著者

森 久美子

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.222-229, 2018-03-31 (Released:2018-06-16)

参考文献数

43

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There has always been a close relationship between social psychology and cognitive psychology. In this article, I review research on implicit attitudes in social psychology, focusing on the measures inspired by theories and methodologies from cognitive psychology. I also discuss the theoretical influence of cognitive approach on the studies about attitudes and attitude change. Finally, I discuss the associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model, an integrative perspective on attitude change.

著者

渡辺 武郎 永瀬 英司

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.17-32, 1989-10-31 (Released:2016-11-11)

被引用文献数

1

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A number of studies on mechanism of an illusory contour and related experiments are reviewed. The critical evaluation suggests that no theory may be adequate which assumes the only one process for perception of the illusory contour. Even the multi-process-theory is not adequate as far as it assumes the illusory contour as a mere result of other processes such as depth-processing and brigntness contrast. Rather, we suggest that the illusory contour itself influences depth-perception and brightness enhancement.

著者

石井 拓

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.175-181, 2013-03-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

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Psychologists may think that positive reinforcement is already a well-known process and that studies on reinforcement are outdated. These beliefs are counterfactual in that behavioral researchers have not agreed on the exact articulation of the function of reinforcement. Historically, an articulation proposed by choice researchers was dominant: reinforcement determines the allocation of different behaviors, which is the manifestation of the relative strength of those behaviors. However, recent studies on the dynamics of choice revealed that the allocation could be determined not by the strengthening effect but by the signaling effect of reinforcement. Further, a study using a reinforcement-omission procedure with a fixed-interval schedule in a choice situation revealed that the presentation of a reinforcer had two simultaneous opposite effects on the short-term and long-term allocations of behaviors. These studies suggest that the repetition of reinforcement inevitably assigns signaling functions to reinforcing events, and therefore, reinforcement as a procedure has multiple effects on behavior. Behavioral studies clarifying these and other functions of reinforcement will provide an important basis for physiological and computational studies on reinforcement.

著者

森 将輝 渡辺 利夫

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.29-40, 2018-12-26 (Released:2019-01-25)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1

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People are generally unable to correctly determine the fixation point from the gaze direction when facing another person. This study investigated this tendency from the viewpoint of the anisotropy of space. Experiment 1 showed that compared with the physical space, the gaze perceptional space was 1.227 times larger laterally and 0.516 times narrower sagittally, suggesting that the gaze perceptional space has an orthotropic property. Furthermore, this space had an anisotropic property in the oblique direction. In Experiment 2, the space was constructed from the verbal cues of distance and angle, with the same size as the physical space in Experiment 1. Compared with the physical space, the space constructed from the verbal cues was 0.866 times larger laterally and 0.783 times narrower sagittally. These results show that the gaze perceptional space differs from the space constructed by verbal cues in terms of the degree of anisotropy. They also suggest that gaze direction was not judged on the basis of quantitative verbal representation concerning distance and angle.

著者

齋藤 岳人 井上 和哉 樋口 大樹 小林 哲生

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.170-174, 2022-03-31 (Released:2022-06-17)

参考文献数

22

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Although online research has shown promise as an alternative to laboratory research, it is unsuitable for the mere exposure effect because it is unknown whether participants sufficiently pay attention to repeated stimuli. To overcome this problem, we developed an online research method using exposure frequency in everyday life, which was combined with a cross-cultural comparison to consider the effect of confounding factors. Participants familiar and unfamiliar (Japanese and English speakers) with kana characters evaluated their attractiveness. After standardizing the attractiveness for each participant, we calculated the mean of each character’s view for each type of speaker to calculate a character-based correlation. The result of the Japanese speakers showed a moderate positive correlation between attractiveness and log-transformed exposure frequency to the characters counted by a Japanese corpus, indicating an occurrence of the mere exposure effect. This result cannot be explained by such confounding factors as the visual aspects of the characters due to a non-significant correlation in the English speakers. This study provided a more appropriate way to study the mere exposure effect in online environments.

著者

大久保 街亜

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.88-93, 2009-09-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

被引用文献数

6

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In the late 1990s, the American Psychological Association advocated improved statistical practices, including reporting confidence intervals (CIs) and effect sizes. Since this statistical reform, the numbers of reports in international academic journals of psychology which have included the CI and effect sizes have increased. We investigated the evidence for statistical reform in Japan by examining papers published from 1982 to 2008 in the Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science. The reports which included CIs and effect sizes were extremely rare in the journal even after 2001. This observation suggests that this statistical reform has not yet started among Japanese researchers in psychology.

著者

横澤 一彦

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.57-58, 2013-09-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.259-274, 2022-03-31 (Released:2022-06-17)

著者

天野 薫 西田 眞也

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.232-236, 2020-03-31 (Released:2020-06-09)

参考文献数

8

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While simple reaction time (RT) is known to be substantially affected by diverse stimulus parameters, subjective temporal judgments about the onset timing of stimulus are relatively accurate. Here we tried to find the neural correlates of RT and subjective temporal judgment by comparing MEG signals evoked by random-dot coherent-motion onset with these behavioral measures. For the same motion stimuli, participants performed both a simple RT task, and a simultaneity judgment task with respect to a beep. The effect of motion coherence was much smaller for the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) than RT. Changes in RT and PSS could both be predicted by the time when temporally-integrated motion responses crossed a threshold. The threshold was lower for PSS than for RT, suggesting that the brain assigns the time marker for timing perception prior to stimulus detection. Existence of temporally integrated neural signals in the brain will be discussed in light of recent literature.

著者

金山 範明

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.56-64, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-12-14)

参考文献数

27

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In recent years, the importance of tactile stimulation/haptics has increased in various research fields. Psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists have great difficulty controlling tactile stimulation in experiments, in contrast to visual and auditory stimulation. Unlike studies involving audiovisual stimulation, there is no standardized tactile stimulation device, such as a computer display or speaker, which can be purchased anywhere and then controlled easily by any personal computer. In this article, methods of controlling tactile stimulation using vibration, electrical stimulation, and touch on the various materials are introduced. The methods introduced do not completely overcome the difficulty of controlling tactile stimulation in experiments; therefore, psychologists must expend further effort to develop a standardized method. More active collaboration with engineering/robotics researchers and commercial companies will play an important role in this standardization.

著者

内藤 智之 林 隆介 渡辺 英治 白石 祥之 内藤 智之 眞田 尚久

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.28, 2022-09-30 (Released:2022-12-16)

著者

斎田 真也

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.64-69, 2004-09-30 (Released:2016-11-22)

被引用文献数

5

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The eye movement patterns of the good readers, the skimmers who are normal readers but were instructed to read texts in the same speed as that of the good readers, and the normal readers, were investigated. The good readers and the skimmers had larger saccadic sizes and shorter fixation durations than the normal readers. This suggests that the good readers and the skimmers may have wider effective visual field in reading or may have just skipped the some words in scanning the text. To check the comprehension levels among those three subjects, the gist and detailed comprehension tests were done. The results of these tests indicate that the good readers had not lower scores than other subjects, which is different from almost all of the conclusions of past investigations. This means the good readers do not increase their reading speed by sacrificing the amount they understand from the text.

著者

繁桝 博昭

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.138-139, 2020-09-30 (Released:2020-11-18)

著者

菅原 通代 片平 健太郎

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.38.5, (Released:2019-08-10)

参考文献数

18

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Reinforcement learning models, which update the value related to a specific behaviour according to a reward prediction error, have been used to model the choice behaviour in organisms. Recently, the magnitude of the learning rate has been reported to be biased depending on the sign of the reward prediction error. A previous study concluded that these asymmetric learning rates reflect positivity and confirmation biases. However, another study reported that the tendency to repeat the same choice (perseverance) leads to pseudo asymmetric learning rates. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify whether asymmetric learning rates are the result of cognitive bias or perseverance by reanalysing the open data that the previous study obtained from two different types of learning tasks. To accomplish this, we evaluated multiple reinforcement learning models, including asymmetric learning rate models, perseverance models and hybrid models. The results showed that the choice data associated with positivity bias were also explained by the perseverance model with symmetric learning rates. Meanwhile, the data associated with confirmation bias were not explained by the perseverance model. These results suggest the possibility that either cognitive bias or perseverance could explain asymmetric learning rates depending on the contextual information of learning task.

著者

岡本 安晴

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.38.2, (Released:2019-06-21)

参考文献数

39

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The up-down method of adaptive psychophysical measurement uses binary response categories, e.g., “stronger” and “weaker.” This study proposes that ratings using three response categories, e.g., “stronger,” “do not know,” and “weaker,” or four response categories, e.g., “stronger,” “probably stronger,” “probably weaker,” and “weaker,” should be used instead. Simulation experiments showed that the proposed methods were superior to the standard up-down method. Comparisons were made with respect to the root mean square error (RMSE). First, in the case of two response categories, the RMSEs of estimates made using a stochastic model were smaller than those derived using the standard arithmetic method based on simple averaging, except in one extreme case. Hence, comparison of two, three, and four response categories was made with respect to estimates made using stochastic models. The RMSEs of estimates of the point of subjective equality using three or four response categories were smaller than those using two response categories. The RMSEs of estimates of model slope parameters, where a just noticeable difference was calculated as a ratio of the parameter, were smaller with three or four response categories than with two response categories, except in two extreme cases.

著者

和田 有史

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.149-153, 2019-09-30 (Released:2019-12-10)

参考文献数

20

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Taste perception is determined by multiple factors. The sensation of taste includes gustation, olfaction, other organ functions and interactions among them, and not only such sensory information but also physiological, social and cultural contexts. Recent findings on the response of taste receptors to high salt stimuli might provide psychological insight on strong salty taste as a multisensory perception. Many studies have shown that subjective taste intensity is enhanced by odors that are congruent. Some reports have suggested that subjective taste is more strongly enhanced by retronasal than by orthonasal odor detection. Differences between the two routes include the direction of airflow accompanying breathing. Thus, the kinetic sensation of breathing might be a determining factor for odor-induced taste enhancement. As well as effects of multisensory perception on taste, preference and palatability on food are not just determined by multisensory perception, but other multiple factors such as physical condition, cultural difference, learning, and the effect of heuristics on risk perception.

著者

増田 尚史 藤田 知加子 小河 妙子 Joyce Terry 川上 正浩

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.2, pp.254, 2014-03-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

著者

渡邊 恵太

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.117-118, 2017

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<p>The need for the design of human interaction arose since the relationship between human manipulation on tools and their response had become ambiguous along with the developments of tools and machines. The goal of human interface design is transparency. The transparency is a condition in which a user can concentrate to solve a target problem, without being aware of the tool itself, and the tool feels like a part of the user's body. However, the realization of the transparency has been only discussed as idealistic theory, and the design methods have not been discussed enough. In this paper, we introduce "dummy cursor experiment" and "sense of self-ownership." We also consider transparency of tools, extension of body, and differences between the animation for expression and the animation for manipulation on user interface design.</p>

著者

小川 時洋 廣田 昭久 松田 いづみ

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.167-171, 2008-03-31 (Released:2016-12-01)

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Twenty-four male participants studied five consonant alphabets. They then performed an Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) that combined a recognition judgment (old vs. new) and a valence judgment (pleasant vs. unpleasant). Faster and more accurate responses were observed when old judgments and pleasant judgments share a same response key than when old judgments and unpleasant judgments share a same response key. These results indicated that the studied items were associated with a positive evaluation. The results were discussed in terms of related phenomena, such as a mere acceptance effect. Some theoretical implications about the relationship between memory and affect were also discussed.

著者

黒田 敏数

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.34-42, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-12-14)

参考文献数

19

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Operant conditioning has not been well adapted to social behavior despite a growing interest among behavior analysts. This is due in part to technological limitations in measuring social behavior, especially in real time. This paper presents a summary of three of the present author’s attempts to adapt computer vision technologies to the study of social operant behavior of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Experiment 1 examined whether the location of a single zebrafish in a three-dimensional (3D) space could be tracked in real time. In Experiment 2, locations of two zebrafish were tracked simultaneously. A transparent partition was placed between the two fish to aid in their identification. A food reinforcer was delivered when the two fish approached one another across the partition. Experiment 3 examined whether it is possible to track multiple fish without such a partition. Results of these three experiments were promising, suggesting that computer vision can be useful in the study of social operant behavior.