著者

山室 匡史 岡田 侑己 瀬川 尋貴 桑山 健次 辻川 健治 金森 達之 岩田 祐子

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.837, (Released:2022-06-16)

参考文献数

10

---

In Japan, forensic examination of cannabis seeds requires proof of “being cannabis” and “being germinable”, and is currently conducted by continuing cultivation of the seeds for several weeks after germination tests and performing morphological observations and chemical analysis on the true leaves. We have previously constructed a rapid and simple method for identification of cannabis seeds by combining the color reaction with DNA testing. In this study, the effectiveness of the cannabis seed identification methods by combining the color reaction, germination test, and DNA testing that does not involve a cultivation process was verified on seized cannabis seeds. As previously reported, the combination of the color reaction using 2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium Chloride and DNA testing using a commercial kit proved that the seized materials were germinable cannabis seeds within one day. Furthermore, the germination test, in which the young roots and cotyledons were visually checked one week after sowing, was able to more directly confirm germination ability. In addition, DNA testing was possible for the young roots after germination, indicating that they were cannabis. This study shows that the methods of cannabis seed identification, which does not involve a cultivation process, are effective even for seized materials whose storage conditions are unknown.

著者

山室 匡史 宮本 重彦 立入 直紀 石井 歩 松田 駿太朗 岩田 祐子 瀬川 尋貴 桑山 健次 辻川 健治 金森 達之 井上 博之

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.29-48, 2021 (Released:2021-01-31)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

3 1

---

The forensic identification of cannabis is performed by a combination of chemical analysis and morphological examination. Recently, molecular biological analysis using cannabis DNA information has been noticed as a new approach. In this study, the cannabis DNA detection kit using a DNA chromatography chip was developed, and the demonstration evaluation in the forensic chemical laboratory was carried out. The DNA detection kit of a “four-line version” which had the function to distinguish fiber-type from drug-type cannabis showed as high accuracy (98.3%) as the current identification method on cannabis identification. However, there was a tendency to mistake a part of the drug-type samples as “fiber-type cannabis”. In the kit of a “three-line version” which was specialized for the cannabis DNA detection, the accuracy of 99.0% was confirmed on the cannabis identification. There were no false positives throughout all evaluations. In addition, some of the combustion residues that could not be identified as cannabis by the current identification method were classified to be “cannabis positive” by the DNA detection kit, indicating the effectiveness of a new approach. As a result of this study, it was shown that the quick and accurate cannabis DNA analysis could be carried out by the DNA detection kit even by analytical chemists who didn't have expertise in molecular biology.

著者

等々力 奈都 前野 なつ美 杉野 信太郎 國島 茉由 安田 優子 前田 里沙 佐名 龍太 森 泰斗 常岡 充子 小川 時洋

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.161-176, 2022 (Released:2022-07-31)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2

---

The concealed information test (CIT) is an information detection technique measuring differential responses of the autonomic nervous system caused by the knowledge of crime-related information. The purpose of this study is to compare physiological responses caused by crime-related knowledge with those caused by a questioning voice with a deviant pitch in the CIT and to research whether there is any difference between these responses. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a “knowledgeable” group, an “unknowledgeable” group, and a “deviant-sound” group in which the unknowledgeable participants received a deviant-sound question of a crime relevant item. Each participant chose one of the two envelopes that manipulate to assign the participant to the predetermined group. The envelopes for the knowledgeable group contained instructions with the role of the thief and the item related to the theft, and the envelopes for the unknowledgeable group and a deviant-sound group contained instructions with the role of the innocent. Participants are asked to hide their roles and undergo the CIT. The knowledgeable group and deviant-sound group showed increased electrodermal activity, low heart rate (HR) and low normalized pulse volume (NPV) for relevant items. In the deviant-sound group, there was no suppression of respiration, and low HR appeared earlier compared to the knowledgeable group. The differential responses on thoracic respiratory speed and HR were consistently observed across question repetitions in the knowledgeable group, while the differential responses on skin conductance response, HR and NPV decreased along with question repetitions in the deviant-sound group. The different patterns of differential physiological responses found in the knowledgeable group and the deviant sound group suggested the possibility of distinguishing these two groups. In particular, the suppression of respiration caused by the crime-relevant item may be characteristic of knowledgeable persons. The practical implications are discussed.

著者

平川 俊介 案部 雄一郎 山下 珠希 内野 隆一郎 丸田 英基 才本 明秀 石松 隆和

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.687, (Released:2015-05-08)

参考文献数

15

---

Handgun bullets fired toward the windshield of an automobile sometimes ricochets. In such a case, we must estimate the type of bullet and direction of shooting from the damaged windshield. The purpose of this study is to obtain a method to estimate the fired direction of a handgun bullet from the fractured windshield. We test fired bullets to an automobile windshield with various incidence angles. The thickness of the windshield is slightly different from model to model of the automobiles. In the beginning, we examined the strength of the automobile windshield of various car models. First, we examined the static failure strength of the windshield by an indentation test. In this test, fracture load and the amount of indentation were measured on windshield samples cut from ten models of Japanese automobiles. Next, we test fired a handgun in order to examine the relation between the trajectory of a bullet and the collision marks on the windshield. The cartridges used in these test firings were 38SPL. lead round nose (LRN) bullet and full metal cased (FMC) bullet. In the results of static indentation test for different car models, there was found to be almost no differences in the relationship between fracture load and indentation depth. With the LRN bullet, bullets perforated the windshield when the incidence angle was less than 45 degrees and ricocheted when the incidence angle was greater than 60 degrees. In these cases, a characteristic damage was left on the windshield. On the other hand, FMC bullets of 38SPL. perforated the windshield when the incidence angle was less than 60 degrees and ricocheted when the incidence angle was greater than 70 degrees. Based on these results, we proposed a method to estimate the direction of shooting in criminal cases in which a bullet was fired on an automobile windshield.

著者

森好 浩行 森川 俊雄 安部 隆芳 中山 英樹 中木 真一 糸原 幸次

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本鑑識科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:13428713)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.57-62, 1998 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

8

---

Positive identification of unknown skeletonized victims lacking clinical records generally difficult. However, if their facial photographs could be obtained, their unknown skulls could be identified by the cranio-facial superimposition. The last two decades, video superimposition technique has widely been used for identifying unknown skulls. Although video superimposition will be the most superior technique, the means are expensive and unusual installation. Therefore, in Japanese local forensic science laboratories, the video superimposition installation is not popularly used. To solve the problem the authors attempted to identify an unknown skull by an inexpensive means of superimposition using a personal computer, a digital camera, an image-scanner and a photo-retouch-soft(Adobe Photoshop). The use of the personal computer with Adobe Photoshop allowed to capture a digitized image of the facial photograph with the image-scanner and an image of the skull with the digital camera. With the Adobe Photoshop, the digitized skull's images can be converted to a transparency so as to be overlaid on the digitized facial image and then be adjusted to their respective size. In order to investigate the reliability of our cranio-facial superimposition method, one skull was superimposed on facial photographs of the true person and 14 other people. The true person was correctly identified as the skull's owner and the 14 others were excluded. Hence, the authors insist that this method will be useful to demonstrate the consistency between skull and facial photograph for personal identification.   The application of this superimposition method to three actual cases was also described.

著者

吉野 峰生

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本鑑識科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:13428713)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.45-55, 1997 (Released:2010-06-10)

参考文献数

102

被引用文献数

3 3

---

This article constitutes a review of the literature and an evaluation of the anatomical relationships between skull and face including the soft tissue thickness at various anthropometrical points of the skull, along with a comparison of the methodologies involved in the three techniques, that is, photographic, video and computer-assisted superimposition techniques used in forensic science. In addition, an evaluation of cosistency between skull and face is discussed from the aspect of personal identification.   Forensic examiner must be well versed in the anatomy of skull and face for effective utilization of the superimposition technique. When evaluating anatomical consistency between these parts, special attention should be paid their outline, the facial tissue thickness at the anthropometrical points, and positional relationships between skull and face. Data on the thickness of facial soft tissue has been accumulated for each race, Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid. The positional relation of the eyebrow and eye to the orbit, the ala to the nasal aperture, and the lips to the teeth has been investigated by many researchers.   Over the last two decades, video superimposition technique has widely been used for identifying unknown skull. The video superimposition presents enormous advantage over the conventional photographic superimposition. This technique allows the fade-out of either the skull or facial image on the monitor for overall assessment of how well the two images match. This also allows the various sectioning images of the skull and facial images for evaluating the positional relationships between the skull and face. In this technique, however, the anthropometrical examination including soft tissue thickness could not directly be performed on the TV monitor.   On the other hand, in the last ten years, the computer-assisted cranio-facial superimposition has been developed. The use of a video-computer with appropriate software allows to take the images of the skull and facial photograph with only one camera and to directly compare the digitized both images on the monitor. The computer technology has also been used to determine the size of natural head and optimum objective length. The software such as the polynomial functions and Fourier harmonic analysis has been applied to evaluate the fit between the outline of skull and facial photograph.   It is suggested that the outline from the forehead to the gnathion in the lateral or oblique view is the preferable portion for personal identification, and the cranio-facial superimposition method is reliable for personal identification when two or more facial photographs taken from different angles are used in the examination. The computer-assisted skull identification system using video superimposition is useful to demonstrate the cosistency between skull and facial photograph because the quantitative data including anthropometrical measurements obtained from this system provide objective and reliable results in skull identification.

著者

柴﨑 一成 中村 勝

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.810, (Released:2022-02-09)

参考文献数

5

---

The multiple shots from the close range to a vehicle had occurred, and seven entrance holes was observed on the side window of the vehicle. After the analysis of the residues collected around the holes, the part of the residues had included the specific elements: lead, barium, and antimony. Based on the analysis results, the residues were concluded as GSR. However, the collected samples had included few numbers of the particle consisted of the specific three components comparing to the one or two components. So, we arranged the firing experiment to clarify the reason why the less amount of three components particles was detected. The experimental results showed that the total amount of lead-containing particles had increased and the ratio of three components particles had decreased, with the shooting distance getting close. In this paper, we suggested the two points below for the identification of GSR collected from the target subjected to a close-range shot.(1) Analyze as many particles as possible using the automatic analysis function so as not to miss the three components particles.(2) Focus on not only the three components particles but also particles containing the one or two specific elements to improve the reliability of the positive results.

著者

大森 毅 組橋 充 遠堂 郁 中澤 寛子 竹川 健一 内川 貴志 瀬戸 康雄

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.91-101, 2018

被引用文献数

1

---

&emsp;We performed comparative investigation in visible-spectrophotometric methods for determining carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) in blood samples. About 58% carboxyhemoglobin-saturation (%CO-Hb) of blood samples (sample H) was prepared from control blood by carbon monoxide bubbling and this sample was diluted to be 4/11 and 3/25 with control human blood to prepare moderate and weak CO-Hb saturated samples (sample M and L, respectively). We measured %CO-Hb of four samples, samples H, M, L and control human blood (relative %CO-Hb were 1.00, 0.36, 0.12 and 0, respectively), by four different methods in five different forensic science laboratories. By summing up the measurement results, the method (1), which is described in &ldquo;Standard method of chemical analysis in poisoning (edited by the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan)&rdquo;, gave %CO-Hb values that reflected the relative %CO-Hb of the four samples. The method (2), which is an isosbestic point method (developed by Department of Forensic Medicine, Kagawa University) gave higher values compared to the expected ones. The method (3), which is performed with a strong alkaline condition, gave higher values for low %CO-Hb samples by Katsumata's formula (method (3)-1). But the values calculated using the formula improved by Forensic Science Laboratory, Hokkaido Prefectural Police H.Q. (method (3)-2), gave the values reflecting the relative %CO-Hb. The method (4), which is also performed with a strong alkaline method, gave values which reflected the relative %CO-Hb when the Fukui's formula was used for calculation. But the formula modified by Aoki (method (4)-2) gave higher values for the blood samples of low %CO-Hb. In comparison of the three methods that gave the values reflecting the relative %CO-Hb, the method (1) and (3)-2 gave similar values but the measured values obtained by method (4)-1 was lower than the values obtained by method (1) and (3)-2. On the other hand, the method (3)-2 and method (1) showed the large dispersion in the measured values among the laboratories, but the dispersion by the method (4)-1 was small.<br>

著者

平 伸二

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本鑑識科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:13428713)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.21-35, 1998 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

90

被引用文献数

4 4

---

This article reviewed previous studies concerning psychophysiological detection of deception in which event-related brain potential(ERP) had been recorded as a response index. The usual dependent measures in detection studies are autonomic activities such as respiratory, electrodermal, and cardiovascular responses that are assumed to be correlates of the emotional state induced by crime relevant questions. Recently, however, researchers in this field have emphasized the importance of cognitive factors rather than emotional ones to detect guilt and this trend facilitates the use of ERP as a detection measure.   Several ERP components have been identified and each functional significance during human information-processing has been well described. In the ERP-based detection studies, a component such as P3, N400, or CNV(contingent negative variation) have been used as a detection index. The P3 is elicited by rare and meaningful events that are relevant to the participant's task. The N400 component is elicited by semantic anomalies such as words that complete sentences falsely. The CNV has been variously described as related to expectancy, motivation, and attention. Although these three ERP components seem valid detection measures, the most promising index in the field practice is the P3 component because of its relative ease of recordings and large amplitudes. Moreover, in laboratory studies, correct detection rates by the P3 component are slightly higher than the rates by the conventional autonomic measurements.   Several merits of using an ERP component as a detection index are summarized as follows: 1) advancement and elaboration in judgment of test results because ERP are specifically time locked to an event, 2) an improvement of the correct detection rate, 3) an improvement of test objectivity and reliability, and 4) counteracting countermeasures. Before the practical use of ERPs in the psychophysiological detection of deception, however, a method of artifact-free measurement of ERPs and a definite criterion of judgment for individuals must be established.

著者

真鍋 翔 玉木 敬二

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.r021, (Released:2019-12-28)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

2 2

---

In forensic science, the interpretation of DNA mixture profiles and small amounts or degraded DNA profiles is challenging due to difficulties in evaluating the contribution of the person of interest (e.g., victim and suspect). In recent years, some probabilistic genotyping software programs based on a continuous model were developed to promote the interpretation of complex DNA profiles. The model uses quantitative information of peak heights in the DNA profile and considers the effect of stutters and allelic drop-out. Therefore, the model is effective for interpreting complex DNA profiles, and some software based on the model that has been applied to actual caseworks. This review provides the concept of probabilistic genotyping based on a continuous model. We explain calculation principles of likelihood ratios, weight values, and expected peak heights in the continuous model. We also discuss the current issues of software validation, management of artifact peaks, and the estimation of the number of contributors.

著者

肥田 宗政 佐藤 弘康 奥山 修司

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.83-89, 2012

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;The scanned digital image was converted to three histograms of 256-bit depth for each color (red, green, blue) based on RGB color model, using image-processing software. Summation of three histograms at every depth was calculated. An inherent spectrum for each tape was featured. Thirty-one similar colored adhesive cloth tapes from 10 different manufacturers were examined. Cluster analysis was performed using 310 spectra obtained from 31 samples. Cluster analysis indicated that 31 samples were divided into 5 groups. Multiple correlation coefficient (R) was used to discriminate the adhesive cloth tapes. R was examined whether it would be possible to be considered a criterion of judgment of the difference discernment between samples to be shown as a numerical value. As a result, in order to judge it as the same adhesive cloth tape, it became clear that R was 0.994 or more.<br>

著者

江川 司 矢山 和宏 小谷 泰一 石井 益子 阿比留 仁 玉木 敬二

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.113-124, 2018

---

&emsp;Forensic biologists are increasingly likely to identify an individual using three-dimensional imaging equipment. Existing equipment requires taking the subjects to the place where the equipment is located. In recent years, a non-contact, hand-held three-dimensional color scanner has been developed that is compact and lightweight. Therefore, we already use it for facial recognition and cranio-facial superimposition. The three-dimensional scanner reconstructed skull images precisely, and the anthropological measurements obtained from the images were comparable to those obtained from actual skulls (the differences in measurements were less than 1mm). Furthermore, the skull images produced by the scanner corresponded with high accuracy to the three-dimensional images reconstructed using computed tomography (concordance rates were approximately 95%) and to the two-dimensional facial photographs of the same person (the differences were less than the standard value 2.5mm for the reciprocal point-to-point matching). In addition to the skull images, the three-dimensional scanner precisely reconstructed facial images of living people. The three-dimensional facial images approximately corresponded to the two-dimensional facial photographs of the same people taken from both the vertical direction and from a bird's-eye view (the difference were less than the standard values, 0.9mm for the outline matching and 2.5mm for the reciprocal point-to-point matching). In conclusion, the current study confirmed that the non-contact, hand-held three-dimensional color scanner can provide forensic biologists with precise three-dimensional images of both skulls and living people's faces and that the images are of sufficiently good quality to be put to practical use as the quality of conventional stationary type.<br>

著者

内田 亮輔 平田 達也 鈴木 克則 福島 宏司 西館 啓介 久保寺 俊和 巽 瑛理 石井 将人 安孫子 德章

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.125-138, 2016 (Released:2016-07-23)

参考文献数

5

---

Strange shaped fired bullets were found in a suicide case. While one fired casing was found in the cylinder of a Paltik revolver, one column-shaped fired bullet was found in the head of a dead man and one longer gourd-shaped fired bullet was found in the barrel of the Paltik revolver.  As a result of the gunfire test with revolvers and round-nose-cartridges, firing the revolver with a lodged (first) bullet and propellant powder in the barrel, the first bullet became column-shaped and the next bullet became a longer gourd-shaped. We had carried out X-raying the bullet's collision in the barrel, and we found out that the bullets had deformed in the barrel within a very short time. In the gunfire test, the amount of propellant powder in the barrel was larger than that in the next cartridge, so by regulating the amount of propellant powder, the velocity of the next bullet was reduced.

著者

白石 智子 関口 和正 大森 毅

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本鑑識科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:13428713)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.159-165, 2003 (Released:2009-04-11)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

5 5

---

‘OC-Hemocatch’, an immunochromatographic test for the detection of fecal occult blood was evaluated for the forensic identification of human blood. ‘OC-Hemocatch’ showed positive results for human blood to a dilution of 1:500,000 and provides the strongest detection line for a dilution of 1:20,000. On the other hand, the human blood diluted to 1:100 was negative for ‘OC-Hemocatch’ because of the high dose hook effect. While heating at over 150°C, long term exposing to sunlight, washing and bleaching of bloodstains prevented the detecting of human hemoglobin using ‘OC-Hemocatch’, contamination of blood with various body fluids did not affect it. Furthermore, ‘OC-Hemocatch’ detected human hemoglobin from old bloodstains stored for 15 years at room temperature when 5% ammonia was used for extraction. These results demonstrate that ‘OC-Hemocatch’ can be effectively applied to forensic identification of human blood.

著者

山室 匡史 宮本 重彦 立入 直紀 石井 歩 松田 駿太朗 岩田 祐子 瀬川 尋貴 桑山 健次 辻川 健治 金森 達之 井上 博之

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.786, (Released:2020-09-14)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

---

The forensic identification of cannabis is performed by a combination of chemical analysis and morphological examination. Recently, molecular biological analysis using cannabis DNA information has been noticed as a new approach. In this study, the cannabis DNA detection kit using a DNA chromatography chip was developed, and the demonstration evaluation in the forensic chemical laboratory was carried out. The DNA detection kit of a “four-line version” which had the function to distinguish fiber-type from drug-type cannabis showed as high accuracy (98.3%) as the current identification method on cannabis identification. However, there was a tendency to mistake a part of the drug-type samples as “fiber-type cannabis”. In the kit of a “three-line version” which was specialized for the cannabis DNA detection, the accuracy of 99.0% was confirmed on the cannabis identification. There were no false positives throughout all evaluations. In addition, some of the combustion residues that could not be identified as cannabis by the current identification method were classified to be “cannabis positive” by the DNA detection kit, indicating the effectiveness of a new approach. As a result of this study, it was shown that the quick and accurate cannabis DNA analysis could be carried out by the DNA detection kit even by analytical chemists who didn't have expertise in molecular biology.

著者

西岡 裕 西川 眞弓 土橋 均

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.53-75, 2006

被引用文献数

1

---

A fully automated identification system for 35 benzodiazepines and their 29 metabolites was developed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with a DB-5MS fused silica capillary column after trimethylsilyl (TMS) and trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatization, followed by registering both their retention times and mass spectra as the standard library data.<br>All the analytes except for rilmazafone and haloxazolam were detectable with and/or without TMS derivatization. TFA derivatization was found to be more effective in the more sensitive analysis of oxazolo-benzodiazepines except for flutazolam. Also, correction of their retention times by alkanes enabled to accurately identify on the different GC-MS systems with different lots of columns.<br>The present system allowed us to identify benzodiazepines and their metabolites in urine and blood more readily in a much shorter time, and it will be a powerful system for the analysis of benzodiazepines in the forensic chemistry and toxicology fields.

著者

戸根 康隆 相澤 優秀 西川 悟 耒代 誠仁

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.145-151, 2017 (Released:2017-07-27)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1

---

In criminal investigations, writer-identification to discriminate writers of documents used in crimes has important roles. In the identification processes, writer-unknown documents are compared with writer-known documents. Experts of the process give careful considerations for the comparisons by referring to handwriting-samples, experimental-data, and other vast knowledge collected from past investigations. Characteristics of handwritten strokes written on the documents are highly useful for the experts. Therefore, accurate and efficient managements of the characteristics are important. However, in the daily investigations, the characteristics have been recorded in a huge amount of paper media without indexes, and the amount is growing. In this paper, we propose two prototypes of database system to store and retrieve the characteristics. The database system consists of (1) common digital formats to indicate the characteristics, (2) aggregation functions of the digital indicators for the retrieval, and (3) user interface for the experts. The first prototype is implemented with VBA of Microsoft Excel. We present our experimental results by using 228 testing data sets. The second practical prototype is implemented with XML and Java. We expect that our database system will improve the efficiency and the accuracy of the writer-identification processes, and accelerate information sharing among the experts beyond time and space.

著者

廣重 優二 山本 敏充 吉本 高士 石井 晃

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.97-111, 2013 (Released:2013-07-30)

参考文献数

26

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In general, the attachment of human hair sheath is considered as one of the most important factors in detecting STR genotypes from single hair samples. Thus, it is difficult to genotype STRs from naturally shed human hair samples using AmpFℓSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit. In this study, we examined the conditions involved in determining STR genotypes from a single hair root of naturally shed human hair focusing on two kinds of commercially available DNA extraction kits; a QIAamp DNA Micro kit (Micro kit) and an ISOHAIR kit (ISOHAIR kit), and the relationship between the concentration of extracted DNA and the numbers of STR loci genotyped.   As a result, based on the protocol of DNA quantification adopted in the police labs in Japan, the DNA amounts were sufficient to quantify in approximately 28% or 36% of 72 naturally shed human hair samples using a Micro or an ISOHAIR kit, respectively. There was no significant difference in genotyping STRs between the two extraction methods. If a quantitative value was estimated based on a Ct (cycle threshold)-value, the extracted DNA was duplicated to amplify by 28 PCR cycles. Alternatively, if a quantitative value showed “ND (not detected)”, the extracted DNA was performed by duplicate PCR amplification for 32 cycles.   Consequently, in the case of a 28 cycle-amplification, when a quantitative value was more than 0.04 ng/μl, the genotyping result was obtained accurately at almost all loci by both extraction methods. On the other hand, in the case of a 32 cycle-amplification, there was a tendency that more accurate genotypes are obtained by a smaller size of an amplicon except a few loci. It indicated that the accurate genotyping rate should not depend only on the size of PCR products.   Therefore, when a DNA sample shows “ND” as an estimated value, more careful interpretation should be necessary to genotype by increasing PCR cycles to 32, or more strict making decision not to proceed to any PCR amplification should be performed.

著者

西脇 芳典 石井 健太郎 竹川 知宏 蒲生 啓司

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.67-73, 2016 (Released:2016-01-23)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 4

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This study has revealed the advantages of synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis (SR-XRF) utilizing 12 keV X-rays concentrated with polycapillary x-ray optics for nondestructive discrimination of polyester white single fibers. Twenty kinds of polyester white single fibers collected from 11 automobile trunk mats and 9 clothes were used as analysis samples. Titanium derived from TiO2 delustering agents, Ca derived from CaCO3 fillers, Sb and Ge derived from polymerization catalysts, elements such as Mn, Co, Ni and Cu derived from transesterification catalysts could be detected from polyester white single fibers. The elements detected can be used as important indexes to characterize the samples. In order to discriminate single fibers for clothes in which Ti and Sb were only detected, it has been suggested that comparison of x-ray intensity ratios of Sb Lα,β/Ti Kβ is effective. This technique should provide an effective approach to nondestructive discrimination of polyester white single fibers.

著者

瀬戸 康雄 井浦 一光 糸井 輝雄 柘浩 一郎 片岡 美江子

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本鑑識科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:13428713)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.39-47, 2004 (Released:2007-12-05)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

7 8

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The detection performance of an Environics OY M90 chemical warfare agent detector was investigated with nerve gases, blister agents, blood agents and related compounds. The vapors of sarin, soman, tabun, dimethylmethylphosphonate and also acetone were recognized as “NERVE”, those of mustard gas, lewisite 1 and also 2-mercaptoethanol as “BLISTER”, and those of hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride as “NERVE” or none and not as “BLOOD”. Neither the vapors of solvents, such as methanol and n-hexane, nor the mixture of sarin and acetone, both of which were recognized as “NERVE”, were categorized as any chemical agent. The time from the sample drawing until the alarm indication varied with the species of chemicals, from a few seconds for sarin to a half minute for lewisite 1. Except for mustard gas, once chemical agents were drawn into the detector for two minutes, the alarm indication continued for longer than 10 minutes and it took several minutes for the maximum intensity to be reduce by half.