著者

青柳 肇 細田 一秋

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.29-36, 1993-03-25

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本研究は,失敗事態で努力要因に帰属することが無力感を生じさせないという従来の帰属理論に基づいた学習性無力感の概念とは異なる視点から,帰属理論を再検討すること,すなわち,失敗事態で「運」帰属することが無力感を生まない重要な要因であることを検証することを目的とした.大学生を被験者として,「運と努力の帰属傾向」を筆者らが独自に開発した投影法形式で測定し,無力感尺度と課題遂行との関係を検討した.「運と努力の帰属傾向尺度」は,成功を努力に帰属し,運に帰属しない場合と失敗を運に帰属し,努力に帰属しない場合,3点,そうでない場合1点とし,どちらでもない場合2点とした.したがって,高得点であることは無力感につながらないと仮定した.無力感尺度は,筆者らが以前に作成した尺度を用い,課題遂行は学習性無力感研究で以前に使用したことのある半数が解答不能な前処置課題(計算課題)および全開解答可能な後続課題での正答数で測定した.主な結果は,以下の通りである.無力感尺度と運と努力の帰属傾向尺度とは,大多数が無相関であり,一部有意な正相関しているものがあった.これらの結果は,無力感尺度の妥当性にやや問題があるためかもしれないと考えられた.課題遂行と「運と努力の帰属傾向尺度」とは,有意に正相関しているものがいくつかみられた.課題遂行でみる限り,「運と努力の帰属傾向尺度」は全面的ではないが,一定の妥当性が保証され,ほぼ仮説が支持されたといえよう.しかし,「運と努力の帰属傾向尺度」の下位尺度をみると問題がないわけではなかった.すなわち下位尺度の高低群間の差に関しては,尺度3では前処置課題で低群のほうが有意に高得点であることがみられた.これは,尺度3のように成功事態で努力帰属することは,大多数の被験者が賛成しているためであろうと考察された.また,尺度1(成功場面で運帰属)でも高低群間にまったく差がみられず,仮説が支持されなかった.これは,この逸話に反対することを高得点にするというように,否定型で反応することに対する適切性の問題が論じられた.

著者

村上 公子

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.109-127, 2003-03-31

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エーリカ・マン(1905-1969)は19世紀終盤から20世紀前半、ドイツ語で執筆する世界的な作家として名声を博したトーマス・マン(1875-1955)の長女である。彼女はヴァイマル共和国時代、一歳年下の弟クラウス・マン(1906-1949)と共に、「退廃的」なヴァイマル・ドイツ期の若者の典型のような生活を送っていたが、ナチズムの台頭が明らかになるにつれ、これに対する抵抗の姿勢を次第に明確にし、1933年1月にはミュンヒェンで政治的な文学カバレット「胡椒挽き」を旗揚げする。活動の自由を求めて同年3月にはスイスに亡命、9月にはスイスで「胡椒挽き」を再結成し、1936年までヨーロッパ各地を巡演した。1937年「胡椒挽き」のアメリカ公演失敗後、エーリカはアメリカ合衆国に残り、講演、および執筆によって生活を立てると同時に、アメリカの世論を反ヒトラー・ドイツに向けさせるべく力を注いだ。アメリカ合衆国が第二次世界大戦に参戦した後は、従軍記者となり、連合軍のノルマンディー上陸、あるいはアメリカ軍のドイツ西部占領、さらには終戦後のニュルンベルクにおける軍事法廷の取材、報道を行っている。戦後、亡命知識人の少なからぬ部分が(東西を問わぬ)ドイツに帰国しなかったが、その中でもエーリカとクラウスのマン姉弟のドイツに対する批判的な態度は目立っている。本論考後半では、エーリカの残した著作、原稿における一人称複数の代名詞類の使用法を手がかりに、エーリカ・マンの自己理解の変化を明らかにしようと試みた。まだ調査数は少ないが、アメリカヘの移住当初、圧倒的に「ドイツ人」「移民」の意味で用いられていた一人称複数代名詞が、従軍をきっかけに「連合国民」「アメリカ人」を意味するようになっているという傾向は明らかである。

著者

青柳 肇 細田 一秋

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.33-41, 1994-03-25

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前処置とテスト課題の間に同種または異種の課題を挿入した際のテスト課題の成績および帰属の変化,コントロール感の変化,および随伴性の認識について検討する事を目的とした.実験は,3つのセッションからなっている.第1セッションでは,190名の大学生に前処置として50%しか解答できない数的処理課題を行わせた.その後第2セッションでは,被験者を4群に分け別々の課題を与える.LI群は,10個のアナグラムでそのうち半分は解答不能である.LS群は,10個の解答可能なアナグラムを与える.MI群は,10個の数的処理課題で,そのうち半分は解答不能である.MS群は,10個の解答可能な数的処理課題であった.その後第3セッションとして,全群に対してテスト課題として解答可能な数的処理課題10問与える.第1セッションと第2セッション,第2セッションと第3セッションの間に帰属スタイル尺度(ASQ)を実施し,実験終了後に随伴性の認識について聞いた.主な結果は,以下の通りである.(1)挿入課題で数的処理を行った群は,アナグラムを行った群より高得点である.とりわけ,解決可能な数的処理課題は,テスト課題での成績がよい.(2)挿入課題で解決可能なアナグラムを行うと課題全体の成績がよくなる.(3)解決不可能なアナグラム課題を与えられると帰属スタイルは,内的統制得点が低くなる.それ以外は大きな変化はない.(4)解決不可能なアナグラムと数的処理課題が与えられるとコントロール感が減少する.(5)随伴性の認識は,解決可能なアナグラム課題が与えられたとき最も強くなる.これらのことは,学習性無力感解消には,テスト課題と同種の解決可能課題を与えることだけが有効なのではなく,異種の解決可能な課題を与えることも有効であることを示唆するものである.

著者

根建 金男 石川 利江

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.147-159, 1990-03-25

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Recently, researchers and clinicians in psychology and medicine are showing keen interest in cognitive behavior modification (CBM) which has been developed based upon behavior modification but puts emphasis on cognition. The purpose of the present paper is to overview CBM, examine the present state of it, and suggest its future directions. The techniques, targets, and objects of evaluation, the theoretical basis, and the procedures of CBM, and so on were reconsidered. Suggested main future directions of CBM are as follows. (1) "Cognition" should not be considered as the explanatory concept but instead as the operational indepenent variable. (2) It is necessary to confirm if the belief system of the client changes when such cognitive techniques as "cognitive restructuring" and "self-instruction" are introduced. (3) Intrinsic studies concerning the nature of cognitive techniques are required. (4) The procedural validity and the effects of "imagery rehearsal" techniques should be more clarified. Cognitive behavior modification is a prospective approach, however, further research considering the above directions is needed to develop and refine it.

著者

鈴木 晶夫

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.61-73, 1995-03-25

被引用文献数

6

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There are so many factors that have effects on facial recognition. We used three kinds of "Noh" masks, "Masu", "Chuujou", and "Fukai", to investigate the effects on facial recognition by changes in the shaddow of view of the masks. This study investigated two points, the relation between the shaddow of the face of "Noh" masks and the selection of emotional categories on facial recognition; and changes of impressions of the "Noh" mask due to changes in the shaddow of the mask. The results of ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in conditions of the shaddow and the kind of "Noh" masks. The selection of emotional categories and the changes of impression on each "Noh" mask depends not only on the shaddow, but on the combination of the kinds and the shaddow of view of the "Noh" mask. In the case of masks having some features in the facial shapel (e.g. a dimple, wrinkles), the features have effects on the selection of emotional categories and impressions of the "Noh" mask.

著者

志々田 文明

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.161-171, 1990-03-25

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This study has two aims. One is to clarify the process by which Japanese colleges have established departments of Budo; in the other words, how Budo Science came into existence. In particular, I studied two preeminent schools, the Nippon College of Physical Education and the Tokyo University of Education. The second aim is to clarify questions about Budo Theory, which is the foundation of Budo Science. Budo Science is an Interdisciplinary Study. There is some discussion in the Interdisciplinary Sciences about how subdisciplines should be integrated, and about the question of what the foundation of an Interdisciplinary Science is. Budo Theory has a natural role as the foundation of an Interdisciplinary Science, but this is not yet recognized because there has not been enough research in the area of Budo Science. So we can not yet say that it is truly an Interdisciplinary Science. For the present we must work to establish the foundation of Budo Science. That task will be accomplished by the History of Science and Philosophy, which are both main elements of Budo Science. Budo Theory as such a science must study the following questions: I. The scope of Budo Theory A. Before Meiji Era 1. History and philosophy of martial arts techniques 2. History of Budo weapons and armor 3. History of the Budo mind B. After Meiji Era 1. History of Budo in the educational system and the police force 2. History of Budo organizations II. Philosophical viewpoints A. Culture B. Human-movement C. Education D. Relationship between traditional and modern values Concerning A, B and C, comparative research between Japanese Budo and foreign martial arts and among individual Budos will be important as a methodology after we have sufficiently studied Budo itself. We must examine the relationship between traditional and modern values in the context of Budo.

著者

葛西 順一 森 武 中野 昭一 油座 信男 飯本 雄二 吉田 和人 小林 一敏

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.41-48, 1989-03-25

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The purpose of his study was to investigate the speed and the accuracy of smash strokes of forehand in which conditions of various timing and hitting point in table tennis. Two male subjects participated in the world championships, and one of them participated in The 24th Soeul Olympic Games. The pictures of the action in hitting was recorded by a video cassette recorder while the reaction of three dimentional forces of forceplate and the wave of impact on the racket were synchronized on date recorder. The results obtained as followes. 1) The ball speed were between 17.6m sec. and 26.0m sec., and the accuracy were 69 % and 74 %. 2) Player with higher performance showed higher accuracy of smash strokes in front position trend to use his leg and arm more efficiently and sufficiently for make the distance the middle point of a circle of turning of trunk shorter. 3) Player with higher performance showed higher speed of smash strokes in middle position trend to use his leg and arm more efficiently and sufficiently for make the distance the middle point of a circle of turning of trunk longer. The results obtained were as follows. It was guessed that to control the distance the middle point of a circle of turning of trunk strongly influenced on the accuracy and the speed of ball smashed in front and middle position.

著者

坂野 雄二 久保 義郎 神村 栄一

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.11-18, 1993-03-25

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of individual differences in an imaginal ability and presentation of prompting film on self-regulation of peripheral skin temperature and heart rate. Two hundred and fifty students completed Sophian Scale of Imagery (SSI), and 32 students who had extremely high or low imaginal ability participated in an experiment, in which they were asked to regulate their peripheral skin temperature and heart rate using mental imagery. Ss were assigned to one of the following four groups: high imaginal ability with warm film presentation (HW), high imaginal ability with neutral film (HN), low imaginal ability with warm film (LW), and low imaginal ability with neutral film (LN). The major findings were as follows; (a) warm film had significant effects on the increase of skin temperature, (b) the difference of imaginal ability had no effect on both temperature and heart rate regulation. These results indicate the response-specificity of regulation-prompting imagery.

著者

柿崎 京一 矢野 敬生

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.71-89, 1991-03-25

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The Bay of Tokyo was once full of fishery resources and there used to be a number of fishing villages along the coast. Since 20th century, however, because of the overdevelopment of the seaside industrial zone and the expansion of urban area, the environmental pollution has gotten worse and the reclaimed land over the sea has steadily progressed. Because of the worsened environment for fishing ground, the inshore fishery has rapidly declined, along with disappearance of these fishing villages, as a result. This research was conducted in Kaneda district in Kisarazu City, Chiba Prefecture and that is the only fishing village area along the Bay of Tokyo where people still depend their living mainly on fishery. We particularly chose Nakano rural community located inland area. We mainly look through the conflict with other fishing villages around that community, considering some of the incidents after the mid-19th Century and describe the historical development and analyze it. To be more concrete, we would like to examine the historical process of Nakano rural community from two aspects. 1) The change of the land reform projects concerning the farm land and the water for irrigation. 2) The process of how the Fishing Cooperatives were developed. In addition, we would like to make clear of the structure of the changing fishing village by analyzing the self-government organization and social stratification of the rural community.

著者

蔵持 不三也

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.1-2, 2004-04-01

著者

葛西 順一

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, 2002-04-01

著者

蔵持 不三也

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.67-79, 2004-04-01

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In the end of November 1721, a great thief named Cartouche was sent off the scaffold of wheel at the Place of Greve in Paris. Chief of 366 followers forming a group "Cartousien", he committed with his complices many criminal acts like murders and thefts: their victims were a secret agent, messenger, merchant, and so on. Very interestingly, even before the execution of Cartouche, an Italian comedy titled "Cartouche and his company" was put on the stage of the Comedie-Frangaise in Paris, where Cartouche was indentified with Arlequin (Arlecchino), farcical trickster and descendant of "Familia herlechini". One year after the execution of Cartouche, his life story began to be published in the collection of "Bibliotheque blueu", cheep books of the colportage, and seemed to be distributed, by the beginning of 20th century 40,000,000 copies (!) for 40,000 editions. That is veritable best-seller book which shows us the popularity of Cartouche. In the popular imagnation, his negative characters became less distinct as time goes on. Then, laying emphasis on his extraordinary boldness and wiseness, people would get rid of their daily discontents or resentments due to the social injustice and unfairness. As the legendarization of histories makes a Hero, the historicization of legends makes an Anti-hero. We can find there a kind of representation of popular culture.

著者

遠藤 大哉

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.113-125, 2000-08-01

著者

志々田 文明

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.129-141, 1994-03-25

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Seizaburo Fukushima (1890-1950), a famous judo instructor, became involved in political activity after he met Kanji Ishihara, who was said to be the best strategist in the Japanese army. The author devised five questions to investigate why he changed and researched them using documents and firsthand accounts. Briefly, the results were as follows: 1. Fukushima was born in Kumamoto Prefecture. In 1920, after graduating from the bujutsu instructors' school he became a professor of the college of budo managed by the Dainihon Butokukai. He then became an influential budo instructor in the Kansai area and also a budo adviser at Kenkoku University in Manchukuo. 2. He was a man who practiced judo actively since his youth and was devoted to helping young people. He was impartial with his students, even with a Korean student who practiced karate, despite the racial discrimination of that era. 3. In 1936, Fukushima built a 80-mat judo training hall, the Giho-kai, where he taught students. At that time, he was an active supporter of a political movement known as the East Asia Union, under the guidance of Ishihara, despite the military police and ultra-rightists trying to suppress it. 4. He recommended his student Suguru Manda for the position of chief judo instructor at Kenkoku University and as a result had an indirect influence on the students of the judo club through Manda, because Manda sometimes invited them to his home to give them opportunities to listen to Ishihara's ideas. 5. Budo instructors generally tend to be conservative, because they are influenced by the traditional budo practice system in which great importance is attached to obedience to seniors. However, Fukushima and his friend Tatsukuma Ushijima, one of the strongest judo players of his era, became critical of their own lives and society after meeting Ishihara. Cases such as these tell us that if we attach importance to budo education in modern education, it is necessary that we try to foster a critical spirit in it, because traditionally it tends to lead to a passive acceptance of the status quo.

著者

坂野 雄二

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.91-98, 1989-03-25

被引用文献数

30

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General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) which was developed by Sakano and Tohjoh in 1986 is an instrument to measure the individual's strength of general self-efficacy across a variety of everyday life settings. However, GSES had some psychometric problems because it was standardized only with the data from a population which consists of students. The first purpose of this study was to collect GSES data .from adult population to know the distribution of GSES scores in adults, and to verify the reliability of GSES by psychometric evaluation. The second purpose was to verify the clinical validity of GSES by making it clear how GSES scores are changing successively according to the fluctuation of depressive symptoms. Psychometric evaluation by test-retest method, odd-even method and so forth suggested that GSES has well enough high reliability, and these results were consistent with those of Sakano and Tohjoh (1986). The successive change of GSES scores of depressive patients revealed that while GSES scores of depressive patients were in a very low state, they increased significantly according to the elimination of depressive symptoms. It revealed also that the correlation coefficients between GSES scores and rating scores of depressive symptoms were negatively high. It was suggested that the GSES has high reliability for adult population and considerably high discriminant validity for depressive symptoms and is enough potential for the clinical and research application.

著者

門前 進

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.19-28, 1993-03-25

被引用文献数

1

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本研究の目的は,心理現象をとらえるとき,「対人緊張」,「興奮」,「主体の活動性」という三次元から捉える必要があるのではないかということを,血圧と心拍という生理的指標の観点から調べるために計画された.手続としては,音楽を聴いた前後で,各生理的指標が測定された.音楽として,テンポの速さが速い場合と遅い場合が設けられた.また,聴いていて快気分の生じる音楽と不快気分の生じる音楽が用いられた.コントロール群としては,ジェイコブソンのリラクセイション技法の筆者による簡略版が用いられた.結果の整理として,各生理指標の実験前の値をもとに,高群と低群に被験者が分けられた.結果としては,どの指標においても,高群は低群よりも減少を示した.心拍数に関しては,遅い快群は速い快・不快群よりも減少した.遅い不快群は,他の音楽群に比べ,少し異なる傾向を示した.リラクセイション群では,脈圧値の変化に関して,音楽群と比べ,高群,低群に関して逆の傾向を示した.これらのことから,音楽は対人緊張を低下させ,さらに興奮をも低下させることが見出された.快・不快に関しては,緊張,興奮の次元とは異なる次元で影響していると考察された.

著者

濱野 吉生

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.9-17, 1996-03-25

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In the domain of sports activity, the notion of what constitutes a Legal Human Agent is divided into two broad categories: the first comprises those people who wish to maintain and improve their health and promote friendship through their sporting activities. Such people are ordinary citizens, who are subject to Civil law. The second category comprises those who willingly tolerate physical and mental injury to themselves or their opponents as a result of their sporting activities. Such people aspire to surpass others by means of strenuous efforts towards this end. Aware of the possibility even of death as a result of their activities, they nevertheless assume total responsibility for such an outcome should it eventuate. Such people differ from ordinary people in their behavioral characteristics and views concerning responsibility and the notion of Legal Human Agent. The nature of the relationships such people enter into is obviously different from those of ordinary people, which under the Civil law should be free, inviolable and mutually equal. Nowadays, one of the most important issues in Sports Law is how to interpret and apply the legal relations of participants in various sports activities. In this paper, several accidents which occurred in the course of mountaineering are considered from the point of view of the legal relations and legal liability of the mountaineers involved. It was concluded that such problems should be considered in the context of the right to personal autonomy which, under the Constitution, ensures that an individual's life and behavior should be determined by the individual. and not by the Law of Tort.

著者

Gray Robert

出版者

早稲田大学人間科学学術院

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.81-86, 2004

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遠藤周作の作品に明示的・暗示的に組み込まれた現代日本の精神へのユダヤ教的・キリスト教的な解釈について論じる。

著者

上村 佳世子 田島 信元

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.111-118, 1994-03-25

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The purpose of this study was to provide specific illustrations of how the microethnographic approach can be applied to the study of various aspects of children's lives from different cultures. The daily life of a nine-year-old elementary school girl from Tokyo and from Boston was observed and the interaction in their home and with peers was analysed. The results demonstrate that the child learns specific rules and expectations of the group, applying them to other situations, depending on the demands of each society. The process of a child's socialization is not the simple internalization of the sociocultural rules and expectations, but the reorganization of their meaning through active interaction in various settings.

著者

河西 宏祐

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

早稲田大学人間科学研究 (ISSN:09160396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.49-66, 2004-04-01

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Recently, as a result of economic globalization, the movement towards deregulation in all sectors has advanced quickly even in Japan. In 1996, the government announced a deregulation policy for the private railway industry, and, on 1 February 2002, the deregulation of the passenger-bus industry took effect. According to the policy, the entry of newcomers into the bus industry, the establishment of lines and the setting of fares were to be liberalized. Based on market economics, the government had, even in the railway industry, rushed into the age of free competition. The private railway industry had five to six years-from the announcement of the government's private railway deregulation policy until the policy was to come into effect-in which to prepare for the advent of this age of free competition. In order to achieve a "reduction in labor costs," the management side carried out a program of severe management rationalization. Major management rationalization took place even at "Company A," which had in 1993, before deregulation, already introduced a "transformed system of working hours" as a pretext for reduced working hours. In "Company A", a "reduction in labor costs" was later pursued, and a program of severe management rationalization was carried out. This included stand-alone profitability based on in-house spin-offs, wage reductions, wage-rise suspensions, reductions in retirement allowances, the abolition of fringe benefits, changes in the salary system (from seniority-based to ability-based wages) and so on. This research brings together several focal points in the period before deregulation (1996-2002), and through survey research empirically examines the evidence of how the management side at the company level, along with the labor unions, dealt with deregulation and, as a result, how management-labour relations changed. In addition, This research also examines the possibilities and limitations of the kind of functions displayed by the labor unions at the company level.