出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.109-126, 1996-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

松村 隆

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.1-30, 1996-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

2

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This paper intends to make an analysis of management of a timber merchant in the period of industrialization from 1880s to 1920s in Japan. As the target of a case study, the management of Zaisou, a famous timber merchant in Nagoya is chosen. Zaisou has maintained its predominant position in the lumber industry since Edo era. In Meiji and Taisho period, Zaisou started to develop its business of finance, securities, and real estates in addition to the lumber industry.In parallel with the industrialization, the demand of timber, sleepers and wooden boxes were greatly expanded. As a result, Zaisou could not afford to continue its traditional business, namely investment in forests in Kiso district. Under such a business climate, two goals for the growth of the enterprise emerged : acquisition of suitable wood for various kinds of demand, and making steady profits.In order to achieve the former goal, Zaisou diversified the purchasing routes of wood. In the field of wood needed a high quality, for example, such as sleepers, wooden boxes and luxury timber, Zaisou continued to invest in forests as in Edo period. Concerning to the latter target, Zaisou firstly diversified ways of the use of funds, secondly enlarged means of purchasing. It was effective for Zaisou to buy timber in large amount in the shortening turnover of funds and elaboration of inventory management.

著者

李 春利

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.31-64, 1996-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

1 1

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the origin of the adoption of the Toyota production system in China. In a large context of worldwide Japanization, the Chinese firms paid more attention to and introduced the Toyota production method earlier than American and European firms. First Automotive Works (FAW), the prototype of the Ford production system in China, began to introduce the philosophy of Toyota system under the direct technological instructions by Taiichi Ohno, one of the earliest proponents of the Just-in-Time method in Toyota in late 1970s. They also built a typical Toyota-style transmission plant which received technological assistance from Hino Motor Co. of Toyota Group in late 1980s. These efforts have been contributing to a great extent the evolution of the production system in FAW.FAW invited Taiichi Ohno, who was born in China, to conduct seminars and on-the-spot technological instructions in 1977 and 1981, In FAW, Ohno not only harshly criticized the existing mass production system of FAW, but also taught FAW by showing the example of changing the lay-out of production line. Besides, FAW also sent an observation mission to learn Japanese management methods and visited ten Japanese auto companies for five months in 1978.The FAW Transmission Plant, which introduced Just-in-Time method, is viewed as one of the best plants in China. This paper examines its system from the angles of production and quality control. It also analyzes the conflict between the old and new system during the adoption process of Toyota method as well as the modification of wage system and organization design. FAW is in the middle of learning the so-called “lean production”, and the transmission plant has become a typical model of this system. Every person above manager level has the book “The Machine that Changed the World” (MIT, IMVP). By 1995 thirteen seminars focused on lean production had been held at the FAW Academy of Communist Party.Technology transfer between plants is one of the serious problems in FAW. There is a unique coexistence of different production systems including those of former Soviet Union, Japan, US and Germany because of the deferent adoption time. In general, the evolution process of production system of FAW shows an example of worldwide Japanization and a good direction for the reform of state-owned firms which are in the labor pains of building up competitiveness in an increasingly market-oriented economy in China.

著者

橘川 武郎

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.31-47, 1995-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

佐々木 聡

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.48-71, 1995-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

中村 尚史

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.1-38, 1995-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

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In the 1880s, a lot of railway companies were established in Japan. Many of them were promoted by provincial governors, for the purpose of stimulating of the development of industry in local communities. Therefore, in the early years, the railway companies had problems becoming independent of local interests.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the formative process of the top-management structure of Kyushu Railway Company from 1886 to 1890, and to shed light on the relationship between a railway company and local communities in modern Japan.The conclusion of this paper is as follows : 1. At the start, the top-management structure of Kyushu Railway Company was a council system, where in the major directors represented local communities. The first aim of the company president was to achieve independence from the representative who disregarded making a profit.2. At first, the president included stockbrokers in the board of directors. There were two purposes for this. One was for smooth fund-raising, and the other was to increase the number of board members opposed to the representative of local communities.3. But fund-raising was stymied by the panic of 1890, and the super-vision of local communities was difficult to overcome. Alternatively, the railway president managed to enlist zaibatu capitalists as stock-holders and brought them on to board of directors, moreover the president issue a bond for new fund-raising. These measures achieved their purpose in 1900, after which the Kyushu Railway Company was no longer dependent on the local communities.

著者

平井 岳哉

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.39-68, 1995-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

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Before World War II, Mitsui-bussan (MBK) was the biggest general trading company in Japan, which used to have a great difference on gross sales from other domestic general trading companies. But nowadays, MBK is one of the five biggest general trading companies (other are Mitsubishi-shoji, Marubeni, Itochu-shoji, and Sumitomo-shoji), so the great lead of MBK from others has been losing gradually after the war.Instead of decling of MBK, Mitsubishi-shoji (MC) had kept the top position on gross sales in 70's and 80's.This contrast between two companies was represented on fuel business, especially on oil business after the war. MC had gained gross sales on the oil business by building a close relationship with petroleum exporting countries and international petroleum corporations, and MC succeeded in importing LNG (liquid natural gas) from Alaska and Brunei.Sales of MBK's oil business were always lower than that of MC. So BMK carried out the project of boring petroleum and producting petrochemical materials at Iran in 70's and 80's. But MBK was suffered heavy losses by failing both of projects.The gap of two companies was derived from the result of the re-unification. After World War II, MBK and MC were dissolved by Occupation policy. Both of companies were divided in many companies. Later, MC accomplished the re-unfication in 1954, and MBK also did in 1959.But, in the process of re-unification, most of competent person on oil division of former MBK organized General-bussan company (General oil company now), and they also acquired all of trade rights on oil business of former MBK. And they didn't take part in the re-unification of new MBK. Therefore new MBK failed to gather human resources and trade rights on oil business.On the other hand, in MC, most of competent person on oil division of former MC moved to other companies, too. But new companies which were founded after dissolution, revived many trade rights on oil business of former MC. And they trained many men talented on oil business. Moreover most of there companies participated in the re-unification of new MC. As a result, new MC successed in gathering human resources and trade rights on oil business.

著者

奥田 健二

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.1-31, 1996-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

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The modernization of human resource management in Japanese industry was realized by way of introduction of various systems from advanced Western countries. The basic philosophy underlying such modern human resource management systems is anchored in the concept of dichotomy.Needless to say, F.W. Taylor's scientific management system is the foremost example of this : the status and role of those in management and those subjected to management are sharply divided. Management monopolizes the power to decide about every minute detail of operation : those at the bottom of the hierarchy just are supposed to obey orders from above.Introduction of Taylor's system into Japanese industry took place in the 1920's, and 1930's, against the background of a fierce debate on how to evaluate scientific management within the Japanese context. One group of industrial engineers argued that workers at the work shop level should be treated not as mere objects of time and motion study, but rather as equal partner in any such study.These engineers attached prime importance to the rich implicit knowledge which workers naturally have on how to improve their own operations. In other word, according to this group of engineers there ought to be no dichotomy between the roles of shop-level workers and engineers; instead they preferred considering these respective roles as mutually complementary.The author wondered what was the origin of the concept of complementarity in Japan. His hypothesis implies that this concept has been an undercurrent of Japanese business philosophy since the middle of the Edo Period, around 1700-1800. Ideas about complementarity between management and labour were typically formulated in the works of thinkers like Ando Shoeki, Ishida Baigan, Ninomiya Sontoku and Tanaka Kyugu; Section II and III of this paper provide on evaluation of such works. Then, in Section IV the author proceeds to analyze the complementarity related philosophy and behavior of business leaders like Ohara Magosaburo, Shibusawa Eiichi and so forth who were active in the 1920's, and 1930's. In addition, Section IV also covers some representative examples of complementarity-based business patterns in the period after WW II, including a few cases of superior performance levels in the development of new car models in the automotive industry.Section V, finally, stresses the author's conviction that the concept of complementarity is not unique to Japan, but rather is of universal value.

著者

山田 雄久

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.32-58, 1996-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

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Since the Hizen Porcelain Industry had started selling to European, American and Chinese merchants in 1860s, the Arita merchants conceived brands and selected designs to be reflected in the products made by manufacturers. In 1870s, Hizen Porcelain Industry sold on World Exhibitions and exported many products directly to European countries and America. The porcelain companies exported also directly while selling to foreign merchants in Nagasaki and Yokohama. Such strategies were adopted according to the changing conditions in internal and external markets.Around 1890, the Japanese merchants who lost their share in foreign markets gradually shifted to sales of both traditional and modern porcelain products in various national districts. Under unfavorable exporting conditions, Arita merchants united with manufacturers in their production and export activities. This reaction resulted in an integrated brand of Hizen Porcelain Industry which in turn, implied higher competition within the Japanese porcelain market itself.

著者

小林 達也

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.4, pp.76-86, 1995-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

原 輝史

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.1-41, 1995-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

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During the period W.W. II, due to the capital assistance of the Marshall plan France experienced a high rate of growth. Productivity missions that were dispatched from France to the United States played a very important role in this growth.The purpose of this paper will be to analyze the role of the French productivity missions to the United States. This analysis will inclued 4 sections. Section I will be an analysis of the organization of these missions. In this section, I will present a clear analysis of the impetus behind the actions of the missions, the 3 different forms that the missions took, and the participants in the missions themselves.The second section will include a look at the origin of the missions, the preparations for the missions and their activities in the US. The contents of this section are based on an interview that I conducted in 1992 with R. Donn. R. Donn was the person at the French embassy in Washington DC engaged in bringing the missions to the US. According to Mr. Donn, plans to visit the US were initiated by the French side. This section will also include a look at the process by which the missions, with the aid of American capital assistance, were realized.The third section will include an analysis of the actual condition of American management that the productivity missions saw. In this section, I will describe the American management methods that appeared in the reports of the missions, American management that was observed by the missions and the American management as was seen by the laborers. Each participant praised the American management system as being very efficient.The fourth section will be an examination of the changes that the missions brought about in France's economy and management. According to ananalysis of the results of a survey of the managers who participated in the productivity missions, many of them after returning to France, applied what they had learned in the US. The missions were very fruitful.As a next step, it would be interesting to analyze, one by one, how the techniques that the industries that participated in the missions learned were applied in each instance.

著者

渡辺 隆夫

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.42-55, 1995-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

木山 実 四宮 正親 佐々木 聡 橘川 武郎

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.56-79, 1995-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

山本 通 上野 継義 雨宮 昭彦 堀田 隆司

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.80-112, 1995-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.113-124, 1995-04-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

大森 一宏

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.1-30, 1995-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper we examine the activities of the local trade associations (dogyo kumiai) in the case of pottery industry. In the latter half of the Meiji period, the production of the pottery increased, and some traditional production districts like Nagoya, Seto, Tono, Tokoname, Kyoto and Arita continued to increase their output. Out of these districts we select Seto, Tokoname and Kyoto, and investigate the activities of the trade associations in these three districts.In Seto district a large quantity of tableware was produced and the ratio of the export to the total output was high. In Tokoname the earthen pipe for the domestic market was mainly produced. And in Kyoto much of the ornament was exported to the foreign market. So, judging from the markets for their products and the makeup of them, these production areas can be classified into three different types.The trade association in Seto carried out the inspection of manufuctured goods, held exhibitions and contests, assisted exhibition hall financially, and mined and distributed potter's clay. But a tableware was not inspected by the trade association. In Tokoname the trade association inspected earthen pipe and conducted various researches. And in Kyoto the trade association held exhibitions and contests and supported financially the municipal pottery research center.These three trade associations did not act in the same way. We find that the activities of these trade associations were influenced by the difference of the markets for their products, the makeup of them and the supply side conditions of the potter's clay. And therefore the activities of them contributed effectively to the development of pottery industry in each production district.

著者

平本 厚

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.1-26, 1994-07-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

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Japanese television industry greatly lagged behind the U.S. and the U.K. in technological development in the early 1950s. But the saturation rate of TV in Japan increased in the latter half of the 1950s at a higher rate than those of these two countries in their corresponding expansion periods. The aim of this paper is to make clear the supply side factors which promoted the rapid spread of TV in Japan.The view that standardizing a cheap model would make the spread of TV faster prevailed among those in the TV industry in the early 1950s. Denpa Gijutsu Kyôkai (Radio Engineering & Electronics Association) made a research study to establish what was the standard model and recommended from 10 in. to 14 in. models as popular ones. This affected the assessment of the Commodity Tax on TV, so that the rate on a set with under 14 in. screen was lowered. The proposal of the standard model, the lowered tax rate and market selection made TV production in the late 1950s concentrate on almost one type, namely the 14 in. model. Set makers vied in establishing mass production based on the U.S. technology so as to lower the set price. This concentration made more effective the mass production of, not only the set itself, but also various TV parts, especially picture tubes and glass bulbs which contributed much to reduce the TV cost. As a result, the TV market expanded rapidly in the latter half of the 1950s, so that the Japanese TV industry could develop its competitive power in a relatively short span of time.

著者

孫 一善

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.1-34, 1994-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

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In this study I shall examine the forward integration of distribution (in the perspective of wholesaler-hansha-) focusing on Matsushita Electric corporation during the high growth period in Japan. In the foregoing chapters I have examined selected aspects of intrabrand competition and interbrand competition. In the second section, I discuss the establishment of the first stage of hansha and examine the principle of operation. In the third section. I look at the first stage of hansha to the process of the expansion of the hansha system. In the fourth section, I analyse the relationship between Matsushita and hansha (including existing wholesalers) from the point of view of capital and manager. In the fifth section, I examine the changing functions of the sales offices. Throughout this study it has been clearly observed that (1) Hansha refers to an exclusive dealer who sells certain maker's goods only in certain territories. The former can exclude the competition of multiple makers in the existing dealer system (interbrand competition). The later can remove the intrabrand competition of a certain maker in the same area. Matsushita owns the wholesale channels, most of which came into existence through the use of separation of top level dealers with a long history and accumulated capability to operate. I studied changes that have taken place within the hansha system, the first stage of the development of hansha, and the second stage of the spreading of hansha nation-wide, to the third stage of the restructing of hansha. In particular, in 1961, the second stage of the expansion of hansha can be seen as the turning point. (2) In 1951, Matsushita announced regulation of the hansha, whereby Matsushita was to invest over 50% of capital and to send managers to the hansha. Until 1974, they were unable to reach that goal. (3) Prior to the hansha system, Matsushita was in contact with wholesalers through the sales offices. After the hansha system was instituted, however the sales offices' functions changed, as they attmpted to encourage the hansha, and increase their strength through exclusive dealing and Keiretsu of the dealer shop.

著者

黄 孝春

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.4, pp.1-25, 1995-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

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The general trading company, Sogo Shosha, is usually defined as “a firm that trades all kinds of goods and services with all nations of the world.” The emergence of the Sogo Shosha in Japan has been heavily written about from different perspectives. Some used models to focus their attention on the internal organizations and management policies. Some stressed the importance of economic circumstances in Japan.In this paper, I explain the formation of the general trading company from the perspective of customer relations. I did a case study on Mitsui Busan (Mitsui Co. Ltd), one of the biggest Sogo Shosha in Japan.From the information I gathered from Mitsui Busan, I have focused on their customer relations around 1959. From there, I have grouped the major customers, who have business dealings of more than ¥0.5 billion a year with Mitsui Bussan, into Mitsui Keiretsu, non-Mitsui Keiretsu, and subsidiary companies. I discovered that Mitsui Bussan's transactions with its major customers were consistent and that they covered a very wide variety of goods and services. It was also discovered that Mitsui Busan had very specific product dealings with specific groups of customers. The formation of Mitsui Busan arose from the transaction and relations with its customers, and thus formed a heavily dependent customer network.In conclusion, the most important factor was their tightly-knit customer relations and network with all its customers. It is a misconception that Mitsui Busan only had strong relations with the Mitsui Group. In actual fact, non-Mitsui Group customers were as highly valued as those from the parent group. Therefore, in analysing the emergence of Sogo Shosha in Japan, it is best to look at the customer relations and network of the Sogo Shosha.

著者

内田 金生

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.4, pp.26-57, 1995-01-30 (Released:2010-11-18)

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It goes without saying that economic and industrial growth of prewar Japan had much relied on the development of silk industry. Nevertheless, the previous studies have concentrated upon the research of the growth of export market and business of export products from the view of trade balance of prewar Japan, and unreasonably ignored the importance of domestic market.This paper attempts to clarify the increasing domestic market and consumption of raw silk during the period from 1870s to 1920s by closely examining the various kinds of statistical data including cocoon production as original material. This also tries to analyze a secular trend of the domestic demand, as well as production and distribution process of raw silk in prewar Japan. One of the most important findings in this research is the larger scale of domestic silk market than the estimated figure of the previous researches. The other significant point this paper has made is to show the evidence that the variety and requirement of the domestic market had distinctively differed from export products, accordingly the repeated increase of export had not always induced the decrease of the importance of the domestic market of raw silk in the period.