著者
近藤 和都
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.87, pp.137-155, 2015

In traditional research on film reception, the cinema experience has been defined by the time period and the space in which audiences experienced the film. However, audiences also experience the cinema before and after going to the movies through the media, such as through film magazines, trailers, posters, and so on. Understanding how the film is received by audiences, researchers should consider other forms of media surrounding the film-going experience. From this perspective, this paper focuses on brochures that were published by almost all of the prewar movie theaters and analyzes the reading practices of audiences. We first compare exhibition practices by movie theaters with those by opera theaters, and argue that movie theater brochures were formed out of Western modern theater publications. The results show that prewar film exhibitors struggled to contextualize the movie into traditional theater exhibitions because cinemas were considered to be of a lower social standing than prior theater exhibitions. After exploring the origin of brochures, we focus on the contributors' column in which audiences expressed their opinions and differentiated themselves from each other to elevate their status. These contributions were regarded as a kind of literature and audiences usually read them before and after watching films. Some audiences were attracted to brochures and collected them. In particular, brochures published by movie theaters in Tokyo gained popularity. Because of the distribution system, a considerable number of films were only shown around the Kanto region. Instead of receiving original text, rural audiences experienced films vicariously through reading the brochures. Through the analyses above, we conclude that the way of watching films during 1920s in Japan was related not only to the film's text but also other practices such as writing and reading and audiences experienced something beyond the screen.
著者
上谷 香陽
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.49, pp.96-109, 232, 1996-07-31

The purpose of this paper is to explicate the activities that audience actually achieve in watching TV. In so doing, I would like to offer a new perspective for the study of mass communications. First, I reconsider the "text-reader" framework by which interpretive activities of audience have been studied. Second, by reference to research by D.Smith, I try to review this subject-object dichotomy. And last, I demonstrate how TV program-watching is actually organized as categorization practices. In conclusion, TV program watching is language-use activity or social activity.
著者
遠藤 薫
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.77, pp.105-126, 2010

As usage of Internet has been increasing, the problem how communications through Internet are related to the formation of public opinion arose with huge attention. At this time, such interests are argued with the keyword "Public Opinion on the Net". However, if "Public Opinion on the Net" separates from "Opinion", basically, "Public Opinion on the Net" may consist of "Public Opinion on the Net" as special theory. In this paper, I examined the assumption above, and discussed how to analyze "Public Opinion Formation" process, in line with the times, when it is expected that our media environment will be more complex and interact among different carriers.
著者
山田 暢子
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.64, pp.164-177, 2004-01-31

The interest concerning "edutainment" has been increasing. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the circumstances and the factor of the appearance of the teaching materials using the manga of "Doraemon" as an example of edutainment for school children by comparing it to the original manga. There's conflict between manga and education, essentially. Therefore, various adjustments were required in order to appropriate manga to education as edutainment. There are two points. First, manga was evaluated as a positive form of information media; secondly, the original element of entertainment of the manga has been lost due to the educational aim.
著者
伊藤 高史
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.83, pp.97-114, 2013-07-31

This paper aims to establish a theoretical foundation for sociological analysis of dynamic and diversified nature of journalism, using such sociological concepts as interaction, structuration and field. A major school of sociology, like that of Max Weber, regards the interaction of agencies as a minimum analytic unit. Based on this understanding, we start our analysis of journalism with the interactions of journalists with their stake holders. Then, we identify two types of basic conditions for the work of journalists, that is, the interaction between a journalist and other journalists (colleagues, editors and competitors) and the interaction between a journalist and news sources. The latter is less discussed and more important than the former, as journalistic activities can be done only if journalists are fed information by news sources. The conditions created by the interaction of a journalist with other journalists and news sources can be understood with the concept of "structuration," as presented by Anthony Giddens. Such conditions not only restrict activities of journalists in certain ways, but also enable them to perform the roles expected by the public. The interactions are acted in the "field" of journalism as well as the fields of news sources. The concept "field", originally presented by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, implies that the circles created by interactions are the circles of power relations. A journalist must be conceptualized as belonging to both the field of journalism and the fields of news sources. Journalists have many different working ethics and different working styles according to the news sources they cover. This is because different journalists covering different news sources belong to different fields. Understanding journalists as belonging to the field of news sources also helps understand the way journalists influence society through the power of news sources, not through the sway of public opinions.
著者
天野 祐吉
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)
巻号頁・発行日
no.35, pp.166-172, 285-284, 1986-04-30

Advertisements are, so to speak, "sketches of the unconscious" of people's everyday lives. And because of being "unconscious", they sometimes have more reality than intentional sketches. If we regard advertisements as "diaries of the age", then we see them not only as sourses of news information about commodities but also as sketches of ordinary people's everyday lives in ordinary words and seen through the goods they advertise. Advertisers order adpersons to sell goods, and adpersons always have to take advantage of ordinary people's ordinary desires. These pressures make advertisements sketches of ordinary people's everyday lives. If advertisements fail to grasp the "new", then at that very moment they lose all value. Japanese poet Junzaburo Nishiwaki said that "Life is a concept created by literature." We may rightly say that what we refer to as "the masses" is an image created by advertisements. Of course, the vital image of the masses appears not only in advertisements, but it is in them that the masses present their most journalistic form. It seems almost impossible to capture the masses without advertisements which depict ordinary people's lives along with their feelings and make them visible. Nevertheless, it is far from an easy matter to capture the vital image of the masses without debasing them by superficial interpretations because what appear only in expressions often lose their vividness when discussed by words. If we are to capture "the masses merely in the advertisements", then we may have to create some methods of expression which are free from the already established academic ones.
著者
酒井 信一郎
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.77, pp.243-259, 2010-07-31

This paper discussed with the intertextual nature of discourse, and how the connection of various media texts is formulated by the participants. Contrary to prior media effect research, both cultural studies and cultural reception research produced valuable framework by bringing audience into the picture of mass communication and suggesting their active manner on media texts. However, because these studies methodologically separate the text and its audience in research, we have yet to address the study of the reading of media text. My approach, on the other hand, is an ethnomethodological one that focuses on member competence and understanding when reading media texts. A weblog article was analyzed according to Sacks' notion of membership categorization in addition to contemporary arguments in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. The weblog article was composed of several media texts, all dispersed in time, location, and occasion: an excerpt from a PSA video on texting and driving, a quote from the director of the division of traffic safety, and an article by a weblogger about the video, followed by readers' comments. It was found that categorization was used in relation to each other and were coordinated, thus creating coherence between the media texts. For example, when the author of the weblog article used the membership category "parents" for describing one of the actors in the video, it was then cited by the director of traffic safety in his quote, then, further used by commentators of the weblog, not only verbatim but also in relation to (1) activities bound to that category, and (2) other categories, such as "infant", a co-incumbent of the same "family". To conclude, it is this network of categorization that gives coherence to a network of media texts.
著者
池田 信夫
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.45, pp.133-141, 212-211, 1994-07-30

Recently the problem of media's influence over society has been frequently argued, but never seems to be settled. Major contributions to this field such as the agenda- setting theory or the spiral of silence hypothesis have partly solved it, but have left much more to be solved. What makes this problem so opaque is the lack of a systematic analysis of the interaction between the media and the audience. H.A.Simon found that constituents' voting behavious are bounded by the "frames"by which they decide national issues. His concept of bounded rationality can be the cognitive foundation of the influence of agenda set by the media. It is an optimizing solution to the problem in which few values among many parameters are known exactly and it takes high information cost and algorithmic complexity to decide it by him/herself. A very simple game-theoretical model is introduced to formulate this cognitive view: we model the"spiral"effect as interdependence of two players' optimal strategies (agenda) in a"coordination game"played by the media and the audience (or a medium and another medium), in which one player's payoff is positive if and only if his/her strategy corresponds with another's. Examining its quasi-dynamic behaviour, we found that the more correlated media and audience's agenda, the stronger the spiral effect would be. An important reason for this interdependence is undecidedness of the coordination game: i.e.any cooperative solution is equivalent as long as one's strategy corresponds with another, so there is no criteria for deciding which of these"multiple equilibria"is more desirable than another. What makes such correspondence possible is not the players' rationality but their common knowledge that each other selects more"salient"agenda. This deductive conclusion of game theory coincides with the common wisdom of media theory, and might be a logical foundation of the spiral effect in setting agenda. These findings suggest how to asses the media's influence over the audience: it is not their proper"power"but their function to create such correspondence or momentum that makes them seem so influential. And this momentum will be accelerated by growing ignorance and undecidedness about national issues, because the information matrices we face are becoming more and more complex and multi-dimensional today. Since we will be more bounded and interdependent by sharing information, the media's seemingly strong power is only one symptom of the instability and precariousness of the coming"information society".