著者
仲尾 友貴恵
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.3, pp.23-40, 2019-02-01 (Released:2021-07-10)
参考文献数
24

自らの労働で生計を立てられない人々による経済活動である「物乞い」は、「自分がいかに悲惨な境遇にあるかを、金を恵んでくれる側にアピールすること」と同視されてきた。それを行う人々である「物乞」については、対面する人々とはほどんど会話もせず、困窮性の訴えに徹する存在というイメージが共有されてきた。しかし、こうしたイメージに反し、タンザニアのダルエスサラームという都市の路上では、彼らが朗らかに通行人と挨拶を交わし、談笑に興じる姿が見られる。 物乞いという営みの理論的説明を試みた先行研究は、それを匿名的関係性においてなされると前提して議論を蓄積してきた。しかし、この前提は人類学的研究をはじめとする経験的知見と矛盾する。先行研究は物乞いを「匿名的関係性において困窮性をアピールする営み」と「顔馴染みから支援を受けられる営み」とする二つの見解を提示したが、これらの接続作業は十分になされていない。 本稿はダルエスサラームの住民が一年以上に亘り同じ場所で行う物乞いに着目し、ここでみられる物乞―非物乞のやり取りを相互行為論的知見に照らして解釈することで、先行研究の溝を埋める作業に貢献する。本稿の分析から、常に相手を適切に尊重した所作を返すことで出会った相手との関係性をより友好的なもの、つまり、より継続可能なものへと維持または変化させる営みとしての物乞いの側面が明らかとなった。住民が継続的に行う物乞いとは、匿名的関係性を個別的なものに変化させ、その個別性の獲得によって、贈与が含まれる物乞いという営みの継続可能性を高めていくような、具体的文脈に即した個別的な相互行為の集積である。
著者
金 政芸
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.3, pp.57-73, 2015-02-28 (Released:2019-05-24)
参考文献数
26

In this paper, I statistically research the effects of diversity and intimacy in social relationships on tolerance toward foreigners. To verify these effects, data from the Japanese General Social Survey conducted in 2008 (JGSS-2008) was used for analysis. I hypothesized that having diverse relationships with other people would increase tolerance toward foreigners, based on studies on generalized intergroup contact effects and other studies related to tolerance. Furthermore, I hypothesized that having intimate relationships with other people would increase tolerance toward foreigners, based on studies on the need to belong and Fromm’s study about the psychological origins of fascism. The results revealed that diversity in occupations and diversity of group affiliations, which were used to determine diversity on social relationships, have positive effects on tolerance toward foreigners. It was also found that closeness of relationships with friends, and the degree of satisfaction in relationships with family members, which are used to determine intimacy, have positive relations with tolerance toward foreigners even if they are controlled by diverse factors in relationships.
著者
後藤 吉彦
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.3, pp.93-108,189, 2006-02-28 (Released:2016-03-23)
参考文献数
35

The human "body" has been a subject of sociological study since the 1980s. Accordingly, the "Sociology of the Body" was founded as an individual field, and a number of scholarly works referring to the body have been produced. The importance of the Sociology of the Body, however, is continuously being questioned. Some critics suspect that the majority of the works in the field are only playing with the word "body," and therefore do not possess an academic significance. Others criticize that the works of the Sociology of the Body tend to deal only with "fashionable" topics such as tattooing and body-piercing, and have no interest in more serious topics such as pain, death, and disability. Is the Sociology of the Body, as the critics claim, really a meaningless field lacking in academic significance? Or, docs it have no consequence above trifling matters? In this paper, I argue against such criticisms by proposing a prospect of the Sociology of the Body. This prospect consists of discussions on the subject of human "vulnerability," which are related to the issue of human rights, universality of physical pain, and "planetary" humanism. These discussions have a very unique and vital significance since they endeavor to construct a bold but thoughtful cosmopolitan theory, which is required in the contemporary society where dogmatic relativism thrives.
著者
笹部 建
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.2, pp.83-100, 2018-10-01 (Released:2021-07-10)
参考文献数
29

本稿の目的は、「文化人」と呼ばれる人々を知識社会学的に捉えることである。「文化人」は、単なる有名人とも知識人とも異なる。また、「文化人」は様々にその実践と評価を変容させる。この変容過程と、その後の再評価を通時的に分析するため、本稿では戦後における代表的な「文化人」である寺山修司のふるまいとその評価を対象に概念分析を行った。 結果として、以下の三点が明らかとなった。(1)寺山は初期において詩歌句のジャンルで活躍し、その後マスメディアの中で有名になっていったが、その時点では「文化人」ではなかった。(2)一九七〇年代以降、寺山はアングラ演劇の活動を通して世界的な評価を受け「文化人」となるが、その後国内のマスメディアから揶揄の対象とされていった。(3)死後において寺山は他の「文化人」のふるまいの対象となり、記念館や学会の設立を通して象徴化され、社会的な資源として再利用された。 これらの点から、寺山はマスメディアから距離を取ることで「文化人」となり、死後においては様々な評価の変遷を辿ったことがわかった。このプロセスは、「文化人」における実践と社会的知識の相互作用と、その後の再解釈といった一連の変容であり、I・ハッキングが述べる「ループ効果」だと考えられる。このループ効果によって、人々は「文化人」のふるまいを認識し、また「文化人」もそれを踏まえてふるまいを修正するのであり、さらに死後においてもループ効果は継続することで「文化人」はリサイクルされる。戦後社会におけるマスメディアの発達に伴って活躍した寺山は、その活動と評価の変遷、そして事後的な再解釈を受ける「文化人」の典型であった。
著者
須永 将史
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.3, pp.117-132, 2016-02-01 (Released:2020-06-20)
参考文献数
37

本論文では、日本におけるgenderの使用の歴史的解明を試みる。日本でgenderが使用されるようになってきた 三十年という期間の間に、どのような使用の変遷を経て、現在の用法へたどり着いたのか、その筋道を明らかにする。 具体的には、上記の二つの特徴、すなわちどのようにセックス/ジェンダーが成立したか、そしてどのように genderは、「ジェンダー」として複数の用法をになわされるようになってきたか、という問いに焦点をしぼって分析を進める。扱う文献の領域はフェミニズム、ジェンダー論にとどまらず、genderが初めて使用された性科学や、genderの普及に貢献した人文社会思想などの領域も含める。 第一節では、一九七〇年代と八〇年代のフェミニズム・女性学におけるgenderの使用を検討する。ここではsexとgenderがどのように翻訳されたのかを問題とする。 第二節では、八〇年代前期のIvan Illichの思想とその流入がもたらしたエコフェミ論争を検討し、それがもたらした片仮名表記の「ジェンダー」の普及を考察する。当時流行したIllichやIllich派と言われる論者たちのgenderを、「社会においてあるべき男女の関係性」と定義していたことを指摘する。 第三節では、八〇年代後期の日本初の性科学の確立を試みた黒柳俊恭のgenderの用法を検討する。同時に、「個人が自分の性別をどう感じるか」という黒柳のgenderの定義が、gender概念の創始者であるJohn MoneyよりもRobert Stollerのそれに近いものであることを指摘する。
著者
雪村 まゆみ
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.1, pp.87-102,155, 2007

In recent years, commercial animated films have been produced in large quantities through a specialized production system. However, in the early days of making animations, only a limited number of cartoonists were engaged in producing animated films on a small scale and as a secondjob. Through an analysis of interviews, as well as articles appearing in movie magazines between 1928 and 1945 (with a collection of notes written by animators), the present study aims at clarifying the relationship between the war and animation by considering the purposes and subjects of animated films, and the process whereby the actual production system was established for animation-making. Special attention is given to clarifying the birth of the animator as a professional, which made the production system possible. The results of my investigation show that in pre-war Japan - just as in the case of other traditional arts or jobs - animation production took place within a simple apprenticeship system. In wartime Japan, the military press officer Tadao Yoneyama realized the efficiency of animated films in enhancing the appeal among the common people of National Mobilization and the idea of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, by eliminating a sort of language barrier. The military thus produced numerous animated films with a propaganda purpose. As a result, the basis of the current production system was established. Numerous animated films were created to help in military training, such as aircraft maneuvers and bomb release. Since animation-making for this purpose requires a high degree of technical knowledge, animators were no longer simple cartoonists but rather experts who knew how to draw animation figures according to the movement of objects. In this way, the actual production system established by the military meant that animation was connected with the state, and institutionalized. This paper also suggests the aspect of media whereby animation films are used for a national policy.
著者
猿谷 弘江
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.3, pp.21-38, 2016-02-01 (Released:2020-06-20)
参考文献数
32

従来、社会運動研究は、資源動員論や政治的機会構造論に代表されるように、運動が﹁成功﹂する要因を分析することを主眼としてきた。これらの理論が前提とするのは、運動が資源や機会など何かしらを共有することによって生成するというものである。本稿は、運動の内部におけるアクター間の闘争や対立に着目し、これらが運動のプロセス、並びに運動全般の盛衰に影響を与えることを論じる。本稿は特にピエール・ブルデューによるフィールド︵界︶の理論を援用し、事例として一九六〇年の日米安保条約改定に際して生じた反対運動︵安保闘争︶を分析する。安保闘争は、戦後最大の社会運動となったにもかかわらず、社会学の理論に基づいた分析は、これまでごく限られたものとなっている。 本稿の研究では、文献調査に加え、当時運動に参加した人物へのインタビューを行った。調査の結果、安保闘争は一つの運動であったというよりもむしろ、それ以前に個別に形成された各種の運動のフィールドが、同一の物理的空間で一時的に交差した事象といえるものであることが明らかになった。本稿では特に、学生と労働者による運動を取りあげ、これらが安保闘争以前に既に個別の、かつ相互に排他的な運動のフィールドを形成していたこと、従って特定の運動のフィールドの参与者が、他の運動のフィールドに参加することは困難であったことを明らかにした。加えて、各運動のフィールドの参与者は、フィールド外の闘争よりも、当該のフィールド内での闘争に関心を向けており、安保闘争は、そうしたフィールド内の闘争のための運動となった側面があったことを明らかにした。 本稿は、フィールド理論を用いることにより、社会運動は集合行為でありながらも内部に不可避にコンフリクトを孕む点、同時にそのコンフリクトが、時に運動全般の発展をもたらす可能性もある点を示唆している。
著者
翁 和美
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.54, no.3, pp.37-54,176, 2010-02-28 (Released:2015-05-20)
参考文献数
9

The point of departure of this thesis lies in the “fact” that the management principles of S. nursing home, the first in Japan to specialize in patients suffering from dementia, aim to maintain the norms and values of daily life, which, together with the caregivers’ pattern-making practices, have led its residents to form ways of being, doing, and living similar to people without dementia. This thesis attempts to pursue and envisage a concrete pathway in the system of “mutual” recognition in S. nursing home between caregivers and residents in the broader socio-political context in Japan. Notwithstanding the transformations of the new method in the regimes of care-giving and being cared for in modern industrial societies regarding people with dementia, notably in its shift from medicalization (the “disease model”) to person-centered care (the “relational model”), we find in S. nursing home in addition that there are cognitive adjustments relative to both models and also relative to the “common” elements in the conduct of daily life that help caregivers to change their interpretations of people with dementia and to recognise them as being similar to themselves, tied to “common sense” and narrative unity in age, yet also as being “communicable” partners. In the conduct of daily life: getting up in the morning, cooking, eating, and sleeping at night - caregivers (people without dementia) are no different from people with dementia. While the “disease model” underlies caregivers’ acceptance of patients, cognitive adjustments relative to these “common” elements endorse caregivers’ sympathy for residents (patients), which, although one-sided, complete the “relational model” as the caregivers’ primary mode of operation at S. nursing home. Three key concerns may greatly enrich not only academic studies of people with dementia, but also the various regimes of care-giving and being cared for in modern industrial societies. They constitute the conditions necessary to realise a “mutual” cognition between nursing home caregivers and residents with dementia. First, the malleable qualities of a public location (the nursing home): conditions similar to a home-like atmosphere enable nursing home caregivers to forge ties through situational cognition. Second, caregivers’ pattern-making practices under the conditions of the first mode make it possible to refer to a “common” element in both people with dementia and those without: the most basic determination of people struggling to cope with their own life events, such as dementia, and improving their circumstances through their own intention and will. Lastly, the requirement that the “relational model” affiliate with the “disease model” allows nursing home caregivers to take advantage of chances of communication with people with dementia, resulting in depathologisation. Although both are one-sided, the cognitive adjustments relative to both the “disease model,” as caregivers’ full acceptance of people with dementia, and the “relational model,” as caregivers’ primary mode of operation, are necessary for “mutual” recognition between caregivers and people with dementia to take place.
著者
松岡 瑛理
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.3, pp.59-76, 2016

<p>本稿の目的は二〇一三年以降、在日韓国・朝鮮人へと向けられるヘイトスピーチに対抗して起こった「カウンター」と呼ばれる抗議活動のなかの帰化者(日本国籍を取得した元在日)やダブル(日本人と在日を両親に持つ人々)が運動参加へと至った回路を提示することだ。 在日韓国・朝鮮人の反差別運動はこれまで国籍や氏名などの民族的要素を持った参加者が、日本社会から押しつけられる否定的イメージを肯定的イメージへと政治的に是正するアイデンティティ・ポリティクス(IP)の戦略にもとづいていた。しかし筆者が行った調査では、九〇年代以降増加の一途を辿る帰化者やダブルは属性ゆえに在日社会の境界に置かれ、IP型運動から離脱する傾向が強いことがわかっている。 一方でカウンター活動に参加する帰化者・ダブルへのインタビューから、運動離脱者との共通点・相違点が明らかになった。IP型運動への反発という点では共通しつつも、活動参加者らは日本社会で受けた差別経験から、出自への蔑視をより強く認識する傾向にある。さらに、活動における役割分担は機能的で、属性を問わない。出自を問う代わりに対ヘイトスピーチ活動に専念できることが、参加継続のサイクルを生んでいた。以上のように、本稿ではマジョリティ/マイノリティという二項対立にもとづき反レイシズム運動を分類する先行研究に対し、属性を越えて参加者がゆるやかに統合される新たな運動枠組みの可能性を提示した。</p>
著者
赤上 裕幸
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.56, no.3, pp.35-50,188, 2012-02-29 (Released:2015-05-13)
参考文献数
55
被引用文献数
1

The purpose of this study is to explain how film was expected to take the place of print media when it emerged as a new media form in the 1920s and 30s. Recently, many people have proclaimed the imminent arrival of post-print culture due advances in information technology (e.g. e-books). It is not first time, however, for the Gutenberg galaxy (print media) to be in a crisis. In the 20s and 30s, media systems dramatically changed. For example, the publication of Enpon (1926) and the Iwanami-Bunko pocket-sized edition (1927) easily and cheaply spread information. Facing these changes in media and knowledge acquisition, some people hoped and believed that films, which had great influence on the public, would supersede print culture. They asserted that print culture had produced many elitists full of abstract notions that had nothing to do with real life. In particular, supporters of the post-print theory predicted that film could integrate enlightenment and entertainment. In other words, films as entertainment were expected to easily raise public cultural awareness. This is the central problem of the post-print theory, from which we can learn a lesson for the future. As the technology of visual media such as e-books, YouTube video and 3Dscreens becomes more sophisticated, it is more and more important for visual culture to perform an archaeology of post-print media.
著者
竹下 修子
出版者
学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45, no.2, pp.55-68,179, 2000

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the marital satisfaction of religious intermarriage couples and two aspects: the wives' adaptability to Islamic way of life and the connection with their relatives. The wives' adaptability to Islamic way of life contains her worship, Ramadan, diet and veil. The connection with their relatives includes opposition to their marriage from the wife's parents, opposition to their marriage from the husband's parents, the wife's parents' acceptability to Islamic way of life, the wife's attendance at Buddhist funerals and the wife's displeasure at her husband's aid to his relatives.<br> The data was obtained through a survey which I conducted from October to November in 1999. The subjects of the survey were 61 religious intermarriage couples (foreign Muslim and Japanese women) living in Japan.<br> According to the result of multiple regression analysis, when a wife worships 5 times a day, the couple's marital satisfaction is higher than when a wife doesn't worship. Also, when a wife always wears a veil, the couple's marital satisfaction is higher than when a wife doesn't wear a veil. Both the wives' worship and veils are connected with the husbands' marital satisfaction more than the wives'. It means that the wives' adaptability to Islamic way of life is more important to the husbands. Furthermore, when a wife feels displeasure at her husband's aid to his relatives, the couple's marital satisfaction is lowered. It means that when a wife doesn't feel displeasure at her husband's support to his relatives, she understands Islamic principle, and is considerate to her husband and her in-laws.
著者
岸 政彦
出版者
学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.41, no.2, pp.37-53,138, 1996

The purpose of this paper is to argue how labeling and learning of a social agent are generated and function within the situation of interaction. The agents inevitably participate in the given communities in which diverse interactions occur, and every interaction is a kind of game including specific interest and honor rather than a mere interchange of symbols. We must acquire practical knowledge and skill in order to carry out the game.<br> To acquire the practical knowledge and skill is to acquire the matrix of activity and cognition that mediates between several action and social order. Every social activity has its specific function by which each agent is related to the broader social structure and its reproduction. More precisely, as J. Lave pointed out, through the process of participation in on-going collective practice in which a learner gradually becomes an expert, the specific modes of representation and activity are to be reproduced. Therefore we can place the process of learning in the very center of the process of reproduction of social order. Furthermore, labeling process is the most important factor on the process of learning and perticipation in a given community. Labeling functions as a "screening" and a phisical enviroment of learning.<br> I worked as a construction laborer for two months to observe practical learning and "how to become and live as a manual worker". I will examine the structure and distribution of work, the task and problem a worker must solve, the practical and flexible ways of instruction, and the process of labeling.
著者
芦田 裕介
出版者
社会学研究会
雑誌
ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.2, pp.75-91, 2014-10-31 (Released:2019-05-24)
参考文献数
25

Though various measures for gender equality have been taken in Japanese ural society since the 1990s, gender asymmetry still remains. Gender division of abor in family farming is one of the important issues for gender equality in rural ociety. Generally, male farmers use agricultural machinery and female farmers ngage in subsidiary work in family farming. Though the connection between gricultural machinery and masculinity are the main factors of gender division f labor in previous studies, other factors are focused on in this study. I focus n power relations in farm family, relationships among farmers in villages, and elationships between farmers and agricultural machinery companies. Intentions nd behaviors of farmers, especially male farmers, in their agricultural labor re described and analyzed. I conducted fieldwork in Kojo Village, Okayama ity, Okayama Prefecture and interviewed farmers and agricultural machinery alesmen at JA (Japan Agricultural Cooperative) about agricultural mechanization nd the change of farm labor. The use of agricultural machinery reflects a male-dominated system in arm families and relationships among farmers in villages. As a result, male armers mainly use agricultural machinery and female farmers purposely avoidgricultural machinery. Agricultural machinery companies develop and diffuse gricultural machinery in a manner that reflects those relationships, and gender elations in family farming are reproduced. These factors maintain gender division f labor in family farming. Gender division of labor penalizes men and women in arm family. Agricultural machinery originally retains the potential to change gender elations, but in order for it to exert it’s potential, it is necessary to recognize arious relations, particularly those related to gender and power, that are ncorporated into technologies.