著者

後藤 嘉宏

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.36, pp.1-13,195-196, 1987-04-30

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Voltaire has been generally regarded as an absolute defender of freedom of expression. But Peter Gay in his work "Voltaire's Politics"opposes this legendary image of Voltaire. I agree fundamentally with Gay's point of view bacause in "Traite sur la tolerance" Voltaire repeatedly insisted "Pas de tolerance pour les ennemies de tolerance (Never tolerate the enemies of toleration.)" In this context Voltaire can be seen as a situational defender of freedom of expression. Based on that suggestion of Gay's, I discussed Where Voltaire attempted to estabish the boundary between issues worthy of pubic discussion and those not worthy of public discussion. Further, I examined the tactical significance of Voltaire's relative idea of freedom of expression relating it to the historical situation in his day.'The enemies of toleration' in his "Traite sur la tolerance" were Catholics in authority. But French Catholics in those days were divided.The two most dominant sects were Jesuits and Jansenists. The former exerted influence on 'roi' (the court) and the latter on 'parlement'(court of justice). The court was further divided into two factions-the progressives who were on intimate terms with 'philosophes', and the conservatives who were influenced by Catholic authority. In other words, the political situation in France in the 18th cerltunry was char-acterized by critical divisions within the 'establishment'. Voltaire managed to avoid censorship by his use of rhetoric, which revealed and deepend such divisions within the establishment. I described his tactics, drawing on an example from "Traife sur la tolerance". What was intolerance for Voltaire? According to him, intolerance was caused by an insistence on a particular view of the world, specifically, the clergy regarding their particular or private view of the world as general imposed it on many people who did not have a chance to develop their own judgment. The clergy wasted their time on religious disputes, libels etc., issues not worthy of being discussed. So, Voltaire insisted that one should nerer tolerate the enemies of toleration. It is obvious from the above that Voltaire's idea of freedom of expression was not one of absolute freedom in as much as it denied freedom to libel or to conduct religious debates. But in the context of the censorship situation at the time, this idea of incomplete freedom of expression was extremely effective tactically because, according to the censorship policy of those days, which was more tolerant to books than to newspapers or pamphlets, Catholics in authority should, at least in a nominal sense, be punished more frequenthy than "philosophes".

著者

谷本 奈穂

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.51, pp.168-181, 261, 1997-07-31

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This paper focuses on the attractiveness of popular Comics. At first, in previous studies and the questionnaires sent to the readers of comics, I suppose readers (high school students) felt uncomfortable. Secondly, I tried to examine the contents of the most popular comics, paid more attention to the readers' interests. And the popular comics show the development of youth, their social relations and provide bracing laughter. Lastly , I concluded that the readers, situation and comic contents have a relationship. Instead of "true satisfaction", the readers seem to be satisfied with the world of comics. The popular comic is instrument of healing for readers.

著者

日吉 昭彦

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.64, pp.5-24, 2004-01-31

著者

奥村 信幸

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.79, pp.200-201, 2011-07-31

著者

加藤 裕康

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.106-122, 2005

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This paper attempts to analyze communication space created by Japaneseyouth who flocks to video game arcades. I myself joined them for direct observationand checked their comments written in the notebooks at the arcades.This approach led to reveal the unique existence of communication space createdthrough the fusion of two communication patterns: face-to-face and machinemediated.The negative image of young people, for example juvenile delinquencyand self-isolation, is contrary to the reality. This kind of prejudice among theolder generations is not reflecting their behaviors and interaction patterns.

著者

山田 富秋

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.64, pp.70-86, 2004-01-31

著者

堀口 剛

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.191-209, 2012-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

36

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This paper is a study of the history of media, and focuses "man-on-the-street" interviews as a form of public opinion. More specifically, we discuss the radio program, Street Interviews (Gaito Rokuon), along with discourses regarding the program, in order to demonstrate how the interviews broadcast on this program were disseminated as messages representing public opinion. The radio broadcaster created the program with the aim of capturing public opinion by using "man-on-the-street" interviews. The process through which these interviews were circulated among the public was strongly affected by the following two circumstances : First of all, the views broadcast on Street Interviews were circulated not only through radio, but also through various interrelated media, including newspapers and magazines, and came to be regarded through this process as messages representing public opinion. Secondly, Street Interviews, which intended to use "man-on-the-street" interviews that represented public opinion, was faced with various problems and criticisms. These problems, with which mass media programs using such interviews street voices continue to be confronted to this day, were already important issues during the time of Street Interviews. This study emphasizes the need to analyze the process through which "man-on-the-street" interviews are disseminated as typical examples of public opinion from the perspective of media history, focusing on Street Interviews as a starting point. Our analysis will eventually make it possible to reveal the role of the "man on the street" in the post-war history of public opinion.

著者

吉見 俊哉

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, pp.19-37, 2015-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

42

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In postwar Japan, the Olympic Games were organized as "postwar" events in the strict sense of the term-specifically, the Olympic Games not only symbolized the history of Japan's postwar recovery and economic growth, but also the athletic facilities that provided stages for many national dramas were postwar products created by transforming facilities used for military purposes during the war. Many of the national dramas that unfolded on these stages were also products created by shifting the focus of dramaturgy from military heroism to athletic heroism. The term "postwar period" as used here refers to the transition from militarism (war) to peace. In this paper, we first verify that the major facilities for the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games were constructed on former Japanese military facility sites. Next, we confirm that throughout Japan, after the war many athletic facilities were constructed in places where military facilities were located during the war. Then, we reveal that in the process of returning Washington Heights in Yoyogi to Japan in order to construct facilities for the Olympics, there was a gap between the intentions of the United States and the Japanese government, which was actually seeking the return of the U.S. base in Asaka. In addition, we also confirm that the Oriental Witches and Kokichi Tsuburaya, who played leading roles in the national dramas of the Olympics, were both closely tied to the process through which a poor nation turned itself into an industrialized country-the Oriental Witches as former female workers of cotton mills, and Tsuburaya as a member of the Self-defense Forces from the Tohoku region. Thus, this paper aims to throw light on the continuous elements from the war period of the 1964 Olympic Games.

著者

井川 充雄

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, pp.21-38, 2010-07-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

29

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In Japan, public opinion survey has been considered to be introduced from the United States as a tool indispensable to democracy. Such a view has been inherited in academic circles as well as in actual society for a long time that public opinion surveys are conducted in order to make the voice of the people as political subjects reflect in politics. And historical studies on public opinion survey have tended to take up development of survey methodology mainly. Some public opinion surveys, however, do not remain in that category. The purpose of this paper is, taking up public opinion surveys by foreign governments, to make clear the political nature which the social technology of public opinion surveys originally has. USIA (United States Information Agency) made public opinion surveys in Japan in the 1950s. Since these surveys have been strictly confidential for a long time, there is almost no opportunity for ordinary people to know them. Then, this paper attempts to describe the purpose or process of the public opinion surveys which USIA conducted in Japan those days. After it was established by the Eisenhower Administration in August, 1953, USIA strengthened investigation section and began to conduct various public opinion surveys in spite of State Department's criticism. USIA assigned research officers under PAO (Public Affairs Officer). The research officer has been assigned in Japan in October, 1955. USIA conducted various surveys, for example, "Public Opinion Barometer" surveys, under the research officer's directions in Japan. USIA thought that a cold war was a war which acquired "man's heart" and persuaded foreign people. It conducted "Barometer" surveys which measured opinions, image of America, and attitudes of foreign peoples in order to persuade them. Therefore, the public opinion surveys have constituted USIA's strategy of "Public Diplomacy", or propaganda activities, to foreign countries.

著者

具志堅 勝也

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, pp.3-21, 2017-07-31 (Released:2017-11-07)

参考文献数

13

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While some state that“ the Tokyo-based national media pay little attentionto issues relating to U.S. military bases in Okinawa,” the conservatives arguethat the coverage of local media in Okinawa is unfair, focusing only on protestsagainst the stationing of the U.S. army. The gap between the national mediawith headquarters in Tokyo and the Okinawa-based local media was created bythe different histories of both sides after the Pacific War. When the campaignagainst the proposed revision of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty surged in 1960,the U.S. government acted not only on Japanese political and business leaders,but also on the media to maneuver the silencing of criticism against the treatyrevision. They also moved their military bases from the Japanese mainland toOkinawa and turned the eyes of the majority of Japanese citizens away fromissues concerning the treaty. Although the severe suppression of dissidents wasenforced in U.S.-occupied Okinawa, an immense surge of movement towardsthe reversion of Okinawa to Japan took place and the 20-year-long struggle ofmass media in Okinawa against suppression resulted in their winning the freedomof speech. While the local media have continued to protest against the concentrationof U.S. military bases that have persisted even after Okinawa’sreversion to Japan in 1972, the Tokyo-based national mass media pays littleattention to issues related to the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty due to the effectivemaneuvers of both the government of the United States and that of Japan tohide the military-related issues between the two nations. It is still unforeseeablethat the gap between the local and national media will be narrowed. The intensifying confrontation between the Shinzo Abe Cabinet and theGovernor of Okinawa Prefecture, Takeshi Onaga, as well as the heated politicalargument concerning national security legislation, have stimulated anew theinterests of the Tokyo-based national media in the issues of the relocation ofMarine Corps Air Station Futenma. While the Abe Cabinet tries to forcefullybuild a new military base in the Henoko coastal area in compensation for theAir Station Futenma as proof of the strengthening of the Japan-U.S. militaryalliance, the local Governor continues to appeal against the national government’splans. Media regarded as liberal are especially becoming more attentive to thevoices of people in Okinawa than they were before. The Abe Cabinet, however,has put pressure on the media to manipulate its coverage, and it seems that theapproach of“ guessing the will of the Cabinet and hesitating to irritate them” isbeginning to prevail, which affects media coverage.

著者

竹下 俊郎

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.30, pp.203-218, 1981-11-21

被引用文献数

1

著者

辻 大介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, pp.237-238, 2014-07-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

著者

永田 大輔

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, pp.209-227, 2021

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<p>This paper focuses on content acceptance centered on video in the late 1970s and 1980s. In particular, we will focus on how anime fans, the early adopters of the video format, experienced the content-accepting space.</p><p>In the Japanese literature, there is a certain accumulation for the content receiving space for the anime fans, but It has not yet been discussed in connection with the transformation history of the broader content acceptance space. However, the process of transforming the receptive space of bookstores has grown, and it has become clear over time that this process historically conditions the development of a culture. However, no studies to date have specialized in video acceptance.</p><p>Outside Japan, there has been one study focused on the spatial organization processes of video stores in the United States. In it, the development of video stores is described as a "geography of tastes," and the relationship with the movie industry and the process of forming a receiving space in each region is clarified. However, the study does not clarify for consumers specifically how such a "geography of tastes" was experienced.</p><p>To understand the relationship between anime fans and video, we used anime magazines as resources for this paper. The use of video was positioned differently in the amine fans' groups, depending on the stage of penetration rate. While its rates were low, anime fans' video collections were often exchanged in the informal fan community; however, as video stores became legal, the exchange of videos was discouraged. Therefore, a variety of information about video stores and the characteristics of the community of each video store were posted. Such information also tended to lose its meaning as franchising progressed. The experience history of video-receiving spaces is clarified in this paper, in light of the experiences of anime fans.</p>

著者

加藤 春恵子

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.74-88, 264, 1989-04-30

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This essay raises the question as to how women's sexuality, personality and role are, should be, and could depicted in the mass media. The issue is raised by the introduction of an American active feminist lawyer's theory and practice concerngng pornography. Discussion of the concept, theory and practice of the "freedom of the press" or "freedom of expression" should become more fruitful through realization of the overwhelming power of the "Invisible viewpoint" of the "Japanese WASP man"-highly educated males who do not identify with any discriminaetd against group. This discussion should also be of more value through active listening to the criticism of those people whose viewpoing has been neglected.

著者

水出 幸輝

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.88, pp.157-175, 2016-01-31

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This study aims to reveal the reconstructive process of the national collective memory of the Great Kanto Earthquake (Kanto Daishinsai) by analyzing anniversary editorials in the following Japanese Newspapers: Tokyo Asahi Shinbun, Osaka Asahi Shinbun, Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun, Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, Yomiuri Shinbun (1924-1959) and Cyunichi Shinbun, Asahi Shinbun, Mainichi Shinbun, Yomiuri Shinbun (1960-2014). The study considers the quantitative and qualitative changes in these editorials' discourse. In modern times, the Great Kanto Earthquake is a part of the collective memory of Japanese citizens, and also because of the disaster prevention drills conducted as "Disaster Preparedness Day" (Bosai no Hi) on September 1st-the anniversary of the Earthquake ("Shinsai Kinenbi"). However, "Disaster Prevention Day" was also enacted in the year 1960 due to the Ise Bay Typhoon (Isewan Taifu) of 1959. This study revealed that the "Earthquake anniversary" was well documented for several years, but after the tenth year anniversary it was hardly mentioned in the editorials. Additionally, it was recognized that the anniversary had not been in the national collective memory but within local memory. In contrast, since "Disaster Prevention Day" was enacted in 1960, the memory of the earthquake was reconstructed the national collective memory, as can be seen by an increase in the number of articles on the earthquake in the anniversary editorials. National newspapers used the Great Kanto Earthquake to set the agenda for "Disaster Prevention Day." A close relationship can be seen between the Great Kanto Earthquake and "Disaster Prevention Day." That day reminded the people about the Great Kanto Earthquake, whilst the Ise Bay Typhoon was neglected in anniversary editorials. Accordingly, it could be said that the national collective memory of the Great Kanto Earthquake is founded on the forgetting of the Ise Bay Typhoon.

著者

加藤 晴明

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, pp.3-29, 2009-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

28

著者

難波 功士

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, pp.29-39, 2007-01-30 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

18

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The term 'subculture' has been used with many different meanings. From the point of view what culture was supposed to be against the term 'sub-'culture, I try to classify the uses of subculture into three groups. 1) Subculture as an antonym of high culture, in this case, subculture mainly related to massmedia. 2) Subculture as an antonym of total culture, in this case, subculture mainly related to segmented media. 3) Subculture as an antonym of main or dominant culture, in this case, subculture mainly related to alternative media. Based on the typology, I try to survey recent treatises or books on 'media and subculture'.

著者

花田 史彦

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, pp.183-202, 2018-01-31 (Released:2018-05-10)

参考文献数

24

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Our task here is to analyse the remarks of Iwasaki Akira( 1903-81), a filmcritic, as a case study of the historical investigations into the problem of howthe images of ‘mass’ were formed and what role aspects of media like filmsplayed in the course of formation of mass society in Japan. In Chapter 1, we point out that Iwasaki was a person who had been workingon the ‘mass’ problems throughout his life, who had also been regarded as aman of resistance from wartime to the period of occupation. In Chapter 2, we analyse Iwasaki’s pre-war view of ‘mass’ and made itclear that he recognized mass as a target capable of enlightenment for socialreform. Chapter 3 throws light on the early post-war views of Iwasaki’s ‘mass’ andmade his sense of enlightened obligation clear. Section 1 of Chapter 4 treats Imamura Taihei’s critical comments on theproposals of Iwasaki to enlighten the ‘mass’, which can be seen as a transitionalview to the phrase ‘mass as the core’ by Tsurumi Shunsuke and MatsumotoToshio. In Section 2, we compare Tsurumi’s thought of the mass (neither passivenor monolithic) with Iwasaki’s pre-war sense of obligation towards massenlightenment. In Section 3, we make a comparison of Iwasaki with Matsumoto,who talked of the possibility of anti-establishment movement among mass society,and pointed out that Iwasaki saw negative inclinations towards Fascism in it. To conclude: Iwasaki never stopped talking about the ‘mass’, the images ofwhich were successively questioned and revised by succeeding generations ofpolemicists like Imamura, Tsurumi, Matsumoto. Iwasaki’s works thus performedshould be one of the factors in developing the image of the responsiblemass at the time of the advent of Japanese mass society.

著者

谷原 吏

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, pp.105-123, 2020-07-31 (Released:2020-09-26)

参考文献数

34

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This article analyzes magazines intended for white-collar workers to tracethe history of “intermediateness” in knowledge formation, a topic that hasbeen neglected in previous research on magazines. First, our review of the existing literature summarizes knowledgeformation as conveyed through magazines intended for white-collar workersduring the pre-W.W.II period and the period of Japan’s high economicgrowth( in the 1950’s and in the 60’s). Second, we discuss the content and function of the magazine BIG Tomorrow, which launched in 1980. Inaddition to surveying the content of the magazine, we also examine thediscourses surrounding the magazine.Third, we refer to related studies to assess how the competitive environmentof white-collar workers influenced the content of BIG Tomorrow in the1980s. We conclude that during the prewar period and the period of Japan’s higheconomic growth, the knowledge formation agreeable to the intelligentsia wasstill alive. However, as the 1980s saw an increase in university graduates, theyoung generation no longer were proud intelligentsia. Consequently, white-collar workers became targeted by Seishun Shuppan-sha, a media companyintended for non-elites. Since its inception, the company has a spirit of“competing against the educated elite,” which resulted in articles thatpromoted competition with elites through learning how to get ahead in theworkplace. Further, such competition through learning how to get ahead asmethod of differentiating between employees was promoted becausenumbers of university graduates were increasing during the period of stableeconomic growth and there was a shortage of positions for them incompanies. Additionally, the competitive structure within companies fueledthe non-elites. In view of these factors, BIG Tomorrow began deliveringlessons on “how to get ahead” as practical knowledge and white-collarworkers read them. Since the 1990s, practical knowledge formation has expanded beyond the workplace hierarchy resulting in the emergenceof a new “intermediateness” in knowledge formation within contemporarysociety.

著者

松井 広志

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, pp.77-95, 2015

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The aim of this paper is to study the materiality of media through the experiential analysis of the history of model kits in Japan. The authors focus on the following questions: "What is materiality of media?" and "How are materiality and intermediacy related to each other?" Answering these questions requires hypothesis development for theoretical considerations based on experiential analysis of a specific medium that has materiality as its essential element. In this study, the authors examine the history of model kits in Japan. This paper analyzes the history of model kits in Japan from the 1900s through the 1960s by using a variety of materials, which include miniature model products, miniature model magazines, statistical data and yearbooks of related companies. The authors' findings show that different media were created in different periods: scientific miniature models that mediated the future before World War II; armament models that mediated the present during World War II; and scale models during the post-war period of rapid economic growth. At the same time, the creation of these media was inextricably connected with materials, such as wood, metals, substitute materials, and plastic. However, these materials and models were originally not separate entities but represented different aspects of a single medium. In other words, scientific models were the same medium as models made of wood and metals; armament models were inseparable from substitute materials; and scale models were the same as plastic models. As these examples show, analyzing the creation of media, including actors (materials), leads us to reconsider the deterministic understanding of the essence of a medium. These considerations led to the following conclusion regarding the materiality of media: Specific materials are used to form a specific medium and the resulting materiality creates dynamic changes in the intermediacy of the medium. Inversely, a medium appears to have diachronic identity due to the inextricable connection between the materiality and intermediacy of the medium, which causes its different elements to form a specific area as a group despite the variability of individual elements.