著者

子安 ひかり 永澤 美保

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.69.2.3, (Released:2019-07-18)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

4 5

---

For animals living in groups such as some primates including humans and wolves, it is important to recognize the gaze of others and change their behavior accordingly. Dogs, which have a common ancestor with wolves, gained the ability to read human's gaze even though they are different species in the process of domestication. Although cats are originally solitary animals, cats sharing their living space with humans are frequently observed in modern days. Recent study showed that cats are likely to be able to detect the human gaze directed to themselves. In this study, we examined whether cats are able to recognize the human gaze and whether to change their behavior according to it. We investigated whether cats show different behaviors depending on the direction of the human gaze. As a result, when humans looked at the cats, the time which the cats looked back at the humans was shorter, regardless of familiarity and distance with the humans and the social situation. Also, when humans look at cats when the distance between individuals is short, the eyeblink frequency of cats increases. From these facts, it was shown that cats could recognize directedgaze from humans and change their behavior accordingly.

著者

永山 博通 小出 剛

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.69.1.13, (Released:2019-11-29)

参考文献数

37

---

Social behavior is a conspecific interaction and plays an important role in the survival of animals. In contrast, while heterospecific interaction largely refers to predator ― prey interaction, occasional instances of cooperative behavior can be found, for example, the interaction between domesticated animals and humans. Domestication involves breeding animals for generations to familiarize them with humans without fear. A major behavioral characteristic of domesticated animals is tameness which is divided into two categories. One is reluctant to avoid humans (passive tameness) and the other actively approaches humans (active tameness). Until now, however, little is known about the genetic, behavioral and neurological basis of these two categories of tameness. Here, we briefly review genetic and neurological research on tameness. Next, we explore the relationship between tameness and social cognitive skills of domesticated animals, such as dogs. Finally, we discuss the possibility of the same brain regions being used in both conspecific and heterospecific interactions.

著者

宮崎 雅雄 上野山 怜子

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.39-44, 2022 (Released:2022-12-16)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

---

The domestic cat is a very popular companion animal. However, there is very little work focusing on cat-specific physiology and behavior. In this review, we introduce our studies uncovering scent signals for species- and sex-recognition and the behavioral significance of the silver vine response in cats. Cat urine emits a specific catty smell. Our chemical analysis identified a sulfur-containing volatile organic compound, 3-mercapto-3-methyl-1-butanol, that is detectable in the urine of cats but not of dogs and humans. In addition, its level varies between sexes; its level is markedly higher in intact males than in castrated males or females. These indicate that the sulfur-containing compound is a urinary scent signal involved in species- and sex-recognition in cats. The other characteristic in cats is the behavioral response to silver vine, which comprises licking and chewing the plants, rubbing against the plants, and rolling over on the plants. Previous studies identified some bioactive compounds designated as matatabilactones from the plants, but little is known about why cats do the response to the plants. Our analyses found that nepetalactol which was missed in the plants is a potent bioactive compound for the response and stimulates the μ-opioid system which is responsible for the euphoria in humans. Nepetalactol has the repellent activity of pest insects such as mosquitoes. The rubbing and rolling responses to the plants transfer nepetalactol onto the feline fur that repels mosquitoes. The licking and chewing of the plants changes not only emission levels of nepetalactol and matatabilactones but also their contents which increase bioactivities toward cats and mosquitoes. These findings improve our understanding of the species-specific physiology and behavior in cats.

著者

谷内 通 増山 崇

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.72.2.1, (Released:2022-11-28)

参考文献数

33

---

The present study examined long-term retention of learning of single alternate reward series in rats. Rats were given seven trials in a straight runway daily. During acquisition training of 16 days, Group SA (single alternate) received a series of seven trials of RNRNRNR (R: reward, N: non-reward) daily, whereas Group RD (random) was given presentation of either of RNRNNRR, RNNRRNR, RRNNRNR, or RRNRNNR in blocks of four days. After retention interval of 23 days, both groups were trained with a single alternate series of RNRNRNR as a test for 16 days. Anticipation of reward events in the series was indexed by slower running in non-rewarded trials than in rewarded trials. Although differentiation in running speed between rewarded and non-rewarded runs was not evident at the end of the acquisition training, Group SA developed reward-anticipation performance significantly faster than Group RD during the test. The results suggest that rats can retain learning of the single alternate series for a long period.

著者

山崎 由美子

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.107-137, 1999-12-25 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

125

被引用文献数

7 4

---

The purpose of this paper is to review the researches on stimulus equivalence in nonhuman animals, based on the formulation by Sidman. Among the behavioral properties that he proposed as essential elements of stimulus equivalence, “reflexivity” has been confirmed in various species, and the evidence of “transitivity” has also been obtained in pigeons. However, “symmetry” seems much more difficult to be formed, and specifically, “equivalence” was shown only in a sea lion. On the other hand, stimulus equivalence also has been examined using procedures other than traditional conditional discrimination, or by many-to-one (MTO) matching-to-sample and Pavlovian conditioning. Recently, positive evidence was obtained in budgerigars, based on the interpretation that behavior, in addition to stimulus, should be included as a member of an equivalence class. These new approaches in research have suggested that equivalence may not be a behavioral ability that enables us to use language, but a basic cognitive function common to other animals. This proposition, indicating that equivalence is apt for comparative study, implies that the conventional research methods should be reexamined.

著者

渡邊 正孝

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.131-139, 2011 (Released:2011-12-19)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

---

Recent human neuroimaging studies indicate that by using fMRI we can “see” what people are thinking. In animals, we can more accurately see what the animal has in mind by using invasive methods that cannot be used in human subjects. Here I introduce experimental studies where single neuronal activities were examined in the monkey prefrontal cortex in relation to working memory and reward expectancy. We found that by monitoring the neuronal activity while the animal is waiting for the next event, we can see what the monkey is retaining or expecting in mind. Human neuroimaging studies have well documented “default mode of brain activity”, which is higher activity during the resting state than during cognitively demanding task, and is concerned with internal thought processes, in the medial prefrontal and medial parietal areas. In our PET study, we also found higher activity during rest in these medial cortical areas of the monkey. The result suggests that there are primitive-level internal thought processes in the monkey.

著者

瀧本 彩加

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.1-9, 2015 (Released:2015-06-13)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

4

---

Prosocial behaviors have been considered a hallmark of humans in the past. However, accumulating experimental data in comparative cognitive science have revealed that nonhuman animals also show prosocial behaviors. Nevertheless, its evolutionary path has remained unclear despite a great deal of recent research effort. In this paper, I first review experimental studies on prosocial behaviors in nonhuman primates, by focusing on the influences of request behavior and social closeness. Then, I evaluate some factors that have been thought to play an important role in facilitating the convergent evolution of prosocial behaviors (inequity aversion, interdependence, tolerance) based on experimental data. I finally propose some possible future studies to explore the evolutionary path of prosocial behaviors, by referring to the previously discussed psychological mechanism that seems to support nonhuman primates’ prosocial behaviors (Yamamoto & Takimoto, 2012).

著者

村山 未来 永澤 美保 片山 真希 池田 和司 久保 孝富 山川 俊貴 藤原 幸一 菊水 健史

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.15-18, 2020

被引用文献数

1

---

<p>Heart rate variability (HRV) is a physical and noninvasive index of the autonomic nervous system and has been used in a wide range of fields such as human medicine, veterinary and animal behavior. Measuring devices have been improved miniaturization and light-weighting and they make it possible to measure a dog's electrocardiogram (ECG) under a free moving condition. HRV has been known as an index not only of physical activity but also to evaluate an animal's emotional status. One concern is a difficulty in dissociating physical activity and emotional status in HRV parameters. In this study, we examined how the physical activity component and the emotional component affect in HRV. We measured HRV and acceleration of the dogs under two conditions, the physical activity (motion) condition and the reward condition where food treats were emotional stimuli and under the motion condition. As a result, a dog's HRV values were linearly regressed on the acceleration data. SDNN (Standard Deviation of NN intervals) affected by the composite acceleration in reward condition while rMSSD (root Mean Square of Successive Differences) affected in motion condition. These suggested that the physical activity and HRV indices distribute on regression lines and emotional stimuli influences each HRV indices differently.</p>

著者

山田 弘司

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.41-47, 2012 (Released:2012-07-27)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1

---

This study surveys dairy farmers' ways of raising, sense of animal welfare, and emotional impressions on their cows, and discusses their personification to livestock in contrast with that to companion animals. The farmers have professional knowledge and skills to feed and handle the cows. They get a living from keeping cows, considering the cost and benefit. This economy-based view sometimes leads to the desertion of treatment on disordered livestock. Companion animal owners usually keep their animals with no such economy-based but emotion-based view. Farmers' “employer-employee” relationship to their cows would interfere with the personification attitudes. This author compared the attitudes of 187 dairy farmers and 218 collage students, reveals the dairy farmers show more sensitivity to animal welfare and more favorable impression and stronger personification, such as “child-like” and “family-like” views. Thus emotion-based attitudes and the personification would be caused in any situations with human-animal interactions, regardless of the roles and the professional knowledge of animals. As a calming effect of handling for experimental animals and decreased escape distance on intimately reared cows show, animals interacted with human also have the emotion-based affection or emotional bond.

著者

佐藤 綾

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.1, pp.89-97, 2018 (Released:2018-06-27)

参考文献数

49

---

The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a polyandrous livebearing fish, is a model organism in the study of sexual selection. This species exhibits sexual dimorphism, such as male body coloration (orange, black, or iridescence color spots). Although there is evidence of a preference for colorful males in female mate choice, a wide variation in male color patterns is found even in a population. Recently, there has been an increase in studies examining the postcopulatory processes involved in sperm competition and cryptic female choice in this species. If male traits that favor sperm competition and/or cryptic female choice correspond with traits preferred in female mate choice, then postcopulatory processes will reinforce the selection to colorful males. In contrast, if males with traits preferred by females are not favored by sperm competition and/or cryptic female choice, then postcopulatory processes will weaken the selection to colorful males. In this paper, I review studies of the relationships between male guppy coloration and female mate choice, sperm competition, and cryptic female choice, and discuss the possible factors that maintain the variation in male coloration.

著者

竹下 秀子

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.19-29, 2013 (Released:2013-07-31)

参考文献数

47

---

I first discuss the developmental and evolutionary implications of the temporal reorganization of individual development in human infants, which have resulted in unique human characteristics during early development and child rearing, for example, (1) the large size of neonates, (2) “trade-off” in mother-infant interaction, (3) self-contact behaviors, (4) various manipulations of objects, and (5) emergence of “childhood” and caregiving by multiple caregivers. I also discuss the results of our recent study on human and chimpanzee fetuses by using three-dimensional ultrasonography; this study showed that the growth velocity of the brain volumes of chimpanzee fetuses does not accelerate during late pregnancy, whereas that of human fetuses does accelerate through late pregnancy. Additional analysis and findings show that the timing of cessation in the increase of growth velocity of brain volume among species is crucial to clarify how much earlier infants are born and how retarded is the development of their postural reactions. Previously accumulated data suggest that further verification of temporally modified growth and development among species will help understand the effect of individual development on the evolution of human behavior.

著者

後藤 和宏 牛谷 智一

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.77-85, 2008 (Released:2008-06-27)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

---

The purpose of this article was to address issues on what the role of species comparison is for the studies of animal psychology. Whereas some people think that the comparison has a critical role in their approaches, others do not. We classify these two groups of people as evolutionists and generalists, respectively. In the evolutionary approach, different species are compared to examine correlations between specific selective pressures (such as caching food) and cognitive abilities (such as spatial learning) in animals. In contrast, different species of animals are compared to examine universal principles of learning in the generalist approach. Although the generalists' ideas of the “universal” principles of learning provide parsimonious explanations of animals' behavior, they tend to underestimate influences of selective pressures on learning and cognition. We therefore propose a new framework for the study of animal learning and cognition; it is based on the evolutionary approach and examines ultimate causes of diversities of learning and cognition but includes ideas of generalists' approaches to explain proximate causes.

著者

Keiichiro TSUJI Kiyoshi ISHII Takashi MATSUO Kazuaki KAWANO

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.1-18, 1999-06-20 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

5 7

---

The house musk shrew Suncus murinus has successfully been domesticated for laboratory use both in the United States and Japan. Animals of this species have been found to be useful for behavioural studies in comparative psychology and the related fields. This article dealt with basic characteristics, ecological modes, maintenance of laboratory shrews, basic patterns of behaviour, and assessment of the species as a laboratory animal for behavioural studies. Basic characteristics covered phylogenetic status, morphology, growth, sensory functions, and motor functions. Although its ecology has not yet b en systematically investigated due to the difficulties for observing animals in the wild, some findings on the seasonal and locational variations of the population density in its natural habitat were obtained on the basis of the result of trapping. Keeping and breeding the already domesticated animals in an artificial environment as well as domesticating wild-originating animals were described. Characteristics of the caravaning behaviour were mentioned in relation to its sensitive period, its formation patterns, and development of the sensory and motor functions. Those findings were discussed in connection with its adaptive significance. Also, characteristics of the reproductive behaviour were represented. Behavioural interaction between sexes is expected to determine mating outcome, since the female is an induced ovulator, having no ovarian, vaginal, or behavioural oestrus cycle. Sequential pattern of the behaviour was described with reference to the male's pacifying behaviours and the postejaculatory attack towards the partner female. Together with those two observations, the activity rhythm, aggressive and learning behaviours were mentioned. Lastly, this species was assessed as a laboratory animal for behavioural studies.

著者

入江 尚子

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.1-7, 2010 (Released:2010-06-25)

参考文献数

36

---

Cognitive abilities of elephants had not been studied so much until recently despite many anecdotal evidence of their enormous potentialities. But today, more and more researchers are becoming interested in studying their cognition, especially their general intelligence, memory, and numerical cognition. Genetically elephants are more closely related to the small-brained aardvarks and manatees than to primates, but a few evidence indicate that their cognitive ability is comparable to that of apes. We aim to introduce series of recent work on elephants and some suggestions for future studies. Especially, we would like to point out the importance of studying their cognition from the point of view of field of human language evolution and animal welfare in captivity.

著者

小山 高正

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.255-259, 2000-12-25 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

10

著者

松本 正幸

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.1-6, 2013 (Released:2013-07-31)

参考文献数

34

---

Midbrain dopamine neurons are key components of the brain’s reward system. These neurons are excited by reward and sensory stimuli predicting reward, while they are inhibited by reward omission. These excitatory and inhibitory responses have been shown to play important roles in reward learning and positive motivation. However, it was unknown which parts of the brain provide dopamine neurons with reward-related signals necessary for their responses. Recent studies showed evidence that the lateral habenula, part of the structure called the epithalamus, is a good candidate for a source of reward-related signals in dopamine neurons. The lateral habenula projects to midbrain structures such as the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area which contain dopamine neurons. Electrical stimulation of the lateral habenula inhibits dopamine neuron activity. Neurons in the lateral habenula also encode reward-related signals but in an opposite manner to dopamine neurons (i.e., they are inhibited by reward and sensory stimuli predicting reward, and excited by reward omission). These findings suggest that the lateral habenula transmits reward-related signals to dopamine neurons by inhibiting them.

著者

山本 知里

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.175-186, 2019 (Released:2019-12-18)

参考文献数

82

---

Social intelligence hypotheses propose that complex socialization drives cognitive ability, which animals use to solve the problems associated with complex societies. However, studies of social intelligence have, so far, been limited to a few species, and further studies are needed to discuss "why" social intelligence has evolved in species that have adapted to various environments. Bottlenose dolphins are thought to have complex social systems and cognitive abilities. The evolution of their social intelligence in underwater environments is very different from that of terrestrial animals such as humans and apes. In this paper, we review several social intelligence studies of wild and captive bottlenose dolphins that encompass social interactions ― including affiliative, agonistic interactions and post-conflict affiliations ― and cognitive abilities ― including cooperation, prosocial behavior and joint attention. We also discuss further scope for research on the social intelligence of dolphins.

著者

高岡 祥子 森崎 礼子 藤田 和生

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.123-130, 2013 (Released:2013-12-17)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

3 3

---

Previous studies suggest that nonhuman animals form concepts that integrate information from multiple sensory modalities such as vision and audition. For instance, Adachi, Kuwahata, and Fujita (2007) demonstrated that dogs form auditory-visual cross-modal representation of their owner. However, whether such multi-modal concepts would expand to more abstract, or collective, ones remains unknown. To answer the question, we tested whether dogs were sensitive to congruence of human genders suggested by the voice and the face of an unfamiliar person. We showed to the dogs a photograph of a male or female human face on the monitor after playing a voice of a person either matching or mismatching in gender. Dogs looked at the photograph for longer duration when the auditory stimuli were incongruent than when they were congruent; that is, expectancy violation was suggested. This result suggests that dogs spontaneously associate auditory and visual information to form a cross-modal concept of human gender. This is the first report showing that cross-modal representation in nonhuman animals expands to an abstract social category.

著者

高岡 祥子

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.0907110054, (Released:2009-07-17)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Recent researches have shown that dogs (Canis familiaris) possess a number of social cognitive abilities and communicate with humans in unique ways. Several researches suggest that dogs do not only use the overt features of humans (e.g., pointing, gaze) to find a hidden food in an object choice task, but also recognize the covert aspects of humans (e.g., knowledge) to predict the actions of them. This paper reviews evidence showing such excellent social cognition in dogs. Several comparisons between wolves and dogs suggest that human-like social skills by dogs have evolved as a by-product of domestication. Besides, some researchers argue the possibility of acquisition of similar social skills between dogs and humans through convergent cognitive evolution, which enabled them to communicate. The study of social cognitive skills in dogs will broaden our understanding of comparative social cognition.

著者

森崎 礼子 高岡 祥子 藤田 和生

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, 2008-12-25