著者

吉井 昌彦

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.53-61,121, 2003-01-01 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

8

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本稿では,まず産業連関表を利用して,ルーマニアの産業構造が1990年代にどのように変化したのか,あるいは変化しなかったのかを定量的に把握する。次に貿易構造がどのように変化したのかを分析し,産業構造の変化が競争力構造の変化とどのように結びついてきたのかを検討する。そして最後に,輸出競争力のある産業構造を創造するため,ルーマニア政府は産業政策を策定,実施する必要があるとの提言が行われる。

著者

厳 善平

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.62-74,121, 2003-01-01 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

17

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本稿では,市場化,産業化,国際化という角度から,中国経済の構造変化を明らかにした。その要点を簡単にまとめよう。(1)固定資産投資,都市部従業者および工業生産額に占める国有部門の割合が過去20年間に大幅に低下したことから,中国経済の市場化が著しく進んだと結論づけられよう。(2)産業構造の変化は基本的にペティ〓クラークの法則に従っているが,計画経済時代の重工業化政策などの影響もあって,就業構造の高度化は産業構造のそれに大きな遅れを取っている。(3)高度成長は経済の国際化を伴っていることが明らかである。大国でありながら,対外依存を強めてきていることは大きな特徴として挙げられる。(4)二重経済構造は依然存在している。農業の過剰就業・低労働生産性・農民の低収入という構造問題は深刻な状況にある。都市・農村間の格差は政府の制度差別によったところが大きい。(5)経済の高度成長を牽引した製造業の構造はここ20年間小幅な変動に留まっているが,構造変化のテンポが近年速まっている。(6)貿易の規模拡大と構造の高度化が同時に実現されている。一次産品を中心とする輸出構造は工業製品に代わられつつある。

著者

吉野 悦雄

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.75-88,122, 2003-01-01 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

10

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ポーランドは1999年1月1日より新しい年金制度を導入した。第一の特徴は、従来の年金賦課方式から年金積み立て方式に転換したことである。第二の特徴は、積み立て金の一部の運用を民間の年金基金に委ねたことである。第三の特徴は、企業別の年金組合の設立を認めたことである。しかしながら現存する年金受給者や高齢層従業員への年金財源の確保のため、、事実上の賦課方式も存続させる折衷策を採りつつ、長期のスパンで積み立て方式への移行をめざすことになった。なおポーランドの年金改革は日本における確定拠出年金(401K)の検討にとっても参考となる点があると考える。

著者

Toshihiko SHIOBARA

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.82-94,207, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

25

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Without an understanding of the concepts of 'continuity' or 'path dependence' in the socialist economy, we cannot understand why even now in Russia corruption diffuses throughout society. Although there are few surveys which approach the issue from the point of view of 'continuity' or 'path dependence, ' in this article, the relationship between shadow economy and corruption under the period of transition is described. Then my view will be shown, discussing the existence of 'socialistic corruption.' The ubiquity of socialistic corruption in the USSR is one of the most important reasons why corruption also becomes widespread in Russia.

著者

清水 学

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.97-98,208, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

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Uzbekistan is known as a representative model for transition to a market economy. Its decline in GDP was less compared with a model of a radicalism such as Kyrgyz, . However, Uzbekistan faces different challenges for a transition. Industries were organized under the sector-wise "associations" that function as a dual organization, namely, as a belt of control by the government and a fake voluntary association of enterprises. The mechanism could be termed as a cartel under a strong leadership of state, namely a re-organization of state and private enterprises, which does not guarantee an automatic transition to a market economy.

著者

森 彰夫

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.99-111,209, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

12

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From 1990 and onwards in Kazakhstan the investment was made mainly in the oil-gas sector and nonferrous metallurgy industry by the FDI. The FDI and donors' assistance are helpful, however, for the needs of expansion of production and investment they are not enough at all. The deposits of individuals in the commercial banks fell drastically and the lending of the commercial banks also fell drastically. Thus current. commercial banks are not working as intermediary institutions. Since there is no functioning market system, it will be necessary to utilize policy based finance (directed credit).

著者

佐藤 智秋

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.115-116,210, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

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It is hard to judge that introduction of a new statistical system led to improvement in availability of statistics in Russia today. Though many of problems which Russian price statistics has take place in every country, they occur in the extreme form, because Russia is in a transition process, lacks for experience of producing the price statistics in the market economy and has a vast territory, etc. "Arrears", barter and transactions in dollars, in which ruble is eliminated, are widespread and it has complicated the price system of a country. Such a situation is just a special situation of Russia, and makes the statistical improvement difficult.

著者

中谷 勇介

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.117-126,211, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

6

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This paper presents a Cournot model analysis for joint venture with cost effects. When a firm enters foreign market, it has an alternative choice between joint ventureand export. First, a relation with cost and joint venture gain is examined. In this situation, a range of cost differences is needed and this gain's change is analyzed. Then, a range of cost difference is less than trade barrier not reduced.

著者

輪島 実樹

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.129-130,212, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

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The Trans-Caspi-gas-Pipeline project, started in February 1999 with the strong support of the U.S., must have enabled its political purpose of reducing the Russian controlling power to the area, and Turkmenistan to secure the gas export route to far abroad. However, the project was deadlocked by Turkmenistan's resuming gas export to Russia via the existing route in 2000. As a reason of Turkmenistan's conversion, it is possible that Turkmenistan could expect Russia to relax the conditions for using the existing route with two factors: recent natural gas shortage in Russia, and its desire to revive political influence to the region. However, expansion of the gas export, through Russia exactly means continuation of Turkmenistan's dependence to it, so it is not regarded as strategically rational. Thus, since Turkmenistan, the country of prediction impossibility, is the main exporter of the area, the future of the natural gas export from the Caspian Sea to the world market is quite opaque.

著者

岩崎 一郎

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.131-132,213, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

3

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With the aim of illuminating causality between reform process and economic performance of the Central Asian states under systemic transformation towards a market economy, I classify them into two categories from the viewpoint of the institutional allocations, which characterize relations between government and business firms. Theoretical discussions and some empirical evidences strongly suggest that the differences in government-business relationship of each country have deeply interrelated with robustness of industrial production against so-called 'transformational recession' and incentive levels of the former socialist enterprises for their restructuring during the initial phase of transitional period. It seems to me that these findings may be suggestive also for other FSU countries.

著者

レオンチェフ ルドルフ

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.135-162,214, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

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The purpose of this paper is to make clear the current situation and the perspective of transportation and telecommunications in the Russian Far East. Section 1 reviews the situation of transportation in this region after the collapse of the USSR, and points out the possibilities of developing the International Transportation Corridor across the Russian Far East. Section 2 surveys the economic performance of the regions telecommunication sector, and points out positive and negative factors concerning its further development. Section 3 briefly reviews the policy priorities of the Russian Federal Government on transportation and telecommunication, in particular, it focuses on the development of infrastructure and the anti-monopoly reform in these sectors.

著者

ザウサーエフ V.K.

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.163-180,215, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

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この研究を実施するに当たり、ロシア人文科学基金グラント(00-02-00295a,01-02-00456a) による資料を利用した。использованы материал,полученныеприпроведeнии иccлeдованийпогрантамРоссийского ГуманитарногоНаучногофонда(00-02-00295a,01-02-00456a)本文中の中見出しは要約者(望月)が付けたものである。なお,引用文献は省略した。このテキスト全文(ロシア語)は,大会準備委員会によって,ネット上で紹介されている。

著者

藤森 信吉

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.183-197,216, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the history of the natural gas wholesale market in Ukraine from the point of view of the "Gastraders". We define the Gastrader as a company which imports and sells to industries. Gastraders are said to be one of the most profitable businesses in Ukraine because of its market scale and non-monetary transaction. Generally speaking, there are three periods in the history of the gas market.The first period is the period of state monopoly (up to 1995), the second is the period of the regionally divided system (1996-97), and the third one is the period of NaftoHaz (Ukraine's state gas monopoly) and ITERA (Gazprom's favorite).Throughout. these periods, external pressure (IMF and Gazprom) as well as the internal political situation took effect on the policy making of the gas market.

著者

杉浦 史和

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.69-81,206, 2002 (Released:2009-12-03)

参考文献数

24

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One of the most serious socio-economic problems in Russia has been a problem of nonpayment since 1992. The nonpayment between the government and enterprises endangered normal economic functioning in the country because the government as well as enterprises has accumulated overdue claims each other. Therefore, the pseud-settlement mechanism was formulated for facilitating daily socio-economic life, the example of which represents the triangle (non-) payment relation in providing housing utility services. Though both local government and natural monopolies haven't paid full each other, they can support the daily life of people in the region through utilizing various non-monetary means.

著者

中兼 和津次

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.3-21,201, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

17

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It is often said that China's economic transition is successful due to its gradualist approach. But by looking at its total process from much wider perspectives we can see how it is successful and unique vis-à-vis other transition economies. We first surveyed previous methodologies of classifying transition processes, then tried a cluster analysis of 27 transition economies on the basis of seven indicators: 1) approaches employed, 2) ownership and privatization patterns, 3) openness to external economies, 4) political freedom, 5) institutional development, 6) inflation, and 7) growth rate. Our main findings are: (1) transition economies can be classified into three groups, i.e. Central Europe and Baltic countries, Eastern Europe and CIS nations, and East Asia, or China and Vietnam, (2) these groups are corresponding to their geographical locations, (3) they are also corresponding to their growth performance.

著者

大津 定美

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.22-37,202, 2002 (Released:2009-12-03)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

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Among many reform agenda, President Putin placed a special emphasis on pension reform because of its social and political significance in the worsening economic situations for the working masses. By setting up a new "National Soviet for Pension Reform", Putin Government tried to consolidate the conflicting views among various social strata which hindered the realization of reform in the past several years. The major difficulties were to find ways to change the old "redistributive" system to the new "funding" system. This article tries to analyze first the basic economic problems facing the reformers and then political and lawmaking process and its latest developments in the year 2001.

著者

田中 宏

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.38-51,203, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

20

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How do we understand the typology of East European economies in transition? This paper tries to answer this question through investigating a variety of studies of the complex transitions occurring in Eastern Europe.First it challenges making a research model to compare these complexness and differences. Secondly, it investigates studies on the causes of differences descendent from the socialist and pre-socialist period. Thirdly, it examines studies about ones indigenous to the process of transition itself.Finally it is concluded that transition economies could be categorized and typified in the space that the three dimensions constitute: the degree of cumulative liberalization, the line between the over-withdrawal of the state and its institution-constructive role and the degree of regional integration.

著者

上垣 彰

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.52-64,204, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1 1

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Russia and Eastern European countries (excluding Albania and former Yugoslav states) can be divided into three groups. The first group includes Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, which have successfully coordinated macro economic stabilization and liberalization of foreign trade. The second group includes Bulgaria and Romania, where half measures of liberalization have been adopted under the circumstance of vicious spiral of inflation and depreciation of currency. The third group consists of Russia. Russia keeps old complicated organizations in the half liberalized system. One interesting point here is that the first and the third group experienced real currency appreciation in the first years of the transition whereas the currencies of the second group were depreciated considerably.

著者

栖原 学

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.67-68,205, 2002 (Released:2009-07-31)

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Historically, Russia has been unable to establish Rechtsstaat or the state based on "rule of Law". Indeed, Russia's legal culture is characterized by a profound distrust of the law, or "legal nihilism". Furthermore, it should be emphasized that, in addition to legal nihilism, Russia's legal culture is also characterized by the concept of ethical dualism. Ethical dualism means that the moral norms Russians apply in relationships with members of their own community differ from those in relationships with people thought to be associated with a different community. Given such a distinctive nature, Russia's legal culture could not be conceived of as being suited for a market economy. It might be inevitable that the political system tends to be more authoritarian in order to lower transaction costs and facilitate economic development.

著者

木村 雅則

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済研究 (ISSN:18805647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1, pp.11-24,95, 2006-02-28 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

27

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ネップ期経済はパターナリズム,共同体的原理,組織的動員主義,階層間協調主義,近代合理主義をエレメントとして組成され,制度的には経済機関と労組の協議制を基軸とし,指令制や本来の市場と並存・補完関係にあり,共同体的諸関係を基底に配置する多元的体制であった。ネップ期後半の閉鎖化,高圧力化と共に社会階層は分断化され,強引な統合化によって強権的領導主義と社会的合理主義をエレメントとする指令制中心の体制に転換した。