著者

伊藤 陽一

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.51, pp.18-33, 266, 1997-07-31

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This article reviews major theories and empirical findings regarding the international flows of information and culture. Specifically, it covers "gravity-integration theories, " and media/cultural imperialism theories as "grand theories, " and empirical research on the patterns and determinant factors of international flows of (news) information and (mass and quality) cultures as "middle-range theories." After reviewing many theories and introducing his own survey results, the author concludes as follows: If we see the patters of international flows of information and culture from the center-periphery viewpoint, Japan seems to belong to the "center" as far as the flows of news and popular culture are concerned, but it is still one of peripheral countries when viewed from the flows of quality (or basic) cultures.

著者

林 香里

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.58, pp.109-125, 223, 2001-01-31

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The Commission on Freedom of the Press published its report, entitled A Free and Responsible Press, in 1947.The report was highly critical of the way in which the press exercised its freedom and urged, among other things, that public rights prevail over private rights in construing freedom of the press and that government should help create a model for the private press.This report, later developed as the social responsibility theory of the press, became a staple in postwar media studies around the globe.This essay reviews its plausibility in the contemporary media environment after it surveys the analyses and critiques of the report in the past.

著者

小笠原 盛浩

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.81, pp.87-104, 2012-07-31

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This study into the Japanese blogosphere examined the sources used by Japanese A-list political blogs, the sources' influence on the attitude of the A-list bloggers, and the influence of A-list blogs on the attitude of other bloggers. A content analysis of 47 A-list political blogs during Japan's 2007 Upper House election campaign found that A-list blogs considerably depended on mainstream media as sources. 44.8% of these mainstreams sources were accounted for by newspapers, with online news making up another 39.3%. The analysis also found upon an examination of opinions regarding the Liberal Democratic Party that few news items in mainstream media expressed political opinions, whereas most blog items did. The low degree of coincidence between the political opinions of A-list blogs and those in mainstream media suggests there was no influence from these sources on the attitude of A-list bloggers. On the other hand, there was a statistically significant coincidence between the political opinions of A-list blogs and the ones of blogs that cited A-list blogs. Nevertheless, this importance of this coincidence should not be over-emphasized, as the majority of blogs analyzed expressed negative opinions regarding the Liberal Democratic Party in any case.

著者

伊藤 守

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.55, pp.110-130, 1999-07-31

著者

茨木 正治

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.83, pp.165-166, 2013-07-31

著者

赤木 孝次

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.81, pp.195-196, 2012-07-31

著者

山田 晴通

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.50, pp.16-23, 237, 1997-01-31

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Chiiki, tentatively rendered as"local community", has been an important keyword in the development of empirical communication studies in Japan. Since 1970s on, Chiiki Media ron, or"community media studies" has deliberately established the concept of chiiki Media, or"ccommunity media", as a sort of mass media with their readers/audience sharing the common experience of their geographical space. Those community media, often more public in their nature than merely being profit-seeking businesses, have been viewed and discussed from localistic perspectives. During 1980s, however, community media were often more commonly speculated from universal viewpoint of industrialism, in the framework of national governments' Chiiki Joho-ka, or"community informationization" policies, which promoted diffusion of various types of newly invented communication media. Recent academic discussion tends to emphasize the need of revisiting, renewing, and revitalizing localistic perspectives.

著者

鈴木 麻記

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.88, pp.117-136, 2016-01-31

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This paper aims to reinterpret the activities of the Manga Artists' Association, the Tokyo-Manga-Kai, in terms of a movement attempting to improve the social position of manga, through a socio-historical consideration of the group's significance and limitations. This study seeks to overcome the limitations of conventional studies of manga history by avoiding the a priori assumption that "manga" was always a self-evident category. Rather, it aims to understand how it became possible for manga to be established as a cultural field and how artistic productions came to be consumed as manga. Additionally, the study aims to problematize these as historical phenomena in their own right. To clarify these points, this study focuses on an association of manga artists, rather than readers or the works themselves. Between the Meiji and Taisho periods, the referential category of "manga" encompassed a wide variety of representational forms, with only vague boundaries between manga and other representational media. To understand manga in contemporary terms as the category that oscillated between multiple boundaries, we need to question how manga artists had defined their own position by prioritizing their self-definition. Therefore, this study focuses on Japan's first association of manga artists, the Tokyo-Manga-Kai, and undertakes an analysis of the group's activities. The results of my analysis revealed that, in the Taisho period, without the establishment of manga as an autonomous and bounded field, manga artists were situated in a multi-layered and ambivalent position between the categories of art and journalism, and carried out various movements to define their position. While these movements may appear to have led to the promotion of manga and manga artists, they did not ultimately lead to the elimination of characteristic ambivalence.

著者

浅野 健一

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.86, pp.190-191, 2015-01-31

著者

伊藤 高史

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.44, pp.1-14, 190, 1994-03-25

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This paper focuses on the works of Luis Althusser, especially his early works such as Reading Capital and For Marx. Althusser is known as structural Marxist but his works contain various elements including psychoanalysis, epistemology, and linguistics. I reevaluate his early works from the viewpoints of mass communication study. What is most important in Althusser's work is that it shows the way of empirical analysis of"discourse". Therefore, to reevaluate Althusser is to make clear his way of analysing discourse, "symptom reading". Nowadays, the concept of discourse draws much attention from sociologists in various fields. Some structuralists and post-structuralists have explored a variety of techniques for the analysis of discourse. Althusser's method is the most important one among them. According to Tim Dant, sociological analysis of knowledge and ideology is possible through the empirical analysis of discourse. He explains the meaning of discourse in his Knowledge, Ideology and Discourse as follows. By discourse, he means"the material content of utterances exchanged in social contexts that are imbued with meaning by the intention of utterers and treated as meaningful by other participants."And"the meaning is a property of the structural feature."In the field of mass communication study, Althusser is known for his theory of ideology which is explored in his latter works. The Cultural Studies Group is deeply effected by his theory of ideology. Althusser viewed the ideology as a representation of the imaginary relationship of individuals with the real condition of their existence. However, in his latter works, discourse is explained only in terms of reproduction of class society. On the contrary, structuralists think that discourse has its inherent power which bind human recognition and act. Althusser's early works are examples which exposes such power in the realm of human recognition. And his contribution to mass media study is made clear when we understand his way of exposing such power through his discourse analysis.

著者

金平 茂紀

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.77, pp.77-104, 2010-07-31

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In the US, public opinion polls have steadily become a part of ordinary life. There is a wide variety of implementation systems for opinion polls, and they cover a wide range of issues. Increasingly, we can see the tendency in the US that conductors of opinion polls have been polarized or politically factionalized in parallel with the polarization of media. There is also a great division in the public about how they evaluate opinion polls. We can see some opinion polls in the US actually mislead the public. The fundamental cause of this misleading is the process of converting complicated realities into numerical data. Furthermore, we can point out that methodological and technical factors like bias in the process of sampling and data handling, misrepresentations by the media, and so on. The crux of the problem in the media is that in many cases opinion polls are manipulated to reinforce certain narratives. More importantly, we should think of the practical context in which the opinion poll that is currently being dealt with, will eventually be used. In Japan, we can see clear tendencies of Japanese the media to put a high priority on the approval rating for the Cabinet as the decisive factor when measuring the success of administration. In fact, opinion polls simply represent a particular outcome, and should not become the causes of that outcome. Some people in Japan are pointing out that we are facing the risk of reification of abstract figures by believing opinion polls too blindly. To avoid believing opinion polls blindly, we should carefully consider the limitations of opinion polls and think critically about their effects.

著者

吉田 文彦

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.68, pp.80-96, 2006-01-31

被引用文献数

2 3

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After describing the main features of TeX-Ray, the author reports the result of an experimental study performed to validate the data set which was generated by TeX-Ray from editorials of four major newspapers. The validation was performed by regressing the TeX-Ray-generated data set on poll support ratings for Koizumi cabinet, during the period from April, 2001 through September, 2004. The regression analysis demonstrated an existence of unusually strong systematic relationship between editorial treatments of the cabinet and the cabinet support ratings, strongly indicating that the TeX-Ray-generated data set was a valid one.

著者

鈴木 努

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.69, pp.2-21, 2006-07-31

被引用文献数

3

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It is said that the result of the general election 2005 was greatly affected by mass media's news coverage. In this paper I compare the editorials of the three major newspapers in Japan: Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun. Co-occurrence networks and centering resonance analysis are used to examine the features of the texts. Relevance, consistency and uniqueness are the most important elements that the media texts should have in order to be convincing with the readers. The elements are shown clearly and visually with some network analysis methods.

著者

高橋 徹

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.63, pp.54-71, 2003-07-31

著者

緒川 直人

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.82, pp.251-271, 2013-01-31

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This paper examines photo carte-shop customers' experience of buying photographs and the chain reaction mediated by such experience from the perspective of recipient analysis in the study of media history. The study's objective is to clarify the process through which photography became popular around the middle of the Meiji Era. An analysis of photo studio customer behavior was made through materials such as newspapers, diaries, photo albums and other resources. Photography was popularized by two phenomena. First was the communication enjoyed when seeing photographs displayed at photo carte-shops or seeing photographs at home, as well as the game of guessing who appeared in photographs. Second, there was the spread and chain behaviors of customer experience described in the photo collections and the writings on the history of photography by famous collector Gesshin Saito. His writing in Shashinkyo (History of Photo carte-shops) proposed a new historical perspective and method of the study of history of photographs in Japan.

著者

白戸 健一郎

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.82, pp.91-110, 2013-01-31

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This paper examines the historical processes of the radio broadcasting system of the Manchurian Telegraph and Telephone Company (MTTC), which was the only broadcasting company in Manchukuo, and clarifies how radio media was used to rule Manchukuo. In particular, this paper focuses on the difference between Channel One, which was mainly for Japanese residents broadcast in Japanese, and Channel Two, which was mainly for the Chinese in their own language. First of all, it was strongly anticipated that the radio enterprise of the MTTC would build a "Manchurian national identity." However, the MTTC had to apply a multilingual broadcasting policy, concentrate on the popularization of radio receivers and the establishment of a broadcasting institution. This was because the number of radio listeners in the Manchukuo was too low, there was not enough broadcasting equipment, and what existed was of poor quality. As such, the MTTC was unable to pay sufficient attention to programs aimed at integrating the Manchurian nation. As a result of prioritizing the popularizing of radio broadcasting, the broadcasting policies for Channels One and Two differed. Each channel mainly broadcasted programs which catered to their respective cultures. Their programs, which strongly reflected their cultural backgrounds, were broadcast even on important days like the foundation anniversary of Manchukuo. As a result, the radio system of the MTTC couldn't create a Manchurian national identity; however, it allowed many amateur and local artists living in north-eastern China to broadcast all over Manchukuo. Although the MTTC radio system failed to create the ideology of a Manchurian nation, it was able to create a means of cultural collaboration by serving the residents of the Manchukuo with a single radio system and by opening the stage of radio broadcasting for many amateur and local artists.

著者

八ッ橋 武明

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.48, pp.219-236, 280, 1996-01-31

被引用文献数

1

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This is a study of the penetration process of CATV, decision-making processes in successful and unsuccessful acceptance of it in families, and satisfaction with it. These were investigated by a survey in a CATV system area near Tokyo. This was the first attempt at such a survey, and several interesting findings were obtained. Observed decision-making processes leading to successful acceptance are strongly consensus-oriented. In the average CATV subscriber family, the number negative to acceptance was only seven percent. Presence of a negative opinion in a family were highly likely to lead to unsuccessful acceptance. These findings suggest that the attractiveness of CATV would be rather weak, in addition to a slightly high application cost for the average consumer. Customer satisfaction analysis shows that subscribers are divided into several groups sensitive to the different types of usefulness of CATV. These results suggest that different types of promotional paths of CATV would be effective.

著者

新藤 雄介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.86, pp.103-122, 2015-01-31

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This study aims to examine pamphlets when the Japanese translation of Das Kapital had yet to be completed, mainly in the 1920s, and reveal the way pamphlets changed their form, reached people such as workers and farmers, and made it possible to diffuse knowledge about Marxism and socialism in Japan. In 1915, New Society (Shin Shakai) edited by Toshihiko Sakai changed its name from Flower of Loofah (Hechima no Hana) and began running socialist articles. However, the police and Home Ministry considered New Society dangerous and often prohibited it from being published. On the other hand, the Home Ministry did not prohibit the study of socialism and Marxism. In 1919, Studies on Social Problems (Shakai Mondai Kenkyu) edited by Professor Hajime Kawakami, was able to run Marxist articles without sales being prohibited, because professors had the right to study freely. Therefore, by emulating Kawakami, Sakai and Hitoshi Yamakawa launched Studies on Socialism (Shakaishugi Kenkyu) as a study that featured articles about Marxism and it circumvented circulation from being prohibited. However, it was more important for Yamakawa to propagate socialism, which the police and Home Ministry banned. He produced the Wednesday Society pamphlets for people to understand socialism easily, because it was too difficult for ordinary people to study Marxism directly. He insisted on the need to popularize the social movement, and published Mechanism of Capitalism (Shihonshugi no Karakuri) as an easy-to-understand introductory guide to Das Kapital. This pamphlet changed its form according to its aim-from a lecture to a magazine and from a magazine to a pamphlet, for example-by having Japanese syllabic characters printed next to the Chinese characters to aid in the reading and adding subtitles. Mechanism of Capitalism spread in rural areas through the labor movement and agrarian disputes. People obtained their knowledge of socialism and Marxism mainly from these easy-to-read pamphlets, not Das Kapital, translated commentary on it, or magazines.

著者

新倉 貴仁

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.73, pp.79-96, 2008-07-31

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This article aims to reframe the relationship between nationalism and media. Previous research has approached this problem from within the regime of representation and lost the materiality of technology which allows nationalism to emerge. I reconsider the argument of Imagined Communities by Benedict Anderson from the viewpoint of technology and focus on the concept of "piracy" which describes the dissemination of nationalism, This theoretical study adds a critical new dimension to the theory of nationalism, contending that we should focus on the citation and iteration of nationalism rather than its representation.

著者

新藤 雄介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.86, pp.103-122, 2015-01-31

---

This study aims to examine pamphlets when the Japanese translation of Das Kapital had yet to be completed, mainly in the 1920s, and reveal the way pamphlets changed their form, reached people such as workers and farmers, and made it possible to diffuse knowledge about Marxism and socialism in Japan. In 1915, New Society (Shin Shakai) edited by Toshihiko Sakai changed its name from Flower of Loofah (Hechima no Hana) and began running socialist articles. However, the police and Home Ministry considered New Society dangerous and often prohibited it from being published. On the other hand, the Home Ministry did not prohibit the study of socialism and Marxism. In 1919, Studies on Social Problems (Shakai Mondai Kenkyu) edited by Professor Hajime Kawakami, was able to run Marxist articles without sales being prohibited, because professors had the right to study freely. Therefore, by emulating Kawakami, Sakai and Hitoshi Yamakawa launched Studies on Socialism (Shakaishugi Kenkyu) as a study that featured articles about Marxism and it circumvented circulation from being prohibited. However, it was more important for Yamakawa to propagate socialism, which the police and Home Ministry banned. He produced the Wednesday Society pamphlets for people to understand socialism easily, because it was too difficult for ordinary people to study Marxism directly. He insisted on the need to popularize the social movement, and published Mechanism of Capitalism (Shihonshugi no Karakuri) as an easy-to-understand introductory guide to Das Kapital. This pamphlet changed its form according to its aim-from a lecture to a magazine and from a magazine to a pamphlet, for example-by having Japanese syllabic characters printed next to the Chinese characters to aid in the reading and adding subtitles. Mechanism of Capitalism spread in rural areas through the labor movement and agrarian disputes. People obtained their knowledge of socialism and Marxism mainly from these easy-to-read pamphlets, not Das Kapital, translated commentary on it, or magazines.