著者

滝沢 文雄

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4and5, pp.71-80, 1983 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

125

著者

長谷川 憲

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.63-77, 2018

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<p>In team sports players often have to make sacrifices for their teams or teammates for the sake of strategic efficiency or some other necessity, such as to perform bunts and screens. At first glance, the action is to serve his team and teammates, to repress one's self and to let himself exist as a thing. This appears to cause alienation of the player. Although self-sacrifice is such an action, sometimes one spontaneously performs it. Is it true that one who performs self-sacrifice is alienated? The purpose of this paper is to reveal what self-sacrifice in sport is, and to ask whether one can sacrifice himself while keeping his subjectivity or not. We defined the concept of self-sacrifice as follows. Self-sacrifice is an unselfish action of trying to behave altruistically in a dilemma of whether to act selfishly or act for others and one's team. Self-sacrifice is to fall into self-deception. But as far as a player who performs self-sacrifice intends to act for the sake of the others, self-sacrifice is the act that is given significance. Then, self sacrifice is an action that accepts to be objectified by the others to keep other's freedom. Thus, self-sacrifice is the action of consciously falling into self-deception and to accept to be objectified by the others, like actor / actress who plays a character. He / She can play a character with subjectivity because they are trying to identify his / her possibility that to be the character. Similarly, self-sacrifice guarantees a player's subjectivity only when the player composes one's possibility that to sacrifice himself for the sake of the others and tries to identify with one's possibility to be oneself who performs self-sacrifice.</p>

著者

髙尾 尚平

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.115-132, 2019

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<p>This paper aims to show the ethical relationship between coach and player which respects the otherness of player and to explain exchanges between them required to overcome the violence in the relationship. This paper approaches the above objective in the following manner. First, based on the ideas of Levinas, this paper draws out the general framework of the ethical relationship between coach and player. Second, this paper examines what the roots of the violence in sport coaching are, and then searches for the situation that is requested to form the ethical relationship between coach and player. Finally, to realize an ethical relationship that does not result in the violence, this paper identifies what exchanges should be taking place between coach and player concretely. From the above, the following points are clarified: (1) An ethical relationship between coach and player is the relationship that coach desires the otherness of the player, not one in which the coach subsumes the otherness under his/her own comprehension. (2) This ethical relationship should be requested in the situation when the ego-ideal possessed by the coach is facing a crisis. (3) The ethic for overcoming violence is realized by the exchanges that player as a person speaks to coach, then coach puts the ego-ideal in question and seeks to a new path on sport coaching from receiving the language spoken by player. Therefore, according to this paper, what is called for overcoming the violence is the establishment of a relationship in which coach desires the language of player as the other, in the situation when coach's ego-ideal is facing a crisis.</p>

著者

水島 徳彦 阿部 悟郎

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.33-45, 2020

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<p>The purpose of this paper is a preliminary study to examine the morals that are the internal triggers of sports players in competitions.</p><p>Regarding the moral of sport, the conclusions of prior studies are that coping therapy studies and general ethics are given priority in sport.</p><p>This study aims to develop the discussions that are not limited to individual empirical aspects such as the former, but also follow the morals of sport, such as the latter. For the former, Kant's philosophy not derived from experience is valid. In addition, the especial logic to sport is approached from the reflection of the ancient history.</p><p>From the above examination, it is suggested that the sport itself has a fundamental contradiction between the practical interests of economic and political foundations and the close relationship between human reason to make them.</p>

著者

川谷 茂樹

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.1-11, 2004

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This study begins with the following questions. Why should athletes keep rules of sport? What occurs in sport when cheaters break the rules?<br>In relation to these questions, which explore basis or foundation of the rules, there are some precedent theories. Those are 1) rule absolutism or game formalism, 2) contextual contractualism, 3) externalism. Through my research on 1) and 2), a very important issue, namely, the ethos of the game rose. That is, an internal purpose of the game achieved as a result of realization of the game, and at the same time the basis of the rules. Furthermore, with regard to 3), it is not able to point out the basis of the rules because of denying the existence of this ethos: &ldquo;internal purpose of sport&rdquo;.<br>All things considered, the ethos of game is to make a decision of victory or defeat. Therefore, a norm &ldquo;Keep rules&rdquo; itself is not always an absolute command, a categorical imperative, but a relative one, a hypothetical imperative. Consequently, all cheating, rule breaking, doesn't act on the game destructively. The rules of sport is fundamentally restricted by the ethos of sport under all circumstances. In other words, only this ethos: &ldquo;the spirit of the sport&rdquo;, forms the basis or foundation of the rules of sport.

著者

深澤 浩洋

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.9-19, 1996

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This paper considers on the rule-following concept which constitutes sport games through the discussion on the others. It is meaningless to inquire why one will abide by the rules in sport. At the same time, it is disregarded to ask the motive which urges one to obey the rules from outside of sport. We consider it to be sufficient to do one's best at any rate. If the aim of rule-following was not asked, however, it would lead to a kind of tautology as follows: rules should be followed because they should be followed. Furthermore, Wittgenstein developed the skepticism about the possibility of the justification for an action by its rule. The necessity arises as to find such a condition that makes the state of rule-following possible, the condition that the necessity and the contingency coexistence in that state. For the rule-following has no sense anymore when an action accords with its rule in any case, nor the rule fill the role of itself when the accordance between an action and its rule is quite contingent. This paper, then, attempted to solve this problem by introducing the notion of the self and the others. The others take on contingency against the self in the sense that the others might do or not do the same act as the self accidentary. In the case that the self and the others coexistenced in the same dimension (e. g. the present tense), the latter were contingent as it were. If the others were in the different dimension (e. g. the past tense) from the self, they appeared as the being that the self could not deal with at one's will (<i>the absolute other</i>). The absolute other in this sense is grasped under the aspect of necessity. Consequently, the state of rule-following depends on whether the self could set these <i>others</i> in oneself.

著者

片渕 美穂子

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.1-13, 2000

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this paper was to clarify the ideal of a human being in the discourse of &ldquo;Yojo&rdquo; and &ldquo;Eisei&rdquo;, examining the acceptance of the anatomy and the role of &ldquo;Kaika&rdquo;, the view of cultural and social development.<br>The main results were summarized as follows;<br>i) &ldquo;Yojo&rdquo;, &ldquo;Eisei&rdquo; and &ldquo;health&rdquo; made peoples approach the ideal of a human being in &ldquo;Bunmei Kaika&rdquo;, the spirit of the time in early Meiji era. So they gave good reasons for the new westernized customs in those days. The &ldquo;strongly-built&rdquo; body and &ldquo;incisive brain&rdquo;, which based on the anatomy, were the characteristics of the ideal of a human being in the custom of &ldquo;Kaika&rdquo;.<br>ii) &ldquo;Yojo&rdquo; in the Edo era had no idea of &ldquo;strongly-built&rdquo; body. The &ldquo;strongly-built&rdquo; body proceeded from the acceptance of modern medical science on &ldquo;Yojo&rdquo; and the combination of physical activity and production of things.<br>iii &ldquo;Yojo&rdquo; in the Edo era had no relation to the incisiveness. The ideal of the &ldquo;incisive brain&rdquo; which was able to bring to &ldquo;Kaika&rdquo;, proceeded from the understanding that a brain had been the center of mental function.<br>iv) The idea of &ldquo;Kaika&rdquo; in the discourses of &ldquo;Yojo&rdquo; and &ldquo;Eisei&rdquo; caused the anatomically explained body to be combined with the social value and the national interests.

著者

土田 了輔 直原 幹 阪元 容昌 相河 美花

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.17-25, 2001

被引用文献数

1

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Recently people enjoy playing street basketball in a playground. Such a &ldquo;playground style&rdquo; game (let me call the game style local game hereafter) is also played in Japan.<br>In general, local games have flexibility to change rules depending on the participants' situations and their interests. These local games have a tendency to omit some elements from the official rules due to participants' pleasure. For example, a free throw is one of the rules, which is frequently omitted in local games. Actually, in many cases, a throw-in from out of bounds instead of free throw was approved when a player committed a foul on a shot. Why was the free throw rule omitted in local games? The reason for that seemed to depend on participants' pleasure. Their pleasure, however, is difficult to treat in scientific studies, because someone's pleasure is not always other's pleasure.<br>In this paper, to resolve this problem, the concept of &ldquo;game complex&rdquo; was highlighted as a jargon apparatus which could serve as a tool of analysis. Furthermore, game was defined as a group of acts which had three elements; 1) a number of participants, 2) performances for a point, and 3) an interest of participants.<br>With the definition of game, the free throw was considered to be a sub-game of the basketball main-game, and a basketball game is seen as a &ldquo;game complex&rdquo;. When participants approved this sub-game and found pleasure in the elements of the game or regarded sub-game as a metaphor of a situation that was lost in main-game, a game complex would be divided into some parts. This was a reason why the free throw was omitted in local games. Moreover, local games had a possibility to become a new official game. In the present paper, correlations between a local game and the official game are discussed.

著者

鈴木 理 土田 了輔 廣瀬 勝弘 鈴木 直樹

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.7-23, 2003

被引用文献数

3

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Although there are several types of ball games, the essential component in all such games is a competition leading to a future unknown result. Clarifying the structure of games based on the objective of competition, the competitive task, and the method selected for such task-solving, this article argues for a new theory of classification for ball games.<br>Ball games include two distinct procedures: active competition aimed at influencing the unknown future result and the imposition of an agreed upon organization for scoring and timing of play period. The objective of the active competition phase consists of engaging in one of the following enterprises: ball-progressing (or multiple ball progressing in the case of golf or bowling) to an objective point or individual player movement to an objective point. Ball and player progressing is accomplished through offensive or defensive group or individual activity.<br>Considering these elements, ball games can be classified into three categories: breakthrough games, target-shooting games, and base-running games. Furthermore, based on the layered structure of defensive interface and the selected method of ball-progressing corresponding to that structure, breakthrough games were further divided into five sub categories.<br>Those findings provide a model for physical education teachers attempting to utilize the ball game as teaching material.

著者

照屋 太郎

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.47-64, 2008

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The purpose of this study was to compare Mushin (the state of no thought, no mind), A. H. Maslow's Peak Experience, and M. Csikszentmihalyi's Flow. Masters have purported Mushin as the goal of Budo and Geido throughout the history. This study clarified the community and the difference of these three.<br>This research was based on literatures written by a Japanese master swordsman who had lived in 17^th century (Munenori Yagyu), his teacher in Zen (Takuan), a Zen master (D. T. Suzuki) in present day, Maslow, and Csikszentmihalyi. The meanings of Mushin, Peak Experience, and Flow were identified by the literatures review. Then these three were compared to clarify the community and the difference of them.<br>The results were as follows:<br>Mushin is to devote oneself to what one is doing. Mushin is to feel oneself, to consider what one should do, and to decide what one does. Peak Experience and Flow concerns the phenomenon in which one devote oneself. This is the community of them and Mushin. But, Peak Experience and Flow are psychological state that isn't accompanied by any consideration or decision, however they are necessary for Mushin.<br>Mushin is just to devote oneself on what one really wants to do. Peak Experience and Flow include this, too. This can be called as living Mushin. Because, this Mushin concerns what one really wants to do. With this Mushin, one actualizes what one is, and one's life can be said to be living.<br>But, in the case of Peak Experience and Flow, they also include the phenomenon in which one is concentrated on something naturally and automatically. The moment of laughter at a funny story is an example. This can be called as Mushin that isn't living. Because, one doesn't actualize what one is with this Mushin. This Mushin has danger side. This Mushin doesn't concern the thing that one really wants to do. So, in this Mushin, one isn't living.<br>Peak Experience and Flow include both of Mushin. And, Mushin that masters has purported as the goal of Budo and Geido is just living Mushin. It is the difference of these three.

著者

近藤 良享

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.1-11, 2011

被引用文献数

1

著者

照屋 太郎

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.47-64, 2008 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

43

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The purpose of this study was to compare Mushin (the state of no thought, no mind), A. H. Maslow's Peak Experience, and M. Csikszentmihalyi's Flow. Masters have purported Mushin as the goal of Budo and Geido throughout the history. This study clarified the community and the difference of these three.This research was based on literatures written by a Japanese master swordsman who had lived in 17th century (Munenori Yagyu), his teacher in Zen (Takuan), a Zen master (D. T. Suzuki) in present day, Maslow, and Csikszentmihalyi. The meanings of Mushin, Peak Experience, and Flow were identified by the literatures review. Then these three were compared to clarify the community and the difference of them.The results were as follows:Mushin is to devote oneself to what one is doing. Mushin is to feel oneself, to consider what one should do, and to decide what one does. Peak Experience and Flow concerns the phenomenon in which one devote oneself. This is the community of them and Mushin. But, Peak Experience and Flow are psychological state that isn't accompanied by any consideration or decision, however they are necessary for Mushin.Mushin is just to devote oneself on what one really wants to do. Peak Experience and Flow include this, too. This can be called as living Mushin. Because, this Mushin concerns what one really wants to do. With this Mushin, one actualizes what one is, and one's life can be said to be living.But, in the case of Peak Experience and Flow, they also include the phenomenon in which one is concentrated on something naturally and automatically. The moment of laughter at a funny story is an example. This can be called as Mushin that isn't living. Because, one doesn't actualize what one is with this Mushin. This Mushin has danger side. This Mushin doesn't concern the thing that one really wants to do. So, in this Mushin, one isn't living.Peak Experience and Flow include both of Mushin. And, Mushin that masters has purported as the goal of Budo and Geido is just living Mushin. It is the difference of these three.

著者

アダム カール 片岡 暁夫 関根 正美 深澤 浩洋 窪田 奈希左

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.53-63, 1994 (Released:2010-04-30)

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テーゼ1: スポーツは, 人間の達成行動の考察や観察に適したモデルである.2: 人間の達成と競争の行動は, 先天的欲求に起因し, かなり深く根付いているため, 無理に躾けることはほとんど不可能なのだが, 例えば公正という意味で訓練されるべきである (その際公正な態度への能力が先天的欲求によって与えられる).3: 順位の序列が, 達成の比較に帰せられる場合にのみ, 人間にはそれを合法的なものと認めようとする非常に強い傾向がある. それと反対に, 集団のメンバー全員の平等を要求する同じくらい強い傾向もまた存在する. 例えば, 教育政策上の妥協や達成比較による地位獲得の際の機会均等など. 達成比較の尺度は問題を孕んでいる. さらに難しいのは様々な達成の横の比較である. それに関して, 二つの視点がある. 一つはヒトの種の保存についての意義であり, もう一つは幸福のバランスについての意義である. 文句のつけようのない, しかも達成比較により修正された団体におけるメンバーの序列は, 社会生産物の分配と集団の意思決定に影響を及ぼす.4: かなり細分化された達成行動と達成動機のレベルの高さは, 文明的にも文化的にもレベルの高い集団の達成 (アトキンソン, マクレランド) とひいてはヒトの種の保存に対して, ほぼ必要不可欠な条件である. 幸福のバランスに対する達成行動の影響には, 異論の余地が残されている. 達成原理以外でなされる幸福のバランスの回復は, 通常はもしかすると, というよりはむしろ必然的に幻想に基づく性格を持つ. さらには, 幻想的性格と結び付いて現実を見失うと集団達成と種の保存が危うくなるだろう.確かに現代に横たわる困難な問題は, 自然科学と技術が規範的思惟よりも急速に発展してきたことと, 技術に規範が未だ伴っていないことに起因している. 技術文明の条件のもとでは, あらゆる人に対し人間らしい生活を保証するような, 社会構成, 行動基準, 規範の発展が求められている. 社会学, 教育学, 規範的哲学とそれらを伴う技術が精密科学の方法を受け入れ, さらに発展させるときにのみ, 現代の課題が解決されうるということは, キャセル・バイロンと私にとって明白なことである. これまで克服されてきたものすべてを困難さの点で上回る課題領域では, スポーツをモデルとした人間の達成行動に関する入念な探求が重要な位置を占めるものと私には思われる.

著者

佐藤 洋

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.85-101, 2016 (Released:2017-04-10)

参考文献数

68

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It has been noted that in the course of athletic pursuits, an athlete encounters not only glory, but hardship as well. This is especially apparent in the realm of competitive sports. How might we interpret those athletes we see who are nevertheless passionately engaged in sports? The purpose of this inquiry is to demonstrate the interpretability of athletes in terms of excellence and virtue, as well as serve as an introduction to a theory of athletes. The inquiry begins with an overview of the athlete theory. This is followed by a consideration of concepts of excellence in terms of their theoretical application to athletes. The inquiry then proceeds into an investigation aimed at revealing and theoretically constructing an effective analytical method for utilizing concepts of virtue and excellence based on arete (ἀρετή) in service to a theory of athletes. In summary, it was revealed that teleology based on the inherent nature of athletes could be a useful tool to interpret the essential being of athletes. An athlete’s being can be interpreted by considering arete, with the discussion functionally based on both excellence and virtue. In conclusion, the theory of athlete in this study has revealed that excellence of an athlete cannot be an examination of only the “athlete’s arete”, but it has to consider arete, the standpoint of virtue as well. And a concept of the “good” is related. By examining an “athlete’s arete” in this study, it have introduced the evolving potential of the athlete theory.

著者

野上 玲子

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.133-145, 2016 (Released:2017-04-10)

参考文献数

54

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Working in accordance with Pierre de Coubertin’s peace thoughts, the Olympic movement considers the promotion of world peace its mission. This thought has been passed down the generations as ‘Fundamental Principle of Olympism’. However, achieving world peace by staging the Olympic Games is impossible, and terrorist attacks and boycotts have served as critical elements undermining Olympism.As this thought of establishing a peaceful society was the cause of de Coubertin’s desire to revive the Olympics, previous research has focused on examining statements regarding peace in the Olympic movement-related literature. However, it is as yet unclear how the peace proposed by Olympism is to be achieved in practice, and this constitutes an ongoing issue in the current field of research.First, this paper surveys the body of previous research on Olympism and de Coubertin’s thinking. Then, citing the peace thought of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, it attempts to examine what contribution to world peace of Olympism is meant to signify in concrete terms.According to Kant, ‘nature’ is the guarantor of perpetual peace. Human conduct, guided by nature, evolves through ‘competition’ and progresses through the mutual understanding that resolution of conflict leads to a state of peace. Furthermore, Kant believed that our world, guided by nature’s designs, was consistently historical; thus, ‘historical investigations’ may enable us to believe in the future.Therefore, the manner in which Olympism is supposed to contribute to world peace is founded on ‘competition’ and ‘historical investigations’ and the practice of both leads to positive progress towards peace.

著者

近藤 良享

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.15-30, 1998

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the issue of an individual's sovereignty over his own body and person in the field of professional boxing.<br>This study is based on the debate between the well-known principles of individual sovereignty as presented by John Stuart Mill and the paternalistic regulations issued by the Japanese Boxing Commission (JBC).<br>The results here are as follows:<br>1. In a free society which emphasizes individual autonomy, a professional boxer such as J. Tatsuyoshi has sovereignty over his own body, the reason being that strong paternalism cannot be justified in the case of adult athletes.<br>2. In order to promote sound professional boxing, JBC should provide safe athletic settings and examine the medical condition of all boxers by means of medical examinations and empirical studies.<br>3. A balance of sovereignty and paternalism in sports should be achieved in an open system for all athletes. Moreover, unfair regulations should be replaced with fair ones.

著者

畑 孝幸

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.1-12, 2018 (Released:2018-10-01)

参考文献数

36

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Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education (JSPSPE) celebrates its fortieth anniversary of foundation in February 2018. Since its inception, supported by the active members, JSPSPE has been serving not only the scholars but the school teachers who are interested in the philosophic study of sport and physical education too. It has contributed much to the philosophical profession as well. Maekawa (1979) wrote at the dawn of the philosophic study of physical education. “I was given a kind advice to change the major name of the department to the ‘philosophy of physical education’ when I was in Tokyo University of Education…I remember having said ‘I did not have any confidence to give a lecture on philosophy of physical education’ and refused the advice.” He also said that he often visited the department after retiring on a pension. “I was once heard from Professor Asada that he had great interest in the philosophical method for studying physical education. I felt at that time that a heated discussion on the philosophy of physical education was finally about to start.” While referring to the prospects for a new doctoral program on philosophy of physical education in Tsukuba, where Tokyo University of Education moved in 1974, Asada (1983) mentioned that the traditional educational system was not enough for the philosophy of physical education to supersede the principal of physical education. He guided the graduate students to take the problems about the various ideas of important figures in physical education as their subjects. He planned to have meetings in order to have students discuss various ideas which were useful for the philosophy of physical education. These activities were determined the direction of subsequent researches, which explore what phenomenology is and try to figure out the phenomena concerning body, movement and culture from the philosophical viewpoint. JSPSPE was organized in February 1987 and its first annual meeting was held in August the same year. The first volume of Journal of the philosophy of Sport and physical Education was published next year. This volume was a maiden work that young scholars tried to challenge the philosophical issues as their own problem in order to aim the development for the philosophy of sport and physical education. According to Kataoka (1979), the journal title implies that we not only inquire about the problem of sport and physical education but also search for truth on sport and physical education by discussing the problem over again and seeking after truth. JSPSPE started on a small scale at the beginning. It has become the international academic society with a membership of over two hundred. In this paper, looking back upon the history of its last forty years, the future prospects in the philosophic study of sport and physical education as well as the recent trend in this profession are mentioned.

著者

木庭 康樹 上田 丈晴 沖原 謙 田井 健太郎 高根 信吾

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.101-120, 2013

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This study aims to identify the structure of sports games in order to analyze soccer games. In the paper before last, we focused on the structure of "competition" as "play" to clarify the concept of "competition" which is the basis for the meaning of "bodily movement competitions (sports)". In doing this, we were able to formulate the function for this structure through the following comparative function.<br>On a condition of r, A = cf (a, b) = a > b, a = b, a < b<br>(where, r : rule, A : agōn, cf : comparative function, <br>a : contestant, b : opponent, > : win, = : draw, < : loss)<br>In the last paper, we clarified that "bodily movement related to competition" is provided for by four characteristics: usability, expression, acquisition, and reciprocity.<br>Our next topic is to consider the development and the optimization of human movement in sport. The human movement in sport has a certain relation with other elements such as rule, tactics, sense of values and others, while keeping the independence as the movement form. It has an original role and function under the relationship with other elements. When an element in the structure of sports builds the new relations with other elements, the sports accomplish a change and development in a true meaning. The creation of a new movement form to enable such the translation of the structure of sports is the development of human movement in sport.<br>In the using process and the learning process of the movement form, sports players come to cannot but acquire and use the form of the technique developed and made an object by an individual. However, they are promoted development of a new form of the technique by the decline of the value of the form of the technique occurring as a result of competition in the game and the decline of the value of players using it. But a form of the technique developed newly also cannot avoid the "alienation" in the using process and the learning process of such the movement form.<br>The concept of "Pareto optimum" clarifies that any movement form has the limit of the geometrical ambiguity (relation between both merits and demerits), as long as they have a definite form, a certain decided figure. However, this means a new movement form and other movement forms connect a new relation between both merits and demerits, and they have the possibility of further optimizing for more purposes.<br>Our future topic is the last aim of this study, to clarify the entirety of "bodily movement competitions (sports)" based on the results considered in our earlier papers.

著者

深澤 浩洋

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.105-110, 2006

著者

佐々木 究

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.121-128, 2013