著者

CHIEN Fang-Ching CHIU Yen-Chao

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-057, (Released:2019-07-24)

被引用文献数

4

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This paper examines southwesterly flows and their relationship with rainfall in Taiwan during the warm seasons: spring, Mei-yu, and summer. We found that the percentage of southwesterly flow events in the lower troposphere was the highest in the Mei-yu season, followed by summer. When southwesterly flows occurred, chance of rain greatly rose in Mei-yu and summer and mean rain intensity increased for all three seasons. In northern Taiwan, the percentage of southwesterly flow appearance was the highest in spring and decreased over warm seasons, while the trend reversed in southern Taiwan. Southwesterly flows formed in spring primarily due to a deepening mid-latitude trough over eastern China. Rain in Taiwan increased during southwesterly flow events when the Pacific subtropical high retreated eastward and the trough moved closer to Taiwan. In the Mei-yu season, there was greater moisture and the formation of southwesterly flows was more equally contributed to by the mid-latitude trough and the southwestward extending Pacific high than in spring. The southwesterly flow axis was located roughly over Taiwan. This flow axis shifted southeastward as the Pacific subtropical high weakened. At the same time, the high moisture zone covered the northern South China Sea and the entire island of Taiwan. As a result, moisture-laden air was transported to the Taiwan area by the strong southwesterly flow, providing favorable conditions for continuous rain in Taiwan. In summer, southwesterly flows formed when the Pacific high extended southwest and a low/tropical cyclone moved over southeastern China. Rain tended to be more intense when the low was stronger and closer to Taiwan.

著者

XUE Feng FAN Fangxing

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-054, (Released:2019-07-05)

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Based on the monthly outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data from 1979 to 2013, a significant correlation of convective activity over the western Pacific warm pool between June and August is detected while there are no significant correlations between June and July and between July and August. The analysis results indicate that consistent anomalies in June and August usually occur during the years with strong warm pool convection. Moreover, two prerequisites are necessary for this consistent anomaly, i.e., a higher sea surface temperature (SST) over the warm pool during the preceding spring and a relatively weak El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO). An analysis based on the selected typical years indicates that convection in June tends to enhance when the warm pool SST is higher in the spring. The enhanced convection, in turn, reduces the solar insolation and local SST and consequently suppresses convection in July. In contrast to June, the local SST tends to increase due to the suppressed convection in July. Accordingly, the warm pool convection in August is subsequently enhanced again. In this process, the local air-sea interaction plays a major role in regulating SST anomalies from June to August and forming the consistent warm pool convection anomalies in June and August. There are additional complications in understanding intraseasonal variation in the warm pool convection from June to August as related to the ENSO forcing. During strong El Niño decaying years (e.g., 1998), the warm pool convection is suppressed with consistent positive OLR anomalies from June to August, implying that the El Niño forcing contributes to the significant positive correlation of convective activity between June and August. During moderate El Niño decaying years (e.g., 2007), however, the convection anomaly in June is opposite to that in August. In general, the local air-sea interaction effect plays an essential role in the significant correlation of convective activity between June and August, though this correlation also depends on the intensity of the El Niño forcing.

著者

MA Libin PETERS Karsten WANG Bin LI Juan

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-053, (Released:2019-06-28)

被引用文献数

11

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Based on the preceding work, the influence of the Stochastic Multicloud Model (SMCM) on the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) in the state-of-the-art ECHAM6.3 at-mosphere general circulation model (AGCM) is further evaluated. The evaluation present-ed here is based on six recently proposed dynamics-oriented diagnostic metrics. Lag-longitude correlation maps of surface precipitation in the East Indian and West Pacific Oceans confirm the previously found improved representation of the MJO in the modi-fied ECHAM6.3 model compared to the standard configuration. In fact, the modified ECHAM6.3 outperforms the default ECHAM6.3 in five of the six MJO-related diagnos-tics evaluated here. In detail, the modified ECHAM6.3 (1) successfully models the east-ward propagation of boundary layer moisture convergence (BLMC); (2) captures the rearward tilted structure of equivalent potential temperature (EPT) in the lower tropo-sphere and forward tilted structure of EPT in the upper troposphere; (3) exhibits the rear-ward tilted structure of equatorial diabatic heating in the lower troposphere; (4) adequate-ly simulates the MJO-related horizontal circulation at 850 and 200 hPa as well as the 300 hPa diabatic heating structure. These evaluations confirm the crucial role of convective-parameterization formulation on GCM-simulated MJO dynamics and support the further application and exploration of the SMCM-concept in full-complexity GCMs.

著者

NISHI Akifumi KUSAKA Hiroyuki

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-044, (Released:2019-04-19)

被引用文献数

3

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This study numerically examined how the locally strong “Karakkaze” wind in the Kanto Plain of Japan is affected by terrain shape, particularly by a convex feature in the mountain range. Our method involved running idealized numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecast model with a horizontal grid spacing of 3 km. The results revealed that a strong-wind region formed in the lee area of the convex feature, hereafter the semi-basin, and leeward of the semi-basin. In contrast, weak-wind areas formed adjacent to the strong-wind region. These results were consistent with the basic features of the observed surface wind pattern of the Karakkaze during the winter monsoon. However, such a flow pattern did not appear in the numerical simulation with a mountain range that lacked a convex feature. Sensitivity experiments were also conducted to evaluate the detailed effects of a mountain range with convexity. Sensitivity experiments with different convex shapes revealed that strong winds appeared within and leeward of the semi-basin when the aspect ratio of convexity (ratio of the wave amplitude to the wavelength of the convexity) exceeded about 0.5. Sensitivity experiments on terrain shape suggested that saddles in the mountain range were not essential to the formation of the Karakkaze, but they could affect its strength. Sensitivity experiments on the mountain Froude number, Frm, showed that locally strong winds within and leeward of the semi-basin appeared only when the Frm was in the range 0.42–1.04. Sensitivity experiments with surface heat fluxes (SHFs) showed that the basic structure of the strong-wind region in the leeward plain of the convex feature did not depend strongly on SHFs. However, the addition of SHFs reduced the surface wind speed but increased the size of the strong-wind region.

著者

WATANABE Shun-ichi I. MURATA Akihiko SASAKI Hidetaka KAWASE Hiroaki NOSAKA Masaya

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-045, (Released:2019-04-15)

被引用文献数

9

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This study evaluates possible changes in tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation over Japan under a future warmer climate using an ensemble projection generated by a non-hydrostatic regional climate model with a resolution of 5 km (NHRCM05) under the RCP8.5 scenario. NHRCM05 reproduces TC precipitation and TC intensity more accurately than does a general circulation model with a resolution of 20 km. The number of TCs approaching Japan is projected to decrease under the future climate, while the TC precipitation rate increases. As these two effects cancel each other out, total TC precipitation, and the frequency of the moderate TC precipitation that is usual under the present climate, show no significant change. On the other hand, the frequency of extreme TC precipitation increases significantly because the intensification in the TC precipitation rate outweighs the reduction in TC frequency. The increase in the TC precipitation rate is caused primarily by the increase in water vapor around the TCs, which in turn results from the change in environmental water vapor. The intensification and structural changes to TCs also contribute to the enhanced TC precipitation.

著者

MIYAKAWA Tomoki MIURA Hiroaki

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-034, (Released:2019-02-11)

被引用文献数

7

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The properties of tropical convection are evaluated using one-month long simulation datasets produced by the non-hydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM) using 3.5-, 7-, and 14-km horizontal meshes with identical cloud-microphysics configurations. The simulations are targeted on the 2nd Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) event observed in the CINDY2011/DYNAMO field campaign. An increase of high cloud fraction at 200 hPa level and a reduction of surface precipitation occur as the horizontal resolution increases, corresponding to the reduction of precipitation efficiency due to the shorter residence time inside stronger updrafts that occur at the higher resolution. The increase of high cloud fraction is followed by the warming of the troposphere, which results in an increase in the column water vapor and an elevation of the freezing level. The total water condensation is decreased at higher resolutions, which is likely due to a balance with the decreased outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). The reproduced MJOs, which accounted for a large portion of the tropical convections, were similar in the 3.5-km and 14-km simulations in terms of eastward propagation speeds and structures, including the characteristic westward tilt of the moisture anomaly with height. However, the amplitude of the anomalous MJO circulation was considerably smaller in the 3.5-km simulation. The robust resolution dependence and the interpretations presented in this study underline the necessity for a resolution-aware cloud-microphysics optimization method that will have value in the coming era of global cloud-resolving simulations.

著者

WATANABE Shingo FUJITA Mikiko KAWAZOE Sho SUGIMOTO Shiori OKADA Yasuko MIZUTA Ryo ISHII Masayoshi

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-038, (Released:2019-03-13)

被引用文献数

4

---

Future changes in the climatological distribution of clear air turbulence (CAT) and its seasonality over the North Pacific are estimated based on an ensemble of climate projections under warming for the globally averaged surface air temperature of 2 K relative to pre-industrial levels, which includes over 3000 years of ensembles using a 60-km atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The AGCM outputs are interpolated to a 1.25° horizontal resolution, and the climatological CAT frequency is computed. The CAT broadly decreases in the mid-latitude central to western North Pacific along with the anticyclonic (south) side of its present-day high-frequency band extending from Japan to the eastern North Pacific. Meanwhile, large relative increases are found outside the band, implying an increased risk of CAT encounters. Uncertainty in future CAT changes due to uncertainties in the spatial pattern of sea surface temperature change is addressed for the first time using six selected Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase-5 (CMIP5) climate models. The uncertainty is greatest in the boreal winter and spring over the central North Pacific, and is associated with uncertainty in future changes in the jet stream and upper-level synoptic-scale disturbances.

著者

IQBAL Waheed HANNACHI Abdel HIROOKA Toshihiko CHAFIK Léon HARADA Yayoi

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-037, (Released:2019-02-15)

被引用文献数

1

---

The interaction between the troposphere and the stratosphere has attracted the attention of climate scientists for several decades not least for the benefit it has on understanding dynamical processes and predictability. This interaction has been revived recently in regard to downward disturbance propagation effects on tropospheric circulations. The current study investigates such interactions over the North Atlantic region in relation to the eddy-driven jet stream. The atmospheric low-frequency variability in the winter over the North Atlantic sector is mainly associated with variations in the latitudinal positions of the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet stream. The Japanese Reanalysis JRA-55 data has been used to analyse the jet latitude statistics. The results reveal robust trimodality of the North Atlantic jet reflecting the latitudinal (i.e., northern, central and southern) positions in agreement with other reanalysis products. Thirty major sudden stratospheric warming events were analysed in relation to the three modes or regimes of the eddy-driven jet. The frequency of occurrence of the eddy-driven jet to be in a specific latitudinal position is largely related to the wave amplitude. The stratospheric polar vortex experiences significant changes via upward wave propagation associated with the jet positions. It is found that when the jet is close to its central mode the wave propagation of zonal wave number 2 from the troposphere to the stratosphere is significantly high. Eliassen-Palm fluxes from all waves and zonal wave number 1 depict deceleration of the stratospheric polar vortex for the eddy-driven jet with latitudinal position close to the northern mode. Plumb wave activity variations originate mainly in the Atlantic sector depending on the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet states. These significant associations between preferred latitudinal positions of the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet and the stratospheric dynamics may be a source of predictability.

著者

PUTRI Nurfiena Sagita IWABUCHI Hironobu HAYASAKA Tadahiro

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2018-020, (Released:2018-01-23)

被引用文献数

12

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Two case studies of Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) in Indonesian region were conducted by applying an improved GTG tracking algorithm and ICAS algorithm to Himawari-8 AHI infrared data. The first case over Java Island showed a land-originating MCS in the boreal winter, which coincided with a wet phase of Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) over the Maritime Continent. The second case showed the evolution of MCS under the influence of a strong vertical wind shear during the boreal summer. The cloud top height (CTH) of deep convective part in the first case was larger than that in the second case, while the temporal evolution of CTH was similar between two cases. For the anvil part, the median CTH of the second case was relatively stable at around 13 km, while that of the first case showed a considerable temporal variation ranging from 14 to 16 km. The cloud-particle effective radius (CER) of anvil increased after the period of maximum deep convective CTH in both cases, although the CER was slightly larger in the second case than in the first case. These differences in cloud properties between two cases were attributable to the background wind profiles.

著者

Kenji Suzuki Rimpei Kamamoto Katsuhiro Nakagawa Michinobu Nonaka Taro Shinoda Tadayasu Ohigashi Yukiya Minami Mamoru Kubo Yuki Kaneko

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.94-98, 2019 (Released:2019-05-14)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

5

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A field observation was carried out along the coast of the Japan Sea in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 winter seasons, using the Ground-based Particle Image and Mass Measurement System (G-PIMMS) to evaluate the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) precipitation type classification algorithm. The G-PIMMS was installed at Kanazawa University and Ishikawa Prefectural University, which are around 10 km apart from each other. The G-PIMMS observations showed that the major precipitation particle type (graupel or snowflake) was different in the precipitation types classified by the GPM DPR algorithm.

著者

Han Lin Feng Zhang Kun Wu Jing Xu

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.87-93, 2019 (Released:2019-05-14)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

5

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Five δ-two-stream and δ-four-stream schemes are compared in solar spectra using the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for General Circulation Models Applications (RRTMG). By calculating the flux and heating rate in various atmosphere, it is found that, in accuracy, the δ-four-stream schemes overwhelmingly outperform the δ-two-stream schemes. The precision of adding algorithm of the δ-four-stream spherical harmonic expansion (δ-4SDA) is comparable to that of adding algorithm of the δ-four-stream discrete ordinates method (δ-4DDA). Furthermore, the accuracy of the adding algorithm of δ-Eddington approximation (δ-2SDA) is close to that of δ-two-stream approximation with Practical Improved Flux Method (δ-PIFM), while adding algorithm of δ-two-stream discrete ordinates method (δ-2DDA) produces the poorest results among the five approximate schemes. For the RRTMG model with radiative transfer calculation, the computational time of δ-4SDA is about 1.5 times that of δ-two-stream schemes, and the computational time of δ-4SDA is about 88% that of δ-4DDA.

著者

Keisuke MORI Tomonori SATO

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, no.4, pp.327-346, 2014 (Released:2014-09-26)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

3 9

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This study investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of high-temperature events in Hokkaido, Japan, using observational data of 26 years. Statistical analyses revealed that the annual mean frequency of these events was lower (higher) at stations on the western (eastern) side of Hokkaido. The frequency of these events showed clear seasonal variation with two distinct peaks occurring in January and May. In addition, the local time of the high-temperature onset was strongly dependent on the season; the onset occurred more frequently from 1600 to 0400 Japan Standard Time (JST) in January and from 0700 to 1300 JST in May. The seasonal dependence mechanism of the high-temperature onset was investigated in eastern Hokkaido, where the frequencies of both January and May high-temperature events were the highest. In January, an extratropical cyclone passage caused intensified warm advection and increased precipitable water vapor, leading to weakened radiative cooling during the night. In May, the high-temperature events were triggered by two different mechanisms related to solar insolation. The first mechanism is explained by dynamic foehn, which forms the subsidence of the high potential temperature layer on the lee of mountains. However, the nocturnal inversion layer prevented vertical mixing of the foehn-induced warm air aloft and cold air near the ground. The surface air temperature dramatically increased after sunrise when the nocturnal inversion layer disappeared. The second mechanism is explained by the combination of airflow diabatically heated by surface sensible heat flux and dynamic foehn. Therefore, solar insolation is the key factor that controlled the diurnal variation in high-temperature events in May.

著者

Akihiko Shimpo Kazuto Takemura Shunya Wakamatsu Hiroki Togawa Yasushi Mochizuki Motoaki Takekawa Shotaro Tanaka Kazuya Yamashita Shuhei Maeda Ryuta Kurora Hirokazu Murai Naoko Kitabatake Hiroshige Tsuguti Hitoshi Mukougawa Toshiki Iwasaki Ryuichi Kawamura Masahide Kimoto Izuru Takayabu Yukari N. Takayabu Youichi Tanimoto Toshihiko Hirooka Yukio Masumoto Masahiro Watanabe Kazuhisa Tsuboki Hisashi Nakamura

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15A-003, (Released:2019-05-17)

被引用文献数

78

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An extreme rainfall event occurred over western Japan and the adjacent Tokai region mainly in early July, named “the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018”, which caused widespread havoc. It was followed by heat wave that persisted in many regions over Japan in setting the highest temperature on record since 1946 over eastern Japan as the July and summertime means. The rain event was attributable to two extremely moist airflows of tropical origins confluent persistently into western Japan and large-scale ascent along the stationary Baiu front. The heat wave was attributable to the enhanced surface North Pacific Subtropical High and upper-tropospheric Tibetan High, with a prominent barotropic anticyclonic anomaly around the Korean Peninsula. The consecutive occurrence of these extreme events was related to persistent meandering of the upper-level subtropical jet, indicating remote influence from the upstream. The heat wave can also be influenced by enhanced summertime convective activity around the Philippines and possibly by extremely anomalous warmth over the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude in July 2018. The global warming can also influence not only the heat wave but also the rain event, consistent with a long-term increasing trend in intensity of extreme precipitation observed over Japan.

著者

Kengo Arai Kazuaki Yasunaga

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-016, (Released:2019-03-26)

被引用文献数

1

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This study examines dominant precipitation patterns during winter in the north-central region (Hokuriku District) of Japan, based on empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) analysis. The pattern of the first leading component is similar to that of the mean precipitation, and the second leading component shows a dipole structure in which positive and negative regions are separated by the coast line. This dipole pattern across the coast line is robust regardless of data stratifications for the EOF calculation. Composites reveal that maritime and inland precipitation is relatively enhanced before and after the passage of a mid-level trough, respectively. In the former case, the temperature is higher and westerly or southwesterly wind prevails, while northwesterly wind dominates in the latter case. It is suggested that interactions between cold air over the land and warm air over the ocean are essentially important to the distinct precipitation patterns; offshore winds wedge the inland cold air under the maritime warm air, and intensifies the precipitation over the ocean. On the other hand, the northwesterly monsoonal flow pushes the maritime warm air onto the inland cold air, and more precipitation is brought about around the mountain range.

著者

Feng Zhang Hang Ren Lijuan Miao Yadong Lei Mingkeng Duan

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.68-74, 2019 (Released:2019-03-27)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

6

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As the earth's third pole, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau belongs to one of the most sensitive regions to climate change in the world. Based on the observed and the simulated daily precipitation from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), we evaluated the simulation performance of daily precipitation from selected CMIP5 models from 1975 to 2005 over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We found that daily precipitation exhibited obvious long-range correlation characteristics using the detrended fluctuation analysis method. The scaling exponents of daily precipitation in summer and autumn are significantly larger than those in spring and winter. MIROC4H with the best performance can reproduce long-range correlation characteristic of daily precipitation series probably because of the higher resolution, which can capture small scale cloud convections. Besides there are seasonal differences in the simulation results among different regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, simulation effects of all climate models in summer and winter are better than those in spring and autumn. The performance of MIROC4H model works the best in spring. Overall, the scaling exponents of daily precipitation from BCC-CSM1-1-M, CMCC-CM and MIROC4H are close to the observations. CCSM4 and MIROC4H climate models could reproduce the internal dynamics characteristic of daily precipitation in autumn. But for winter, all climate models have exaggerated the scaling value in southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau compared with the observed values.

著者

Koji Terasaki Shunji Kotsuki Takemasa Miyoshi

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-009, (Released:2019-01-31)

被引用文献数

7

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This study investigates the long-term stability of the global atmospheric data assimilation system, incorporating the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) with the Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). The NICAM-LETKF system assimilates conventional observations, advanced microwave sounding unit–A (AMSU-A) radiances, and global satellite mapping of precipitation (GSMaP) data. The long-term stability of the data assimilation system can be investigated only by running an expensive long-term experiment. This study successfully performed a data assimilation experiment with more than 2 years of data, using the relaxation to prior spread (RTPS) method for covariance inflation. Analysis fields indicate a stable physical performance compared with the ERA-interim data for the entire experimental period.

著者

Shogo Sakai Hironobu Iwabuchi Feng Zhang

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.57-61, 2019 (Released:2019-03-16)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

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We have developed a rapid simplified algorithm to retrieve cloud optical thickness and cloud-top height from measurements of the infrared split-window bands of Himawari-8. The method is based on a rapid calculation model for clear-sky brightness temperatures and empirical equations for cloud, for which the coefficients are determined by a fit to a more rigorous radiative-transfer model. This method can be applied regardless of regions excluding the polar regions and season by taking into account the temperature, humidity, sea surface temperature, and surface emissivity. In this study, we have demonstrated that this method captures well the diurnal cycle of cloud amounts of different cloud types in the warm-pool region around Indonesia. With an accelerated retrieval process by a factor of around 1,000 compared with the the physics-based retrieval, our rapid cloud retrieval algorithm yielded cloud amounts that agree quantitatively with those from a more rigorous, physics-based cloud retrieval method.

著者

Kei Kawai Yuta Nishio Kenji Kai Jun Noda Erdenebadrakh Munkhjargal Masato Shinoda Nobuo Sugimoto Atsushi Shimizu Enkhbaatar Davaanyam Dashdondog Batdorj

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.52-56, 2019 (Released:2019-03-07)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

4

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Asian dust is transported over a long range via the mid-latitude westerlies when dust is lifted to the free troposphere over the source regions, whereas dust remaining in the atmospheric boundary layer is not transported far. In the Gobi Desert, a major source region of Asian dust, a ceilometer (compact lidar) monitors the vertical distribution of dust at Dalanzadgad, Mongolia. On 29-30 April 2015, the ceilometer observed a developed dust storm over the ground, followed by a dust layer within a height of 1.2-1.8 km. The dust storm had already developed in the upwind region before reaching Dalanzadgad. This feature was also shown in the ceilometer observation data. The dust layer remained at almost the same height for 12 h, because the dust became trapped within an inversion layer at a height of 1.2-1.5 km over cold air. This result suggests that the inversion layer prevented the dust from reaching the free troposphere, thereby restraining the long-range transport of the dust via the westerlies. This is the first paper that reports this type of vertical distribution of dust in the source region based on observation data.

著者

ODA Mayuko KANEHISA Hirotada

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-006, (Released:2018-10-29)

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A simple conceptual model of the resonant interaction in a typhoon-like vortex between vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) and gravity waves (GWs), which are caused by the VRWs, is presented. It is well known that the VRWs in the central region of the vortex can grow by the interaction with the GWs in the outer region, but a simple conceptual model for their interaction has not yet been proposed. The proposed conceptual model is based on the buoyancy-vorticity formulation (BV-thinking), and is different from that for the barotropic and baroclinic instabilities based on PV interactions (PV- thinking). We consider disturbances of the first baroclinic mode on a basic barotropic vortex. The disturbance vertical vorticity ζ of the VRW in the central region has a large amplitude on the upper and lower levels. While, the disturbance buoyancy b and radial vorticity η of the GW have a large amplitude on the middle level. The central VRW propagates (relative to the fluid) anticy-clonically, but moves cyclonically because of the strong cyclonic advection by the vortex. The outer cyclonically propagating GW is weakly advected also cyclonically by the vortex. As a result, the counter-propagating VRW and GW (satisfying Rayleigh's condition) may be phase-locked with each other (satisfying Fjørtoft's condition). By the counter-propagation and phase-lock, the circulation around ζ of the VRW enhances b of the GW, which in turn enhances η. At the same time, the circulation around η of the GW enhances ζ of the VRW. As a result, the VRW and GW grow simultaneously. We analytically show the possibility of the resonant interaction, and numerically obtain the growing solution in the system linearized about the basic vortex.

著者

KAWAI Yoshimi NISHIKAWA Hatsumi OKA Eitarou

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-024, (Released:2018-12-13)

被引用文献数

8

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Previous modeling studies have indicated that the Oyashio front in the subarctic Pacific Ocean significantly affects the atmosphere on meso- to basin-scales, but there were no in situ observations that captured oceanic imprints on the atmosphere in this region as far as the authors know. We present in situ evidence of atmospheric responses to the Oyashio front by using a total of 103 radiosondes launched around the Oyashio front in April 2013 with continuous surface meteorology and ceilometer observations. Composite profiles showed that the low-level atmosphere below 1000 m was statically stable on the cold side of the Oyashio front, but unstable and mixed on the warm side. In the atmosphere on the warm side, relative humidity dropped sharply at an altitude of around 1000 m, an indication that the mean cloud top was at this altitude. While the frequency of cloud base height peaked at 50–100 m in the cold areas, cloud bases were distributed at higher altitudes in the warm areas. These differences in the atmospheric boundary layer and cloud base heights across the front were clearer under conditions of southerly winds compared with those of northerly winds. Above a local sea surface temperature minimum with a width of approximately 400 km, where the ocean mixed layer depth is known to reach a local maximum, a large horizontal air temperature gradient was observed below an altitude of 1000 m. This horizontal gradient corresponded to a sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly of 1.2 hPa, comparable to observations of SLP anomalies in the Kuroshio Extension region. Furthermore, we found that narrow warm ocean streamers moistened the overlying atmosphere, affecting downward longwave radiation. Over the wide streamer located between 146.4°E and 147.0°E on 5 April, near-surface atmospheric properties were largely different between over the western half and the eastern half.