著者

鳥居 修晃

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.25-38, 2005

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The present lecture article aims to clarify both historically and theoretically important significance of Kuroda's pioneering work. In 1930, he published an article concerning the post-operative vision in a case of the congenitally blind. The case of YT was a lady who had been blind due to congenital cataract of both eyes and received the operation (extraction of cataract) at the age of 42. According to her own verbal reports and the ophthalmic surgeon's reports, YT seemed to have an ability to see brightness and colors prior to the operation. Kuroda had an opportunity to see her three times (1st: 40 days; 2nd 45 days; and 3rd: almost three and a half months after the operation, respectively). Among others the following results obtained through some experiments as to YT's post-operative ability to perceive visual stimuli of various kinds are entered into details: (a) the extent of Muller-Lyer's illusion as measured for her was similar to that of the normally sighted children (aged 7-12 years); (b) to see in depth the perspective geometrical figures such as the Necker cube was extremely difficult; and (c) when presented with stimuli such as pictures of familiar movie actresses of those days, it was mostly difficult for her to interpret each facial expression. These results are discussed here by comparison with those of the previous as well as more recent studies. Furthermore, Kuroda published two books full of suggestions in 1933 and 1938, respectively. In the latter he expressed a new and original idea concerning the even now unresolved issue of visual identification of objects. Its applicability to give an explanation for some findings on the post-operative progress in identifying objects (cf. Torii & Mochizuki, 2000) is briefly discussed.

著者

竹中 一平 河原 純一郎 熊田 孝恒

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.42-56, 2012-09-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

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In cognitive psychology, increasing task load impairs effortful processing such as selective attention and working memory operations (accessing/updating). However, it is unclear whether stress, which is assumed to be a factor that consumes cognitive resources, has a similar effect as task load on selective attention and working memory. Herein a literature review reveals that the apparently mixed findings with regard to working memory can be interpreted based on task load; the effect of stress emerges only with high task loads. In contrast, psycho-social stress tends to impair selective attention, but physical stress may improve it. Moreover, some recent studies have found that psycho-social stress interacts with perceptual load, suggesting that load and stress manipulations consume common cognitive resources.

著者

小早川 睦貴 鶴谷 奈津子 河村 満

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.64-69, 2014-09-30 (Released:2014-11-26)

参考文献数

34

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Emotional and social cognitive function have been reported to be impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have revealed that social cognition tasks, such as facial expression recognition, mind-reading, and decision-making, are impaired in PD. PD patients show deficits in recognizing negative facial emotions, such as fear and disgust. Theory of mind ability measured by the “reading mind in the eyes” test is impaired in PD patients, and that this finding was is attributable to the visual processing of faces or the verbal comprehension of emotional adjectives. They also show disadvantageous decision-making, which is related to decreased emotional responses, as measured by skin conductance responses. Caution should be exercised because the social cognitive dysfunction is mainly non-verbal and seems to affect at a level beneath patient's awareness.

著者

桐田 隆博

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.1-17, 2018-12-26 (Released:2019-01-25)

参考文献数

50

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We used a visual search paradigm to compare and evaluate the preferential detection of angry and happy faces, employing both schematic and real faces. In Experiment 1, we studied visual search using schematic faces to compare the detection of angry and happy faces. In Experiments 2 and 3, we assessed the influence of homogeneous (Experiment 2) and heterogeneous (Experiment 3) distractors on the detection of real angry and happy faces showing no exposed teeth. As homogeneous and heterogeneous distractors, we used facial expressions of the same or different persons as the target, respectively. Throughout Experiments 1–3, angry faces with happy face distractors were detected faster than vice versa. When neutral faces were used as distractors, the three Experiments showed different results. While anger detection was superior in Experiment 1, no detection preference was found for real angry or happy faces in Experiment 2. Furthermore, a happiness detection preference was observed in Experiment 3. These results suggest that the anger detection superiority observed with real faces can be explained by the efficient rejection of happy face distractors.

著者

浜口 恵治

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.103-108, 1997-03-31 (Released:2016-11-16)

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The anisotropy of angle illusion is already established. If the Muller-Lyer illusion is caused by angle illusion, it should be possible to observe the anisotropy of the Muller-Lyer illusion. The apparent length of the shaft lines of the Muller-Lyer figures (obliques-in, H-shape, and obliques-out figures) and the control figure, were estimated by twenty-two university students, when the orientation of each figure was varied in eight steps: 0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, 90°, 112.5°, 135°, 157.5° counterclockwise from the horizontal. The anisotropy of the apparent length of the shaft line of each figure was observed, and these regression curves became quadratic functions. But the anisotropy of the Muller-Lyer illusion was not observed. It was concluded that the relationship between angle illusion theory and the Muller-Lyer illusion was doubtful.

著者

金谷 翔子 石渡 貴大 横澤 一彦

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.11-18, 2011-09-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

被引用文献数

3

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A tactile stimulus generates different sensations, depending on the delivery source. The rubber hand illusion (RHI), a phenomenon where a touch to one's hand is perceived to come from a fake hand, reflects the role of a multisensory interaction in a coherent body representation. Although this phenomenon has been mostly studied with an experimenter providing tactile stimuli, here we investigate whether a tactile stimulus must be externally produced for RHI to occur. By introducing the condition where a participant touches an artificial hand and his/her own hand simultaneously, the results demonstrate that illusion still occurs, but the perceived amplitude is smaller than that in the ordinal externally produced touch condition. Our results suggest that the externally produced tactile sense is not required for RHI. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the cause of the decreased illusion with the self-produced tactile stimulation.

著者

熊田 孝恒 口ノ町 康夫 斎田 真也

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.75-85, 1996-03-31 (Released:2016-11-15)

被引用文献数

3

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of functional visual fields in visual search processing. Subject's task was to search a target among distractors while EOG was recorded. The target was defined by the difference of the orientation of line segments. The eccentricity of the target was an independent variable and RT and the number of saccades during the stimulus presentation were dependent variables. Although the mean RT and the number of saccades increased as a function of the eccentricity, the increment of RT was not linear. The area in which subjects could find a target within one saccade corresponded the changing point of increment of the RT function. The area was thought as the preattentive sampling areas for the goal of a saccade. The RT increased as a function of eccentricity even when no saccade was observed. The results were discussed in terms of the recent theory of visual search and visual attention.

著者

大串 健吾

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.206, 2000-03-31 (Released:2016-11-17)

著者

金田 みずき 苧阪 直行

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.20-29, 2004-09-30 (Released:2016-11-22)

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This study investigated the role of the central executive in the use of long-term memory, and in particular examined semantically encoding verbal stimuli using long-term information. A dual-task method was adopted. The primary task was an immediate serial recall which used two types of verbal stimuli, nonwords and words. It has been reported that the recall of words is better than the recall of nonwords because nonwords contain a phonological code without any semantic information, whereas words involve both types of information. The main analysis compared the performance of the recall of nonwords and words when secondary tasks were performed simultaneously. The secondary tasks were articulatory suppression and verification of simple arithmetic that imposed a burden on the phonological loop and central executive, respectively. The recall performance of the nonwords was disrupted by the same amount by each of the secondary tasks. However, the recall performance of the words was effected more when an arithmetic task was performed. These results confirmed the assumption that the central executive plays an important role in semantically encoding verbal information.

著者

遠座 奈々子 中島 定彦

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.243-252, 2018

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<p>Exposure is a well-known efficient therapeutic technique for anxiety disorders or irrational fear. The present article reviews the behavioral mechanisms of fear reduction in exposure-based therapies including simple exposure and systematic desensitization. The traditional and current theories of associative learning of Pavlovian conditioning, extinction, and response reemergence are applicable to acquisition, treatment, and relapse of fear. Despite recent transactions between basic animal research and human clinical studies on simple exposure therapy, little attention is paid to the counterconditioning process in systematic desensitization. By focusing on theoretical and experimental studies with animals and their implications for clinical settings, we propose further collaboration between basic and clinical studies.</p>

著者

黒木 大一朗

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.250-257, 2020-03-31 (Released:2020-06-09)

参考文献数

26

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Recently Web-based/online psychological studies have been reported, in which web browsers familiarized by participants such as Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari, and Google Chrome are used for presenting stimuli and recording responses. The present article summarizes advantages and disadvantages of conducting Web-based experiments, and provide brief explanations of the knowledge required to create the programs. Technically speaking, it is better to know HTML, CSS, JavaScript (frameworks), and web servers. Web-based studies will be conducted more broadly in psychology because researchers can recruit more efficiently large and diverse samples from crowdsourcing marketplaces than from traditional participant pools.

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.188-215, 2017-03-31 (Released:2017-06-07)

著者

望月 登志子

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.53-70, 1989-03-31 (Released:2016-11-11)

被引用文献数

1

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In order to clarify the characteristics of perception of visual space in the early or congenitally blind who have just gained sight after surgery, a series of experiments covering a period of over 10 years were conducted. Subject KT in this paper, who lost her sight binocularly due to congenital cataract, received the operation on her left eye at the age of 15. The following results were obtained: (1) The perceived size of an object placed at various distances on a table decreases when the physical distance exceeds 20cm approximately. The ratio of perceived sizes to physical distances demonstrates that the size constancy is not so high as that of the normally sighted adult. (2) Color perception was slightly easier than that of shape, but it became difficult when the observation distance (D) extended 60cm and when the size of color paper was small. (3) Identification of the shape of a figure was difficult when the figure was presented at D>35cm. At a near distance she could scan the shape as a whole, but at a far distance, KT had to employ the strategy of partial scanning.

著者

桐田 隆博

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.207-212, 2005-03-31 (Released:2016-11-22)

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The social functions of laughter have been often mentioned but rarely studied in the field of psychology. This paper briefly shows the results of two studies in which we addressed the question as to when and why people laugh, and inferred some functions of laughter in conversation. In the first study, using diary method, we investigated some aspects of laughter in daily life. It was found that the diarists laughted most in social interactions, especially in conversation. Furthemore the results showed that although they were not often conscious about the reasons why they laughted, the recorded numbers of laugh episodes were positively correlated to the "other-directedness" and "acting" factors of the subjects. In the second study, we examined the laughter in an interview setting, especially focusing on the phenomenon that people phrase raughingly, i.e., laugh-speak. The conversations of the interviewer and the subjects were videotaped, and they were precisely transcribed using conversation analysis notations. On the basis of these transcripts, laughing events were identified and analyzed. The results indicated that the mean rates of laugh-speak to total laughs in the subjects should reach 50%. Some functions of laugh-speak, such as qualifier, were inferred from the contexts of conversation.

著者

立花 恵理 山本 彩 御領 謙

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.227, 2012-03-31 (Released:2016-12-01)

著者

岡部 望 吉村 浩一

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.83-88, 2007

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For decades, the first author has engaged in making commercial films including animations and has obtained several rules of thumb concerning how to animate the characters smoothly and effectively. In Section One, it is pointed out that CRT and liquid crystal screens may produce different appearance for same source images. In Section Two, the function of animation's Obake, an ambiguous figure briefly inserted between two postures of an animation character, is examined. Japanese animations, especially TV anime, often contain one and two koma shoots. The rule and the reason for the proper use of the combination are introduced in Section Three. In Section Four, the problem of strobing, jerkiness in what should be a smooth movement of an image on a display, is pointed out. In Section Five, the authors emphasize the importance of taking the nature of audiences' minds into account when making animations. In Section Six, it is pointed out that the precise lip-synchronization would be unnecessary for the effective appearance in Japanese animations.

著者

菅原 通代 片平 健太郎

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.48-55, 2019-09-30 (Released:2019-12-10)

参考文献数

18

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Reinforcement learning models, which update the value related to a specific behaviour according to a reward prediction error, have been used to model the choice behaviour in organisms. Recently, the magnitude of the learning rate has been reported to be biased depending on the sign of the reward prediction error. A previous study concluded that these asymmetric learning rates reflect positivity and confirmation biases. However, another study reported that the tendency to repeat the same choice (perseverance) leads to pseudo asymmetric learning rates. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify whether asymmetric learning rates are the result of cognitive bias or perseverance by reanalysing the open data that the previous study obtained from two different types of learning tasks. To accomplish this, we evaluated multiple reinforcement learning models, including asymmetric learning rate models, perseverance models and hybrid models. The results showed that the choice data associated with positivity bias were also explained by the perseverance model with symmetric learning rates. Meanwhile, the data associated with confirmation bias were not explained by the perseverance model. These results suggest the possibility that either cognitive bias or perseverance could explain asymmetric learning rates depending on the contextual information of learning task.

著者

井関 龍太

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.180-187, 2019-03-31 (Released:2019-05-18)

参考文献数

19

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Although sample-size planning is important for research integrity and useful for designing experiments, it appears to be not yet fully spread in cognitive psychology. The present study examined descriptions for sample-size planning in papers that published in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review and Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Although some researches determined their sample size without referring to statistical power analysis, they derived the size based on prior research. Not a few researches reported results of power analysis without describing exact values of power and effect sizes and types of targeted effects. To communicate findings more correctly, it should be included descriptions specifying targeted sample sizes and their basis that enables readers to calculate the values irrespective of statistical methods or not. Finally, I discussed the risk of over-emphasizing prior power analysis in peer review.

著者

長谷川 寿一

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.46-48, 1996-09-30 (Released:2016-11-16)

著者

大森 貴秀 原田 隆史 坂上 貴之 白鳥 和人

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.204, 2012-03-31 (Released:2016-12-01)