著者

Yoshiki YUI Tetsuya SUMIYOSHI Kazuhisa KODAMA Atsushi HIRAYAMA Hiroshi NONOGI Katsuo KANMATSUSE Hideki ORIGASA Osamu IIMURA Masao ISHII Takao SARUTA Kikuo ARAKAWA Saichi HOSODA Chuichi KAWAI JMIC-B Study Group

出版者

日本高血圧学会

雑誌

Hypertension Research (ISSN:09169636)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.181-191, 2004 (Released:2004-10-19)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

70 103

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The Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B was performed to investigate whether nifedipine retard treatment was associated with a significantly higher incidence of cardiac events than angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor treatment in Japanese patients. The study used a prospective, randomized, open, blinded endpoint (PROBE) design. Patients were enrolled at 354 Japanese hospitals specializing in cardiovascular disease. The subjects were 1,650 outpatients aged under 75 years who had diagnoses of both hypertension and coronary artery disease. There were 828 patients subjected to intention-to-treat analysis in the nifedipine retard group and 822 patients in the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor group. The patients were randomized to 3 years of treatment with either nifedipine retard or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. The primary endpoint was the overall incidence of cardiac events (cardiac death or sudden death, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for angina pectoris or heart failure, serious arrhythmia, and coronary interventions). The primary endpoint occurred in 116 patients (14.0%) from the nifedipine retard group and 106 patients (12.9%) from the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor group (relative risk, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-1.37; p =0.75). In the Kaplan-Meier estimates, there were no significant differences between the two groups (log-rank test: p =0.86). The incidence of cardiac events and mortality did not differ between the nifedipine retard and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapies. Nifedipine retard seems to be as effective as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing the incidence of cardiac events and mortality. (Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 181-191)

著者

Leonard B.Radinsky著 山田格訳

出版者

海游舎

巻号頁・発行日

2002

著者

Marie S. Møller Darrell Cockburn Jonas W. Nielsen Johanne M. Jensen Malene B. Vester-Christensen Morten M. Nielsen Joakim M. Andersen Casper Wilkens Julie Rannes Per Hägglund Anette Henriksen Maher Abou Hachem Martin Willemoës Birte Svensson

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

Journal of Applied Glycoscience (ISSN:13447882)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.jag.JAG-2012_023, (Released:2013-03-21)

被引用文献数

1 1

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Certain enzymes interact with polysaccharides at surface binding sites (SBSs) situated outside of their active sites. SBSs are not easily identified and their function has been discerned in relatively few cases. Starch degradation is a concerted action involving GH13 hydrolases. New insight into barley seed α-amylase 1 (AMY1) and limit dextrinase (LD) includes i) kinetics of bi-exponential amylopectin hydrolysis by AMY1, one reaction having low Km (8 µg/ml) and high kcat (57 s-1) and the other high Km (97 µg/ml) and low kcat (23 s-1). β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) inhibits the first reaction by binding to an SBS (SBS2) on domain C with Kd = 70 µM, which for the SBS2 Y380A mutant increases to 1.4 mM. SBS2 thus has a role in the fast, high-affinity component of amylopectin degradation. ii) The N-terminal domain of LD, the debranching enzyme in germinating seeds, shows distant structural similarity with domains including CBM21 present in other proteins and involved in various molecular interactions, but no binding site identity. LD is controlled by barley limit dextrinase inhibitor (LDI) which belongs to the cereal-type inhibitor family and forms a tight 1:1 complex with LD. iii) LDI in turn is regulated by disulfide reduction mediated by the barley thioredoxin h (trxh) NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR) system. Based on the progress monitored by released free thiol groups from LDI and its failure to inhibit LD as elicited by trxh, the LDI inactivation is proposed to stem from loss of structural integrity due to reduction of all four disulfides.

著者

Skinner B. F. 西村 美佳 中野 良顯

出版者

一般社団法人 日本行動分析学会

雑誌

行動分析学研究 (ISSN:09138013)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.71-80, 2005

著者

Lengliné O. Enescu B. Peng Z. Shiomi K.

出版者

American Geophysical Union

雑誌

Geophysical research letters (ISSN:00948276)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.18, pp.L18309, 2012-09

被引用文献数

55

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The 2011, Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake was followed by an abundant amount of seismicity providing a unique opportunity to analyze the triggering mechanism of great earthquakes. Although the Tohoku earthquake occurred close to a dense seismic network, many aftershocks that occurred in the first few hours after the mainshock are not recorded in the earthquake catalogs. Here we use a template waveform approach to recover as many as possible missing events in the first 12 hours following the Tohoku mainshock. Our analysis is able to detect about 1.4 times more events than those listed in the High Sensitivity Seismograph Network earthquake catalog. Combining our new dataset with earthquakes that occurred at latter times, we are able to observe a continuous decay of the aftershock rate and along strike expansion of aftershock area. We relate the latter observation to the occurrence of post-seismic slip over the deep interface.

著者

Michelle B. CHRISTENSEN Rebecca LANGHORN Amelia GODDARD Eva B. ANDREASEN Elena MOLDAL Asta TVARIJONAVICIUTE Jolle KIRPENTEIJN Sabrina JAKOBSEN Frida PERSSON Mads KJELGAARD-HANSEN

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.4, pp.459-466, 2013 (Released:2013-05-02)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

4 8

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Canine serum amyloid A (SAA) is a useful diagnostic marker of systemic inflammation. A latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay (LAT) was validated for automated measurements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical applicability of SAA measured by the LAT. SAA was measured in 7 groups of dogs with and without systemic inflammation (n=247). Overlap performance was investigated. Diagnostic performance was compared to body temperature and leukocyte markers. Clinical decision limits for SAA were estimated. In dogs with neurological, neoplastic or gastrointestinal disorders (n=143), it was investigated whether a higher proportion of SAA positive dogs could be detected in cases of complications with risk of systemic inflammation. Significantly higher concentrations of SAA were measured in dogs with (range [48.75; 5,032 mg/l]), compared to dogs without systemic inflammation [0; 56.4 mg/l]. SAA was a more sensitive and specific marker of systemic inflammation (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) 1.00), compared to body temperature (0.6) and segmented neutrophils (best performing leukocyte marker, 0.84). A clinical decision limit of 56.4 mg/l was established giving close to perfect discrimination between dogs with and without systemic inflammation. Higher proportions of SAA-positive dogs were observed in dogs with neurological, neoplastic and gastrointestinal disorders with complications known to increase risk of systemic inflammation, compared to uncomplicated cases. The automated LAT makes SAA applicable as a relevant diagnostic marker of systemic inflammation in dogs for routine random-access real-time use in a general clinical setting.

著者

Sota Teiji Yamamoto Satoshi Cooley John R Hill Kathy B R Simon Chris Yoshimura Jin

出版者

National Academy of Sciences

雑誌

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN:10916490)

巻号頁・発行日

2013-03-18

被引用文献数

48

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昆虫で最も不思議な生活史を持つ北米の周期ゼミの進化史を解明. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2013-03-19.

著者

Zajonc R. B.

雑誌

J.Pers.Soc. Psychol.Monogr.Suppl

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.1-27, 1968

被引用文献数

1

著者

Hurley D. H. Wright O. B. Matsuda O. Shinde S. L.

出版者

American Institute of Physics

雑誌

Journal of Applied Physics (ISSN:00218979)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.107, no.2, pp.023521, 2010-01-15

被引用文献数

23

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We use ultrashort optical pulses to microscopically image carrier and thermal diffusion in two spatial dimensions in pristine and mechanically polished surfaces of crystalline silicon. By decomposing changes in reflectivity in the latter sample into a transient component that varies with delay time and a steady-state component that varies with pump chopping frequency, the influence of thermal diffusion is isolated from that of carrier diffusion and recombination. Additionally, studies using carrier injection density as a parameter are used to clearly identify the carrier recombination pathway.

著者

武岡 洋治 松村 修 KAUFMAN Peter B.

出版者

日本作物学会

雑誌

日本作物學會紀事 (ISSN:00111848)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.4, pp.544-550, 1983-12-05

被引用文献数

1

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作物の恒常的な発育を保つ上で外気に接する表皮系組織の果たす役割は大きい. 表面構造の変化と珪質化の面からこの組織の構造と機能を明らかにする目的で研究を行い, 機動細胞に形成される珪酸体を迅速, 簡便かつ広範囲に測定する方法を検討した. その結果, 非晶質ゲル(amorphous gel, SiO_2・nH_2O)の形をとる珪酸体が軟X線をよく吸収する性質を利用して, 葉内に分布する珪酸体の鮮明画像を得ることが可能になった. 本法は次の二つの過程から成る. すなわち, 1) 試料の調整から葉内の珪酸体画像を得る過程, 2) 得られた画像写真から珪酸体の葉内分布パターン, 面積などを計測する過程. 実験には土耕栽培による水稲品種短銀坊主の第5葉と, 同じく赤坊, 岩賀. 栄光の各止葉を供試した. 過程1: 採取した葉身をホルマリン・アルコール・酢酸混合液で5日間固定したのち水洗し, アイロンで乾燥する. この標本を黒色ビニール袋に密封したFG型フィルム上にのせ, 8KeV, 5mAに調整した軟X線照射装置(ソフテックス, M-1005 NA型)のミクロ照射部で1分間照射する. レンドールにより現像したネガフィルムを焼付けして珪酸体画像を得る. 過程2: 珪酸体の画像写真を対話式画像解析システム(Photem IBAS, Zeiss)にかけ, 調査項目を指定して必要とする図表を描かせる. この方法による利点は, 1) 植物組織の珪酸(体)同定のために開発された従来の灰像法, 組織化学などの方法に比べてはるかに簡便迅速に試料調整ができる. そのため多数の試料を比較的短時間に処理することができる. 2) 広範囲にわたる面積を撮影できるため葉身1枚の珪酸体分布を測定することができる. 3) あらかじめプログラミングをしておけば画像解析システムにより分布密度, 面積などの測定と統計処理を迅速に行うことができる. 4) 組織切片の軟X線画像から珪酸体及び類似性物質の組織内分布を調べることができる.

著者

Abeysekera B. A. Hirantha Sithira 松田 崇弘 滝根 哲哉

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. IN, 情報ネットワーク (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.105, no.628, pp.91-96, 2006-02-23

被引用文献数

1

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IEEE 802.11規格の無線LAN環境では,アクセスポイント(AP)が下りフローを多重化しているにもかかわらず無線端末と同等のアクセス権しか割り当てられていないことから,複数の下りフローがAPで多重化されている場合,上下フロー間にスループットに関する不公平が生じることが知られている.本稿では,APにおけるMACプロトコルを改良することにより公平性を改善する方式を提案する.提案方式はMACプロトコルのパラメタであるコンテンションウインドを変更することによりAPに優位性を与える方式であり,APのMACプロトコルのみの改良で実現できる.また,パラメタの最適値は一般には上りフローと下りフローの数で決まるが,提案方式はAPを通過する下りフロー数のみに基づいた簡易な制御となっている.TCPおよびUDPトラヒックに対する提案方式の有効性をシミュレーションにより検討する.

著者

Baelus B. J. Kadowaki K. Peeters F. M.

出版者

American Physical Society

雑誌

Physical review B (ISSN:10980121)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, pp.024514, 2005-01

被引用文献数

27

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Solving the nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau equations self-consistently we investigated the influence of surface defects on the vortex penetration and expulsion in thin mesoscopic superconducting samples. The effect of the number, size, and position of surface defects on the vortex entry and exit fields and on the entrance and exit positions of the vortex are studied for very thin circular, square, and rectangular samples. For specific vortex configurations we found that due to the interplay between the vortex-vortex repulsion and the vortex-defect interaction, the vortex does not enter or leave the sample through the surface defect.

著者

Baelus B. J. Kanda A. Peeters F. M. Ootuka Y. Kadowaki K.

出版者

American Physical Society

雑誌

Physical review B (ISSN:10980121)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, pp.140502, 2005-04

被引用文献数

30 29

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The temperature dependence of the vortex penetration and expulsion fields in mesoscopic superconducting disks are studied. We experimentally find that the penetration field decreases with increasing temperature for all values of the vorticity. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of the expulsion fields shows two regimes: For some vortex states the expulsion field increases with temperature, while for other states it is almost temperature independent. A numerical study based on the nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau theory confirms that the former regime corresponds to multivortex states and the latter to giant vortex states. The origin of this difference is discussed.

著者

Sato T. Matsui H. Takahashi T. Ding H. Yang H.-B. Wang S.-C. Fujii T. Watanabe T. Matsuda A. Terashima T. Kadowaki K.

出版者

American Physical Society

雑誌

Physical review letters (ISSN:00319007)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, no.15, pp.157003, 2003-10

被引用文献数

99 110

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We report a systematic high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on high-Tc superconductors Bi2Sr2Can-1CunO2n+4 (n=1–3) to study the origin of many-body interactions responsible for superconductivity. For n=2 and 3, a sudden change in the energy dispersion, so called “kink”, becomes pronounced on approaching (π,0) in the superconducting state, while a kink appears only around the nodal direction in the normal state. For n=1, the kink shows no significant temperature dependence even across Tc. This could suggest that the coupling of electrons with Q=(π,π) magnetic mode is dominant in the superconducting state for multilayered cuprates, while the interactions at the normal state and that of single-layered cuprates have a different origin.

著者

Kanda A. Baelus B. J. Peeters F. M. Kadowaki K. Ootuka Y.

出版者

American Physical Society

雑誌

Physical review letters (ISSN:00319007)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.25, pp.257002, 2004-12

被引用文献数

233 187

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The response of a mesoscopic superconducting disk to perpendicular magnetic fields is studied by using the multiple-small-tunnel-junction method, in which transport properties of several small tunnel junctions attached to the disk are measured simultaneously. This allows us to make the first experimental distinction between the giant vortex states and multivortex states. Moreover, we experimentally find a magnetic-field induced rearrangement and combination of vortices. The experimental results are well reproduced in numerical results based on the nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau theory.

著者

Tomita S. Andersen J. U. Bonderup E. Hvelplund P. Liu B. Brøndsted Nielsen S. Pedersen U. V. Rangama J. Hansen K. Echt O.

出版者

American Physical Society

雑誌

Physical review letters (ISSN:00319007)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.5, pp.053002, 2005-02

被引用文献数

38

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We have measured the near-infrared absorption spectrum for isolated C ions at room temperature. Two bands, at 9145 cm-1 and 10460 cm-1, have been identified in addition to the main absorption band at 9382 cm-1, seen also at low temperature in a matrix. An interpretation based on the theory of dynamic Jahn-Teller effects is proposed.

著者

Markland Thomas E. Morrone Joseph A. Miyazaki Kunimasa Berne B. J. Reichman David R. Rabani Eran

出版者

American Institute of Physics

雑誌

The journal of chemical physics (ISSN:00219606)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.136, no.7, pp.074511, 2012

被引用文献数

34 7

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A comprehensive microscopic dynamical theory is presented for the description of quantum fluids as they transform into glasses. The theory is based on a quantum extension of mode-coupling theory. Novel effects are predicted, such as reentrant behavior of dynamical relaxation times. These predictions are supported by path integral ring polymer molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations provide detailed insight into the factors that govern slow dynamics in glassy quantum fluids. Connection to other recent work on both quantum glasses as well as quantum optimization problems is presented.

著者

by Robert B. Hall

出版者

[Social Science Research Council]

巻号頁・発行日

1947

著者

Michelle B. CHRISTENSEN Rebecca LANGHORN Amelia GODDARD Eva B. ANDREASEN Elena MOLDAL Asta TVARIJONAVICIUTE Jolle KIRPENTEIJN Sabrina JAKOBSEN Frida PERSSON Mads KJELGAARD-HANSEN

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.12-0404, (Released:2012-11-28)

被引用文献数

4 8

---

Canine serum amyloid A (SAA) is a useful diagnostic marker of systemic inflammation. A latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay (LAT) was validated for automated measurements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical applicability of SAA measured by the LAT. SAA was measured in 7 groups of dogs with and without systemic inflammation (n=247). Overlap performance was investigated. Diagnostic performance was compared to body temperature and leukocyte markers. Clinical decision limits for SAA were estimated. In dogs with neurological, neoplastic, or gastrointestinal disorders (n=143), it was investigated whether a higher proportion of SAA positive dogs could be detected in cases of complications with risk of systemic inflammation. Significantly higher concentrations of SAA were measured in dogs with (range [48.75; 5,032 mg/l]), compared to dogs without systemic inflammation [0; 56.4 mg/l]. SAA was a more sensitive and specific marker of systemic inflammation [area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) 1.00], compared to body temperature (0.6) and segmented neutrophils (best performing leukocyte marker, 0.84). A clinical decision limit of 56.4 mg/l was established giving close to perfect discrimination between dogs with and without systemic inflammation. Higher proportions of SAA-positive dogs were observed in dogs with neurological, neoplastic, and gastrointestinal disorders with complications known to increase risk of systemic inflammation, compared to uncomplicated cases. The automated LAT makes SAA applicable as a relevant diagnostic marker of systemic inflammation in dogs for routine random-assess real-time use in a general clinical setting.

著者

Koto B.

出版者

東京帝國大學理學部

雑誌

The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.1-61, 1903-04-23

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In recapitulating what has been stated in the foregoing pages, I must first of all say that the geological-structural lines upon which the present paper has been woven, may not be entirely intelligible to the reader without some prefatory geological description accompanied by a geologic map. Some may even cast doubt upon my statements which, of course, must await verification by future observers. In regard to the geology of Korea, I hope I shall be able within a few months to give general outlines with an account of the geological history of the peninsula. Korea is, as I have said, the Italy of Eastern Asia jutting out southward from the main body of Manchuria, just as Italy does from the other end of Eurasia. It is limited on the north by the equatorial chain of Chyang-paik-san which is looked upon by the Koreans as an offshoot of the great Kuen-lun, after being interrupted in its eastward course by the depression of Liau-tung at I-wu-lii-shan. On the southern foot of the Chyang-paik-san range lies the basin of the Am-nok and Tu-man Gang which are separated from each other at Hyoi-san-nyong (700 m.) by a lava-flow from Paik-tu-san, the highest point (8,900 feet) of the Chyang-paik and the cradle of the Korean nation. The Alps and the plain of the river Po are the counterparts of these in the Italian peninsula. They lie nearly in the same latitude, enjoy a favourable climate, and are inhabited by peoples of very ancient culture. The peninsula is divisible on good grounds into two sections-North and South Korea-by a trench, in the geological sense, from the head of Gen-san harbour to Kang-hoa Bay, at one corner of which is located Che-mul-pho, the emporium and entrance to the capital Seoul. This trench or rift-valley is lava-drowned (Pl. I, Fig. 3) and ins the only extensive volcanic field in South Korea, except the large basaltic island of Chyoi-jyu (Quelpart) off the southern coast of Chyol-la Do. This rift-valley or Graben of Chyuk-ka-ryong (510 m.) affords the easiest passage obliquely across the peninsula from the Sea of Japan to the Yellow Sea, and marks the boundary of various geographic elements: a) Historically, North Korea is the land of Old Chyo-syon. The dynasties founded by Tan-gun, Keui-cha, and Ui-man under the name of Chyo-syon, and Ko-ku-ryo or Ku-ryo founded by Chyu-mong, all had their domains mainly in this portion of the peninsula. At a somewhat later time in South Korea sprung up the First Three Hans - Ma-han, Sin-han and Pyon-han, followed by the Second Three Hans of which Sil-la and Paik-chyoi occupied the south, and Ku-ryo only North Korea. From the historical point of view, South Korea is the land of the Hans. b) Climatically, the North is cold while the South is mild; the latter produces the rice, which is the main staple of the country. c) Topographically, the Han-land (South Korea) is hilly, though lofty mountains crown the high coast along the Sea of Japan, slanting gradually westward and disappearing under the shallow, turbid waters of the Yellow Sea. In North Korea we have the two topographic types of the Kai-ma plateau in the north (Figs. 3 and 4.) and the Paleo-Chyo-syon on the south (Fig. 5.), the latter being hilly land of the type of South Korea though on the average considerably lower. Consequently, the land gradually rises towards the east and most of the large rivers, such as the Am-nok, Chhyong-chhyon, Tai-dong, Yoi-syong, Im-jin, Han-gang, Keum-gang and Yong-san-gang empty into the Yellow Sea. d) The physique and temper of the people in both halves differ in no small measures. The peninsula of Korea presents most interesting problems in the arrangement of its mountains and in its underground structure. Professors. F. v. RICHTHOFEN and C. GOTTSCHE have made an attempt at their solution. On my return home from Korea this year, I had the great pleasure of reading SUESS'Antlitz der Erde which was soon followed by RICHTHOFEN'S Geomorphologischen Studien aus Ostasien, I, II, and III. The former author scarcely touches our peninsula, while the latter lets his Tungusic curve pass through the brinks of the East Kan-ma Land as far as to Ho-do (Hoa-do) near Hamheung, and makes the Korean curce start anew from here and go around the outer side of South Korea as far as to the mouth of the Yang-tze-Kiang. The two curves are said to enclose the land that corresponds to the inner Staffelland of the Great Khingan (Hsin-gan) and Taipanshan in China. The peninsula seems to have interested our two masters almost as deeply as it has the political leaders of our times. Let me try to reiterate what has been said in the present paper in regard to the geomorphology of the peninsula. i. Archaean formation composed, as elsewhere, of gneiss-granite, gneiss and mica-schists, is thrown into board, undulating folds on the front side of the peninsula, in the western portion of the Han-land and Paleo-Chyo-syon, becoming steeper as we go south. The axis of folding stretches from S.S.W. to N.N.E., or S.W. to N.E. Two prominent crests of this type are the No-ryong and Chhya-ryong ranges which extend obliquely across Chyol-la Do and Chhyong-chhyon Do. Besides, many small swellings of the crust-surface can be seen in the Paleo-Chyo-syon Land, though deeply hidden under the mask of Paleozonic formation. Nearly half of the area of the peninsula is occupied by holds of this class. These specialized folds should be classed, according to my view, with the Sinian System of South China, as was originally intimated by PUMPELLY. It is a well-known fact that F.v. RICHTHOFEN prolongs his ideal line of the Sinian System to the frame-work of South Japan, a view endorsed by DR. E. NAUMANN, and the late HARADA. L.v. Loczy is, on the other hand, disposed to think that its is the Tching-ling-shan that is prolonged to South Japan through the Hwai Mountains and the mouth of the Yang-tze-Kiang where the Sinian System clings to it (Anschmiegung). But no one knows what became of them after they disappeared in the Tung-hai. The broad belt of the Sinian System which obliquely crosses the Korean peninsula, if extended beyond the Tung-hai, will join with the mountains of South China, to which the same Sinian System was originally given by PUMPELLY. Baron v. RICHTHOFEN'S ideal line runs from South Japan to Fuchou and then goes along the coast of Fokien and Kwang-tung, as is well seen on H. FISCHER'S map of East Asia. As may be seen on any tolerably good map of South China, a greater portion of the Sinian System, of which Ta-yu-ling forms the axis, enters the Tung-hai between Fuchou and Shang-hai, and its further prolongation will correspond well both in its direction and its breadth to those which I venture to call the Sinian folds of Korea. It should be specially remarked that, if the Sinian System in Korea be prolonged to the north-east, a greater part of the folds will again unite directly with the tectonic lines of the Sichota-alin, as they are given in Ivanow's work. (Pages 13-17.) ii. The Sinian represents an old system of crustal folds in the peninsula; and contemporaneously with it or a little later, there was generated another system in the Liau-tung direction in the Kai-ma Land, which was posthumously faulted in serial order towards the south, producing the parallel ridges of Myo-hyang-san, Tyok-yu-ryong and Kal-eung-nyong. These trend from W.S.W. to E.N.E. and form apparently the direct continuation of South Manchuria. The well-known Chyang-paik-san stretches, however, cast and west, obliquely meeting the preceding in the basin of the Tu-man Gang. The upper am-nok Gang drains the acute angled area between the two systems which are cut down crosswise by the Syo-Chyang-paik-san at the north-east coast of Ham-gyong Do. (Page 34.) iii. By the Korean System I mean that complex of uplifted edges and sometimes folds which run more or less in north-south direction along the long axis of the peninsula. It is so characteristic to the physiognomy of the land that even native geographers long before us recognized its great importance in the surface-features of the peninsula. It is also so peculiar to Korea that I know of no other mountains bearing the same trend as these in South-east Asia. I presume, however, that something like the Korean direction may perhaps be looked for beyond the Chyang-paik-0san range in Kirin and also at the terminal portion of the long ridge of the Great Khingan. Also a part of Kyu-shu (Japan) may be within its reach. Within the complex of the Korean System, there seem to exist two natural subgroups which are named respectively the Thai-Paik-san and the Syo-Paik-san. a. The first constitutes the backbone of the peninsula extending from the south-east of Kyong-syang Do toward the N.N.W., along the coast through Thai-Paik-san, O-dai-san and Keum-gang-san. After a short interruption it seems to stretch to Nang-nim in the Kai-ma Land which is separated by it into east and west halves, while at the same time it forms the boundary of Phyong-an and Ham-gyong. A sudden turn of the upper Am-nok, -the Angle of Mao-erh-shan, -is probably due to its prolongation, while the axial trend of Ko-chyoi Island indicates how the mountains curve a little to S.W. on entering the south Korean Archipelago. Five components of the Thai-Paik-san are the cliffs of tilted blocks sweeping along the coast of the Sea of Japan, from which the right wing was successively thrown down to the sea-bottom, as if it originated in disjunctive faults as an after-effect of the piling and pressing up of Hondo (Japan) toward the pacific ocean. (Pages 17-22.) b. The second or Syo-Paik-san subgroup is also composed of fault-scarps which trend south of south-west. This sub-group builds the water-parting and boundary-wall between Kyong-syang on the one side and Chyol-la and Chhyung-chhyong on the other. Instead of maintaining the nearly parallel course of the members of the Thai-Paik-san, the four component-ridges of the Syo-Paik-san diverge from near the pass of Chhyu-phung-nyong in feather form in South Chyol-la Do. In its north-eastern course the Syo-Paik-san is cut off by the Thai-Paik-san, exactly as the fold-crest of No-ryong, already described, which, however, differs slightly in direction and greatly in its structure from the Syo-Paik-san members. (Pages 22-26.) iv. No less remarkable than the preceding is the direction of the Han-san range which chiefly confines itself to the southern border of South Korea. It trends from W.S.W. to E.N.E.; and corresponds well with the north side of South Japan, but as regards its western prolongation it is no easy matter to conjecture what will be its probable continuation. I simply suggest the idea that we might look for its linear extension in the basin-ranges that govern the course of the Lower Yang-tze Kiang. These low ranges seem to belong neither to the Kuen-lun, nor to the Sinian. (Page 31.) The Han-san Range resulted from a later geologic even than that which produced the Korean System. The former is composed of a number of tilted edges of faults which threw down block after block to the Southern Sea. The sea-coast is dotted with an innumerable number of islets and rocks, and describes complicated in-and-out curves. These peculiar features which characterize the coast, are nothing more than the outcome of the joint-work of the orogenic movements that gave form to the Korean and Han-san ranges. The inlets are the remains of tectonic valleys, while the headlands represent the ridges. Especially remarkable is the narrow canal of the free port, Ma-san-pho which presents the outline of a compound cross with a single axis, due to the Korean and Han-san ridges which intersect each other on both sides of the entrance. (pages 26-31.) This is a special form (PI. III, Fig. 2) which truly deserves an independent position in the list of many coast-types. I name this the Nam-hai type as this special kind of coast-line is seen all along the shores of the Nam-hai or South Sea of South Korea. v. A great number of small ridges or fault-scarps traverse like a gridiron the whole of Paleo-Chyo-syon. The region is somewhat similar in its geological structure to the western half of Shan-tung. Well-established rules can be scarcely discovered in the arrangement of ridges. The whole tract is broken up into a number of long orographic blocks, each being of old sedimentaries, mainly of grey tabular limestone. Each block is tiled along the long side with steep walls, while it slants gradually towards the opposite direction. Some of the equatorial ridges may be brought into connection with the tectonic line of Shan-tung, e.g., Myor-ak-san of Hoang-hai Do, while others of the same group are difficult to correlate with any known system. Meridional ridges, though coinciding in direction with some of the Korean System, do not harmonize with each other in position, nor in magnitude of disturbance; the general plan of the west coast, however, seems to have been greatly influenced by them. (Pages 46-50.) In short, the intercrossing fault-scarps of Paleo-Chyo-syon inserted between the Sinian and Liau-tung systems seem to be the result of a passive movement and after-effect of the still greater tectonic disturbances which gave to the crust-block of the Korean peninsula its present form.