著者
溝尻 真也
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.76, pp.139-156, 2010-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)
被引用文献数
1

Previous studies of Japanese media history focused on the practices ofradio amateurs in prewar Japan. However, in postwar Japan, they played amore active role. They crafted radio receivers and audio sets themselves, andcontributed to the development of media technology. This paper attempts to describe their practices in prewar and postwarJapan. Radio craft was a material practice which meant that crafting equipmentbecame a hobby, and the popularization and decline of radio craft in postwarJapan was a process in which a diversity of other radio experiences convergedwith receiving programs.
著者
三輪 仁
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, pp.97-116, 2008

In the early 1950s, Himeji City aimed to establish a radio broadcasting station managed by the city. It was very unique in the history of Japanese broadcasting. Actually, however, this movement was not successful. Its failure was caused by the following factors: a political change in the broadcasting bureaus of Japan; technological constraints; and conflict of opinions between the local residents and the local bureaucrats leading the movement. By analyzing the movement, this article tries to elucidate the process that eliminated the possibility of diversification in the development of Japanese broadcasting industry.
著者
長崎 励朗
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.77, pp.129-148, 2010

The keyword of this study is a Japanese word, "Kyouyou", which means the high-blow culture strongly related with universities and colleges. In Japan, there was a cultural hierarchy top of which was "Kyouyou" until about 1970. At that time, "Kyouyou" was the common cultural background of Japanese people which functioned as a standard the distance of which demonstrated cultural level. Traditionally, it has been assumed that a cultural common ground is the necessary condition for a rational discussion. For example, Harbermas explained it using the word "public sphere" and, in recent years, D. Mutz insisted that whether it is good or not, cultural homogeneity promotes the discussion. Thus, studying about "Kyouyou" in Japan means to seek the base of conversation which is important factor for Democracy. For the purpose of clarifying the prosperity and decline of "Kyouyou", I adopted a historical method. As a concrete target, this article focused on the largest association of music in Japanese history. For, according to Bourdieu, music is a center of high-blow culture. The name of the association is "Ro-on", which was born in 1949. At that time, Most Japanese desired "Kyouyou". In the early days, Ro-on grew up rapidly by supplying "Kyouyou". Later, decline of Kyouyou seriously damaged Ro-on. Then Ro-on tried to create the new common music culture differing from both "Kyouyou" and simple amusement. As a result, the attempt did not succeed but it had the possibility to make a common culture shared with people from every social class. In this article, I attempt to answer the following questions, "Why Kyouyou was decline?" and "What culture will be the new common cultural ground in Japan?"
著者
溝尻 真也
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.71, pp.87-105, 2007-07-30

Japanese FM radio is now considered as a music media which is distinct from other broadcast media such as AM radio. However, FM radio was originally planned as an educational media. Many political and cultural factors influenced the process of the formation of FM radio as a music media. During this process, sound, not music, was an essential factor. This article discusses the functions given to FM radio with a historical description on how the main role of FM radio changed from educational broadcasting, during the end of the 1950s when its experimental broadcasting started, to music broadcasting in the early 1970s when its formal broadcasting began.
著者
細貝 亮
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.77, pp.225-242, 2010-07-31

Some of recent media studies pointed out the increasing of media effect in politics and public opinion. In what meaning, why and how has the media effect increased? The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the time-varying effect of media coverage on the cabinet approval rate by analyzing aggregate time-series data. I examine two hypotheses about factors that increased the media effect on the cabinet support rate in Japan. Hypotheses I; the growth of floating voter, what is called on "mutouha", who are sensitive to political information made the media effect increase. Hypotheses II; Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi who used media for getting support of electorate make the media effect increase, what we call "the Koizumi effect". In examining the relation between the media coverage and the change of the cabinet support rate, I introduced "the sentence-final modality" model as the new method of the contents analysis. The method is used for specifying positive/negative information about prime minister or cabinet in editorials of newspapers and converting its information into positive/negative score. In addition, I adopt the recursive regression method for analyzing time-varying effect of media. I can acquire three findings. First, the positive/negative evaluations in media coverage make a clear effect on the cabinet support rate. Second, the media effect has been significant after 1993 when floating voter grew rapidly. Third, "the Koizumi effect" is not able to confirm in this analysis.
著者
伊藤 守
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.44, pp.15-28, 189-188, 1994-03-25

Although a large number of studies have been made on Luhmann's social system theory and Habermas' Communicative social theory, little is known about the importance of these theories in terms of informatization and post-modern society. The purpose of this paper is to show the neccesity of a communicative approach in the conceptual analysis of post-modern society and to further develop the concept of communication. In order to advance this purpose, Foucault's historical analysis of discourse and power and Melucci's social movement theory provide helpful points. Their arguments throw new light on"vulnerability"in communication subject. Habermas, with his concept of communication action, creates a theoretical approach that is able to recognize the beginnings of an answer to the basic problem since within its framework, the structures of social domination can be explained as the result of processes of communicative agreement that underlie an internal claim to the fulfillment of inter subjective freedom that serves as the standard for a reflexive"critique of power."In the history of Marxism, communicative understanding is treated systematically as the paradigm of the"social."But his foundation is not sufficient for grounding a communication-theoretic concept of society. The process of formation and institutionalization of social norms is not abstractly conceived as a moral development in learning that the human species realizes as a whole, but as a process of will-formation that takes place between some groups in the form of struggle over the basis of validity of moral norms. I introduce Michel Foucault's theory of power as a conflict model. Foucault finds a productively new disclosure on the sphere of social interaction and conflict. It is very important that he conceives of social system, in general, as networks of social power in which knowledge formations assume the special function of augmenting power. Discourse is a system of social knowledge that owes its genesis to the strategic requirements of an established order of power even as they may in turn effectively act upon a given order of power. His point of view compensates a weak point of Habermas' theory. There is one further question that we must not ignore in Habermas' communication theory. His analysis of the process of communicative understanding is quite unsatisfactory, therefore the"force of negation"in his theory is decisively weak. In this sense, Melucci's theory about new social movement provides helpful points. Melucci insists that"to communicate thus signifies the need to depend on what is common in order to discover and affirm difference, the possibility of choice introduces contingency and risk into relationships and makes them a field of emotional commitment and self-reflection."There is an important suggestion here, if I interpret the author correctly, that communication subjects must not deny the ambivalence of social relationships in post-industrial society. It means"vulnerability"in subjects. In my opinion, vulnerability is one of the most important factors to develop communication theory following Habermas' model.
著者
佐藤 正晴
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.46, pp.157-170,221-22, 1995

In this paper, the author described the development of propaganda for Afro-Americans after the outbreak of the Pacific War, from the viewpoint of Japanese foreign propaganda policies, and the relations with broadcasting of"Hinomaru Hour"in Japanese shortwave. This paper consists of three chapters. In chapter I, the author explained concerns about propaganda for Afro-Americans by the Foreign Office, particularly the information in 1942, on the press. Above all, the racial problem in America is the main theme in Japanese propaganda for Afro-Americans such as their states in the army and their riot in 1943. In chapter II, the author explained that propaganda for Afro-Americans was planned to arouse public opinions in America, "Negroes Strategy in Wartime", proposed by Hikita, the foreign officer, indicates the utility of Afro-Americans as prisoners in wartime. that almost coincided with foreign propaganda policy. Secondy, Japanese propaganda for Afro-Americans has some contradictions. The Japanese propaganda mentioned generality on the one hand, while mentioning particularism on the other. Essentially, racial equality and humanism were advocated in generality, while Japanese spirits, Japanese culture and Japanese jutice were stressed in particularism. In chapter III, the author explained that the realities and the effect of shortwave for Afro-Americans. The Japanese military carried out"Hinomaru Hour"made by prisoners for Afro-Americans. The message was adressed to their families by prisoners of War. In 1944, the program was reorganized as"Humanity Calls"and"Postman Calls"which ended in failure in military interference. Hence, the author chracterized propaganda for Afro-Americans as one of the foreign propaganda policies in wartime Japan. The contradictions of propaganda for Afro-Americans is symbolic of all all of Japanese foreign propaganda.
著者
金 相美
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.68, pp.97-114, 2006-01-31

The purpose of this paper is to understand the behavior of simultaneous use of two forms of media. It seeks to analyze the characteristics of people who engage in such behavior and the factors regulating it. This analysis should provide a foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the influence of the new medium of internet on the existing medium of television. The principle source of data for this study was a time use survey. According to this survey, 12.6% of home internet users made simultaneous use of both television and computer internet in the space of their home. The average daily length of time spent in such simultaneous behavior was 10.2 minutes. The main factor correlating with such simultaneous use was length of television viewing : when heavy television viewers also made use of the internet, there was a high likelihood that they would use the internet simultaneously with television. The proportion of people who used mobile internet simultaneously with television was 16.2%, and the average daily time spent this way was 8.2 minutes. Simultaneous use of mobile internet and television was greater among women, and tended also to be greater among younger people and heavy television users.
著者
堀口 剛
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, pp.40-57, 2008-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)
参考文献数
38

The purpose of this paper is to understand the so called "Iwanami Culture" of reading. More particularly, I focus on the reception of the widely circulated Iwanami-Bunko pocket sized edition during World War II. This analysis utilizes Chartier's approach to the practice of reading. Until now the Iwanami-Bunko edition has been considered a vehicle for self cultivation(kyoyo). By focusing on personal accounts in reader's journals, this research came across another aspect of cultivation, national cultivation(nihon shugitekina kyoyo). Iwanami-Bunko's popular pocket sized classic series thus encompassed national as well as personal cultivation.
著者
瀬尾 華子
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.93, pp.97-115, 2018-07-31 (Released:2018-10-13)
参考文献数
18

This thesis investigates how the news and documentary program, “NNNDocument,” has reported the nuclear problem. This is important because previous studies have not clarified regional differencesand diachronic changes in programs produced by local broadcastingstations that represent how people feel where nuclear power stations werelocated. Seventy-eight documentaries about nuclear power from“ NNN Document,”which is produced by 29 local broadcasting stations of the NTV group, wereanalyzed. These sources were examined by analyzing changes in the way inwhich the stations represented people statements. This research discovered the following. From 1970 until the Chernobyldisaster, many different people appeared in the documentaries, but after theChernobyl disaster, the perspective of people living in areas suffering radiationdamage and depopulated areas close to nuclear power stations came to theforefront. During the 2000’s, the number of documentaries about nuclear powerdecreased sharply. After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the lives ofthe refugees were portrayed from the point of view of their places of refuge.Thus, it is shown how “NNN Document” has come to more closely representthe opinions of citizens in the news about nuclear power generation.
著者
杉山 昂平 執行 治平
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.99, pp.97-114, 2021-07-31 (Released:2021-09-11)
参考文献数
41

In media studies, the term, “amateur” has attracted attention as a subject who creates media or as an object created by media. Previous studies on the latter aspect tend to fall into a short-sighted conclusion that “everyone can become an amateur with the advent of new media.” To tackle this problem analytically, we propose a perspective that sees people become amateurs as a result of learning. Based on this perspective, we arrange three research questions to be explored: (1) what is the function of media that enables learners to become amateurs? (2) what kind of amateurs can people become? and (3) what is the scale of people who can become amateurs? Taking up the related research from various disciplines, we insist on exploring these questions considering the relationships between them.
著者
小城 英子
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.54, pp.127-140, 248, 1999-01-31

In May of 1997 an atrocious murder occurred in Kobe's Suma district, and the murderer's profile was guessed to be a middle aged man, when in fact in the end a 14 year-old boy was arrested. This study analyzed the published comments made by experts and learned people concerning the profile of the murderer. Comments by experts were taken from four newspapers and analyzed using qualitative methods. Factors which led to the inaccuracy of profiles put forth by experts included insufficient and incorrect information, as well as the constraining influence of images of murderers in the past such as Tsutomu Miyazaki.
著者
北波 英幸
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.99, pp.115-132, 2021

<p>This paper focuses on the transition of name and concept in Japanese Animated films, <i>Senga</i> ("line drawing"). This name was used for about half a century from late Meiji era (around 1910) to the World War II. At first, it was generally a neutral word to express animated films, and it became the genre for enlightenment and diverged with <i>Manga</i> ("cartoons") to express an entertainment at the later time. But <i>Senga</i> is not memorized widely today. How and when was <i>Senga</i> born, and why did it disappear?</p><p>Japanese Anime did not develop easily, but get repeatedly into danger of disappearing, because they are suffered from a lack of human and economic resources, in addition, have also been overwhelmed in quality and quantity by Disney and other films from the United States, the producers asked themselves the significance again each time. On the other hand, How the animated films have it been hoped as the media to give the audience what kind of action and effect?</p><p>Therefore, this paper does not depend only on the content analysis. I examine the national newspaper and refer to a magazine, the book historical materials in the period mentioned the above. There are thought to related at the times when a concept of<i> Senga</i> changes. I argue in three questions, First, "when was <i>Senga</i> born?", Second, "How has<i> Senga </i>be consumed?", Third is "how did<i> Senga </i>disappear?". The transition of the concept of<i> Senga</i> is engraved the aspects of dynamism which represents the changes in consciousness and behavior of the creators, the governments, and the audience of those days.</p>