1 0 0 0 OA 中根元圭の『新撰古暦便覧』と漢訳系西洋天文・暦学書(アゴラ)
- 著者
- 小林 龍彦
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.51, no.264, pp.220-225, 2012 (Released:2021-07-20)
1 0 0 0 OA 『暦算全書』の訓点和訳と序文について(アゴラ)
- 著者
- 小林 龍彦
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.50, no.259, pp.174-178, 2011 (Released:2021-07-21)
1 0 0 0 OA 18世紀科学史に見る理論と実践の相互作用,2010年度年会報告
1 0 0 0 OA 新しい視座に基づく製紙技術発展史(科学史入門)
- 著者
- 小林 良生
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.50, no.258, pp.97-102, 2011 (Released:2021-07-22)
1 0 0 0 OA 『延喜式』「図書寮」の造紙諸条から見た古代製紙技術の考察
- 著者
- 小林 良生 浜谷 康郎
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.49, no.254, pp.78-90, 2010 (Released:2021-08-02)
In the 13^<th> Scroll "the Zusho (no) ryo (the Documentation Bureau) " in "the Codes of Engi (the Engishiki) " completed in 927 AD, there are four articles concerning the oldest paper technology, i.e., " the annual papermaking article (nenryoshi-jo) ", "the paper flower article (shika-jo) ", "the article of raw materials for paper (shiryo-jo) " and "the article of one day's norms of papermakers in the each process (zoshi-jo) ". These articles described the lists of raw materials, expendables, tools and equipments for papermaking including their quantities, volumes or sizes. This was because the Zusho (no) ryo mentioned the duties of supplying all amounts of paper used in the Imperial Court. In this study with the intention of grasping the papermaking methods in the old days, the description of the articles mentioned above were construed word for word and all the tools and equipments as well as expendables were carefully examined from the view-points of their usage and applications. The manipulation to arrange suitably these tools and equipments as well as expendables with the papermaking process resulted in building up the image of the papermaking ways in the ancient times. On the base of the amounts of raw materials and the paper made thereof, the basis weights of thick colored paper, thin paper-mulberry paper and gampi paper as well as the pulping yield of the bast fibers were calculated, respectively. The bast fibers were found to be cooked with addition of 20-30wt% alkali from ashes with yielding 58%. The paper was made by using an oblong mould in an oblong vessel, which has supposedly stimulated to shake during papermaking and to transfer from Tamezuki to Nagashizuki. In the process of drying wet paper, it was found that the width of drying board was narrower than those of wet papers, which obliged to stick them on the board with folding the edge of the wet paper by aid of a kind of glue. By comparison of the one day's norms of papermaking the reason was made clear why hemp cloth and Sophora flavescens disappeared from the list of raw materials for papermaking. Finally the method of the dyeing paper for paper flowers was clarified.
1 0 0 0 OA 19世紀後半の舶用ボイラ発達における鋼の重要性について
- 著者
- 小林 学
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.49, no.254, pp.65-77, 2010 (Released:2021-08-02)
Seikan Ishigai argued that the most critical innovation involving boilers was changing their shapes, for example from cylindrical to water-tube boilers. Poor material and processing technology made the development of the water-tube boiler difficult in the 19th century. Ishigai didn't pay enough attention to the material technology of boilers. In the late 1930's, H.W. Dickinson and E.C. Smith wrote a comprehensive history of the stationary and marine steam engine respectively. But they didn't pay proper attention to the relationship between engines and boilers. The author tries to explain the transition from cylindrical to water-tube boilers using steel for marine navigation. The popularization of thermodynamics among engineers and ship-owners stimulated the invention of the high-pressure marine steam engine. In the 1870's, Alexander Carnegie Kirk tried to make a water-tube boiler for the triple expansion engine. But it was too complex to put the water-tube boiler into practical use. Around the same time, William Siemens invented the open hearth steel process. In the 1880's, Kirk adopted cylindrical steel boilers and triple expansion engines. The practical application of the water-tube boilers required the invention of seamless steel tube. Understanding the transition from cylindrical to water-tube boilers alone isn't sufficient to understand the comprehensive history of the steam engine. Material and processing technology played a decisive role in the development of the marine boiler in that period.
1 0 0 0 OA シンポジウム:関孝和を巡る諸問題 関孝和没後300周年-2008年度年会報告-
1 0 0 0 OA 蔡倫以前紙に関する学術論争
- 著者
- 小林 良生
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.47, no.247, pp.150-159, 2008 (Released:2021-08-04)
During the past half a century archaeologists in China excavated some paper-like remnants dating from the Western Han Dynasty. Based on these findings, Pan Jinxing proposed that paper was invented before Ts'ai Lun, doubting on his contribution to the invention of papermaking technology. With the publication of new Academic Journal named "Paper History Study", China Technical Association of the Paper Industry Society members strongly opposed his opinions by re-analyses all of the unearthed papers and historical references. The major counter-evidences are as follows: a. there existed mis-judgments on produced ages of unearthed papers or paper-like objects, b. Some of the unearthed papers reported were not paper but paper-like objects made of botanical fibers bundles due to natural force or primitive paper-like models and the stormy discussion was made on the definition of paper, c. there are referential supports on the Ts'ai Lun's originality on the invention of papermaking. These conclusive remarks expressed by the Association of Paper Industry were compared with those of Pan Jinxing in the form of the table. The final conclusion on the existence of "the papers before Ts'ai Lun", therefore, must await further scientific analyses by the disinterested party.
1 0 0 0 OA 第22回国際科学史会議での日本からの報告(続)
1 0 0 0 OA 梅文鼎著『中西算學通』と清華大学図書館の暦算書
- 著者
- 小林 龍彦
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.45, no.238, pp.92-95, 2006 (Released:2021-08-11)
1 0 0 0 OA 19世紀舶用ボイラ発達過程 : ボイラ史の研究方法によせて
- 著者
- 小林 学
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.44, no.236, pp.191-202, 2005 (Released:2021-08-11)
The historical development of steam boilers has been a popular issue among historians and engineers in Japan. The most prominent example is Seikan Ishigai. Drawing on his extensive study of the steam boiler, Ishigai defines the contradiction between power and control as an intrinsic law of the development of technology. In other words, he is a technological determinist. Trevor Pinch, Wiebe Bijker's approach (Social Construction of Technology : SCOT) and also Thomas Hughes's technological systems approach, on the other hand, give more weight to external factors, and do not give proper attention to technology's own dynamics. Critical of both the approaches, the author sees the relationship between engines and boilers as the locus of the development of the steam boiler. The author too argues that the quest for efficiency is a crucial factor in the development of marine steam engines. The author tries to show that the new engine entailed a different type of boiler, it was not opposite. That is the engine played a more crucial role than the boiler in the development of the marine propulsion system. It was the engine that moved a propeller or a paddle of a ship, not the boiler. He concludes that the history of the marine boiler is a history of relationship among the engine, the boiler and the propulsion system. An internalist or externalist approach alone may not be able to account for this complex relationship.
1 0 0 0 OA 少数民族の抄紙法の解析に基づく「撈紙法」発達過程の考察
- 著者
- 小林 良生
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.44, no.234, pp.86-96, 2005 (Released:2021-08-12)
Based on the same presumption on the molding methods reported previously, the development steps of squeezing techniques in hand papermaking were surveyed and estimated from the analyses of hand papermaking conserved by minorities in and around southern China. The initial step of the shift from molding process was to make paper from squeezing in a deep vat dispersed plant fiber by using a screen fixed with frame. As the second improvement, a screen separable from frame was invented for production efficiency. The second step was to squeeze a suspension of plant fibers dispersed without mucilages by using the separable screen and frame and then to dry each a piece of wet sheet on a board or wall without pressing. The third step was to add the process of pressing a pile of wet sheets for improvement of paper bulk density and strength. In this pressing process, felts were first inserted between each wet sheet for preventing from mutually sticking these sheets. Finally the squeezing method was refined to reach the 'nagashizuki' technique by which a pile of wet webs are permitted to be pressed without inserted felts for peeling each sheet off.
1 0 0 0 OA 中国周辺の少数民族の抄紙法から見た「澆紙法」の発達過程の考察
- 著者
- 小林 良生
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.43, no.232, pp.193-203, 2004 (Released:2021-08-12)
On the presumption that minorities in Southern China and her peripheral countries still conserve ancient papermaking techniques, field and literature surveys were made for extraction of elemental techniques of hand papermaking and arranging them in the developing order from viewpoints of paper science. These techniques are classified into two methods, molding and squeezing of pulp (or plant fibers) suspension. In this report developing steps of molding method were observed and discussed. The author propose that the most primitive technique is to disperse a viscous solution dispersed with plant fibers on horizontally supported dry canvas as observed in Yao tribes. The next step is floating mold in which water pools are provided in several ways. Finally floating mold using a shallow vat with legs made it possible to make paper by a standing figure. Further the sallow vat is improved to provide bamboo bars at the edge for putting frames containing wet sheets.
1 0 0 0 OA 蒸気機関用ボイラの発達と材料技術との関係に関する研究
- 著者
- 小林 学
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.41, no.221, pp.14-25, 2002 (Released:2021-08-16)
The author discusses the relation between material technology and technology development. As a case study, The author selects steam boiler because the influence of material is especially remarkable and the development process has been clear. The low-pressure steam engine's boiler Materials had changed from copper to Wrought iron. This change hadn't necessarily taken place technological merits. This had taken place cost and ease of acquisition. When development of High-pressure steam engine began in 1800, Cylindrical Boiler was developed so that the boiler could deal with High-pressure steam safety and could have more heating surface. However, it was difficult for steam boilers to resist high-pressure steam at 19th century. Many Engineers required the material to have high tensile strength and corrosion resistance so that they might prevent steam-boiler explosions. Thus, Material Technology is important for development of steam boiler. Nevertheless, few studied how about material developments influenced developments of steam boiler. William Fairbairn, Daniel Adamson, and Henry Bessemer made a great contribution to the improvement of Steam Pressure-resistant in boilers. The author shows as follow, Firstly new material didn't have to substitute old one because it's impossible to make new materials into the form to work very well. Secondary the changing of boiler type is major; the change of materials is secondary. One boiler types gradually was improved the material technology. However, the change of types of boilers occurred when one type couldn't satisfy the demand in power and thermal efficiency. Thirdly, it's important for the development of one steam boiler, that it changed the material technology. But at all, we also found another tending, it was neglected till now. Because one specific works restricted machines and mechanism early in steam boiler development. For this reason, the factor of materials is most important, but materials problem was solved lately.
1 0 0 0 OA 紅葉山文庫に収蔵される梅文鼎の著作について
- 著者
- 小林 龍彦
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.41, no.221, pp.26-34, 2002 (Released:2021-08-16)
Mei Wending (1633-1721) is recognized as one of the most influential mathematicians and astronomers of eighteen-century China. While propagandizing Christianity, Jesuit missionaries introduced Western scientific knowledge to 17^ <th> century China. Mei Wending's devoted his scholarly life to the integration and assimilation of Western science into traditional Chinese mathematical and scientific know-how. Mei Wending was both a prolific writer and influential scholar in Asia, his works were studied by generations of Chinese as well as Japanese mathematicians of the Wasan-ka school. With the aim of creating a more precise calendar, which was in great demand domestically, Wasan-ka scholars carefully studied his works after they were introduced into Edo Japan in 1726. Many Chinese mathematics and calendar texts have been preserved today in the Momijiyama Bunko Library, established by the the Tokugawa government in 1602. During our survey of 18^ <th> century Chinese texts in the Momijiyama Bunko Library, we unearthed several important texts concerning Mei Wending's works, publications and manuscripts hitherto unknown to Japanese historians of mathematics. Some of the most important are : 1) Li ski quan shu <暦學全書> (Compendium of Calendar) 2) Li suan quan shui <暦算全書> (Compendium of Mathematics and Calendar), 2^ <nd> edition, 1724 3) Ge yuan ba xian zhi biao <割圓八線之表> (Table for the Eight Lines Cutting a Circle) 4) San jia ce liang he ding <三家測量合訂> (Recompile of Textbook on Land Surveying by the Three Great Mathematicians) In this paper, we first summarize the contents of the above mathematical and calendar texts. Second, we discuss how the works were transmitted into Japan and how they were viewed and analyzed by Japanese mathematicians at the time. Finally, we discuss the various ways texts were exported from China and introduced into Japan.
1 0 0 0 OA 中国で開催された2つの数学史国際会議簡介(学会消息)
- 著者
- 小林 龍彦
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.40, no.217, pp.39-40, 2001 (Released:2021-08-17)
1 0 0 0 OA 坂部廣胖と球面三角法への数学的着想
- 著者
- 小林 龍彦
- 出版者
- 日本科学史学会
- 雑誌
- 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.34, no.193, pp.10-18, 1995 (Released:2021-08-27)
Relaxation of the book prohibition policy in 1720, the fifth year of Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune's reign, made possible the importation of astronomical, calendrical and mathematical books from China. As a result "Lixiang kaocheng" <暦象考成> which was published by Chinese scientists under cooperation with the Jesuit in 1723, "Lixiang kaocheng houbian" <暦象考成後編> which was compiled by I. Koegler in 1742, "Lishuan chuanshu" <暦算全書> which was completed by Mei Wending's family in 1723 and so forth were introduced into Japan. Kohan Sakabe <坂部廣胖> (1759-1824) was a mathematician who had a great interest in trigonometry in these scientific books. Basic formulae of the right spherical triangle and the oblique spherical triangle in these books with so many astronomical examples were very useful in establishing his mathematical idea. In 1812 K. Sakabe wrote "Kanki kodo shoho" <管窺弧度捷法>,and in 1815 "Sanpo tenzan shinan-roku" <算法點竄指南録>, a mathematical book which had a good reputation as a textbook among Wasan-ka, was published and in the next year a navigation's book, "Kairo anshin-roku" <海路安心録>, was published. We must point out here that "Kanki kodo shoho", "Sanpo tenzan shinan-roku" and "Kairo anshin-roku" were written under the influence of astronomical, calendrical and mathematical books mentioned above. It will be a proof that he had learned part of western astronomy as a Wasan-ka. Therefore, this paper details his mathematical idea and the background of spherical trigonometry from the following viewpoints: ① His mathematical idea on spherical trigonometry is based on the contents of "Lishuan chuanshu" and "Lixiang kaocheng". ② He try to create new formulae of spherical trigonometry in "Sanpo tenzan shinan-roku". ③ He understand the principle of duality and the polar triangle very well