one of the most important part of captive animal care. Although the basic knowledge has been accumulated, sociality involves complex issues. Moreover, practical methodologies for social management remain controversial. In this paper, we overview the current studies and practices of social management on four great ape species (chimpanzees, western lowland gorillas, and Bornean and Sumatran orangutans) housed in Japanese zoos to advance the sociality discussion. We first describe the fundamentals of sociality in animals. Then we explore important topics of sociality, including social relationships in captivity, all male group formation in chimpanzees and gorillas, group living in orangutans, and welfare of disabled and geriatric individuals. Although the number of sociality studies has recently increased, to maximize the positive effects of captive social living, more detailed understanding of the effects of social factors on animals using scientific methodologies is important.

著者

井口 善生

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.61-68, 2008

---

Associative learning has contributed to the advancement of understanding animal cognition. This approach has proposed useful models of the underlying mechanisms in the acquisition of behaviors, whereas comparative cognitive science provides explanations on animal cognition from evolutionary perspectives. In this article, I first demonstrate evidence to the value of the associative learning mechanisms in the explanation of the blocking and backward blocking phenomena (retrospective revaluation) in both humans and nonhuman animals. Then, I review a study of episodic-like memory in western scrub jays in order to show methodological and theoretical linkages between associative learning and comparative cognitive science. Although levels of explanation in cognitive processes studied in the two approaches seem to be different, I conclude that associative learning can provide valuable simple accounts on various issues in studies of comparative cognitive science. The integration of the two approaches will be critical to the further advancement of studies of animal psychology.

著者

渡辺 茂

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.21-27, 2002-06-25 (Released:2011-03-14)

参考文献数

26

著者

上田 江里子 久保 孝富 村重 哲史 永澤 美保 池田 和司 瀧本-猪瀬 彩加

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.70.2.1, (Released:2020-12-10)

参考文献数

57

---

Behavioral synchronization is shown not only between intra-species but also between inter-species. Previous studies reported that behavioral synchronization occurs between dogs and their owners by affiliative bonds and dogs' social skills for communicating with humans acquired by domestication. Horses also have such bonds and skills like dogs, however, there have been few empirical studies of behavioral synchronization between horses and humans. Therefore, we investigated whether the gait synchronization occurs between the horse and his/her familiar human participant while they were walking together by using angular statistics and how horses and umans interacted by analyzing entrainment. Only when human gait rhythm was controlled to be constant, gait synchronization between horse and human participants was found, though entrainment occurred only in humans. When horses and humans were walking in a more natural and uncontrolled situation, entrainment occurred in both horses and humans, though their walk adjustment did not reach synchronization. These results suggest that gait synchronization occurs between horses and humans and walk adjustment from humans is involved in such synchronization.

著者

南部 菜奈恵 吉田 重人 岡ノ谷 一夫

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, 2007-12-25

著者

実森 正子

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.62.2.1, (Released:2012-12-16)

参考文献数

46

---

The field of animal learning and behavior has a long history and continues to contribute in important ways to the understanding of cognitive processes in different animal species as compared to human beings. Animals have considerable flexibility to optimize their behaviors in solving particular problems as well as coping with ever-changing circumstances. Research on learning mechanisms from a comparative perspective may deepen our understanding of functional significance of cognitive behaviors of both human and nonhuman species. Examples are taken from studies of list memory, categorization, formation and expansion of equivalence relations among physically different stimuli, and visual search for category.

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.147-205, 2013 (Released:2013-12-17)

著者

川合 伸幸

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.195-197, 2000-06-15 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

3

著者

中田 龍三郎 長田 佳久

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.0809260034, (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

25

---

We investigated how squirrel monkeys and humans employ various facial cues to discriminate individual faces of their own and other species. After squirrel monkeys were trained to discriminate two individual faces, they were tested with a variety of modified stimuli. The test stimuli used in experiment 1 preserved specific facial features used in training and the test stimuli in experiment 2 were faces that included facial features not used in training and those used as test stimuli in experiment 1. We compared the results to those obtained in humans (experiment 3). We found that the eyes played a significant role as cues for discrimination of individual faces. Furthermore, unlike the human subjects, monkeys used the outer facial boundary of their own species as a cue for discrimination. We suggest that squirrel monkeys may use their faces for discrimination of individuals and that the information of faces for discrimination of their own species may differ from those of other species.