著者
木下 龍馬
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.128, no.1, pp.1-35, 2019

鎌倉幕府裁判研究では、訴状を取り次ぐ挙状と、有利な判決を求める口入はまったく別物として扱われてきた。しかし、近年の院政期裁判研究において、裁判像そのものの見直しが進み、挙状や口入などが同じく働きかけ(権限に基づく命令とは異なる要請)として捉えられるようになった。本稿はこの動向を踏まえ、口入的要素(挙状、口入、申入など)から幕府裁判を再考する。<br>第1章の主要な検討対象である本所挙状は、本所被管の訴を幕府に取り次ぐ文書である。初期の鎌倉幕府は、これらの訴に応じ、さしたる審理をせず武家被管を処分していた。つまり、本所挙状の要請の程度は強く、命令に近いものだった。しかし、承久の乱や御成敗式目制定を経た中期になると、本所側と武家被管側を問答対決させ、理非を判断するようになり、武家被管が勝訴する確率は上がった。本所挙状の効力は低下し、訴を幕府に伝達する役割に近くなっていく。<br>第2章の主要な検討対象である関東御口入は、鎌倉幕府が管轄していない事項(本所進止領や西国堺相論)について本所の審理・裁許を要請する行為である。関東御口入を行う文書は、関東挙状と呼ばれた。鎌倉中期までは、武家被管の訴状を幕府が本所に挙達し、本所が審理を行って裁許を下していた。関東挙状と本所挙状は鏡写しの関係にあった。しかし鎌倉後期になり、鎌倉幕府の実態的勢力が増大するにつれ、幕府からの要請の程度が強まり、本所の審理・裁許の自律性は失われた。すると幕府は、本所被管側と武家被管側を召出して、口入を行うべきかどうかの事前審理を行うようになった。<br>かくして、"武家への挙状"と"武家の挙状"は対照的な軌跡を描いたことを明らかにした。そして、直接命令せず口入を行う固有の領域を幕府が持ったことの意義を論じた。
著者
殷 晴
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.127, no.12, pp.1-38, 2018 (Released:2019-12-20)

邸報(邸抄・京報・京抄とも呼ばれる)とは、宮廷の動静、皇帝の諭旨、大臣の上奏文を日ごとにまとめて掲載した小冊子である。清代の官僚と知識人、そして中国に滞在していた宣教師や外交官にとって、邸報による中央情報の共有は、社会情勢を把握するための重要な手段であった。 しかし、邸報が実際に如何なる過程を通じ、誰の手によって発行され、流通させられたかについては、不明な点が数多く残されている。本稿では邸報の発行と流通過程を解明し、この過程に見られる清朝中央情報の伝播のあり方を考察した。 『大清会典』における邸報についての規定は、実際には遵守されていなかった。諭旨と上奏文を集めて筆写したのは中央官庁に勤務する書吏であり、邸報の印刷も清朝の約三分の二の時期において、民間の商業出版者に委ねられていた。また、邸報の内容には諭旨と上奏文のみならず、王公の従者が私的に探った非公式の政治情報も含まれていた。中央政府は邸報による情報伝播に対し、内容の編集・審査も、印刷と配達用の資金の提供も行わず、誤報が摘発された際に関係者を処罰するという最小限の関与にとどめる姿勢を貫いていた。中央政府が政令を邸報を通じて積極的に公布しようとしたというよりも、むしろ、書吏と業者は地方官をはじめとする人々の中央情報への渇望に応じる形で、政府内部でやり取りされた情報から邸報という商品を作り出し、中央政府がそれを許容したのである。 19世紀末になると、情報発信に対し受け身の姿勢にとどまっていた清朝中央の従来の方針は、近代化の要請に対応できなくなった。こうした状況の下、中央政府は1907年に『政治官報』を発刊し、さらには1911年にそれを『内閣官報』と改称して、「法律、命令の公布機関」と位置づけた。邸報と近代的な官報とでは、政策意図の面でも、発行と流通の仕組みの面でも、根本的に異なると言える。
著者
水野 智之
出版者
史学会 ; 1889-
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.126, no.2, pp.232-240, 2017-02
著者
鹿毛 敏夫
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.112, no.2, pp.153-190, 2003-02-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

The Otomo family (大友氏), which dominated a large part of northern Kyushu (九州) had a firm intention to trade in Southeast Asia. The Muromachi shogunate (室町幕府) ordered them to remit sulfur for export. Then Otomo Ujitoki managed two sulfur mines in the mountain district of Bungo (豊後). Otomo Chikayo expanded the mining business geographically, and built a big ship called the "Kasuga-maru (春日丸)". The Otomos dispatched trade ships to Korea, China, the Ryukyus (琉球), and several countries of Southeast Asia. In particular, Otomo Yoshishige and Ouchi Yoshinaga, who were brothers, dispatched a fleet to China for trade, but they were considered as smugglers by the government. They went to the coastal areas of the South China Sea, and traded with the merchants who passed through there.
著者
松浦 義弘
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.97, no.1, pp.1-41,143-144, 1988-01-20 (Released:2017-11-29)

Robespierre, s'il a souvent ete lie a la Terreur, fut aussi l'un des principaux organisateurs de la fete de l'Etre Supreme. Le but de cet article est d'examiner la pensee de Robespierre (surtout sa pensee en matiere de religion) ainsi que le contexte de l'epoque, de maniere a saisir pourquoi il fut a l'initiative de ce culte. 1.La pensee religieuse de Robespierre comporte deux aspects. (1)des principes invariants durant la periode revolutionnaire. (2)une evolution, fruit de sa propre experience personnelle. (1)Robespierre croyait en un "Dieu" transcendant. Mais il ne s'agit pas du Dieu tel qu'il est defini dans le dogme chretien. En effet, Robespierre tenait pour verite l'idee que l'homme dans l'etat de nature est fondamentalement bon. Ceci implique la negation du fondement dogmatique du christianisme puisque dans la pensee chretienne, c'est le Dieu Sauveur qui permet a l'homme de racheter son peche originel a condition que celui-ci fasse preuve de repentir et de foi. Mais la negation du peche originel pour Robespierre entraine des consequences : la corruption de l'homme est due au vice des institutions sociales si bien que les problemes moraux, - la regeneration des moeurs -peuvent etre resolus par une pratique politique de reforme des institutions de la societe. C'est dans un tel contexte ideologique que furent organisees et meme quasiment institutionnalisees les fetes nationales puis la fete de l'Etre Supreme. (2)Lors d'un voyage a Arras, sa ville d'origine, Robespierre eut l'occasion d'assister a une scene de miracle et c'est alors qu'il prit conscience du danger que representait "le pouvoir des pretres". Sur la question des rapports entre les pretres et le peuple ainsi que sur le probleme des cultes, Robespierre modifia sa vision des choses et son attitude s'en ressentit. Outre une politique repressive a l'egard des pretres seditieux, Robespierre proposa deux moyens pour attenuer l'influence politique du "pouvoir des pretres". D'abord, le maintien des cultes, eu egard a l'interet qu'y attachent les gens du peuple. Ensuite, l'education populaire comme moyen pour balayer "l'ignorance", c'est-a-dire l'etat ou les moeurs populaires ne coincident pas avec les principes du nouveau regime. Robespierre pensait que les fetes nationales en faisant appel a l'emotion d'un peuple analphabete constituaient un bon moyen pedagogique. Cependant, les fetes avaient elles memes un aspect ambigu et leur organisation etait liee a la maniere dont Robespierre concevait la situation generale. 2.Au debut de la dictature jacobine quand sevissait la Vendee, Robespierre s'opposait a la liberte des cultes et il n'etait pas question pour lui de fetes. Cette attitude changea partiellement lorsque des rapports commencerent a annoncer la defaite des Vendeens et quand le projet de Lepeletier fut rejete, c'est a dire vers la fin octobre, debut novembre 1793. Mais son changement reel d'attitude date du mouvement de dechristianisation. Pensant que la dechristianisation etait un piege tendu par l'ennemi pour reveiller les fanatismes en s'attaquant aux croyances ancrees dans le peuple, Robespierre non seulement se porta defenseur de la liberte des cultes mais craignant une provocation ennemie visant a diviser l'opinion francaise, il proposa l'organisation de fetes nationales qu'il considerait comme un moyen pour ressouder la societe. En outre, Robespierre qui estimait que la dechristianisation en bannissant Dieu, finirait par corrompre la morale publique, proclama l'existence d'un Dieu ou Etre Supreme, ceci devant permettre la regeneration des moeurs du peuple et le retablissement de la morale publique. C'est ainsi que fut decretee la fete en l'honneur de l'Etre Supreme.
著者
東中野 多聞
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.108, no.9, pp.1619-1638,1713-, 1999-09-20 (Released:2017-11-30)

In 1960, Prime Minister Kishi Nobusuke revised the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty. He was a well known politician, having been Minister of Commerce and Industry in the Tojo wartime cabinet. When Tojo requested Kishi to resign in order to reshuffle the Cabinet, Kishi declined, causing Tojo to yield and dissolve his Cabinet on July 18,1944. After the war, Kishi explained that his anti-Tojo actions were aimed at avoiding accusation as a war criminal after the War. There are only a few studies about his wartime politics. Kishi said that he spent his days in idleness after the resignation of the Tojo Cabinet and every study so far acccepts this explanation. The author of the present article doubts this point. After resignation of the Tojo Cabinet, Kishi and 32 others organized a political club called the "Gokoku Doshikai" within the House of Representatives. It consisted of socialists, generals, admirals, and nationalists. They adopted a committee system, established an office, and held study group once a week. Kishi was the virtual leader of this club. They carried out a nationwide campaign called the "National Defence Movement". Kishi also established an ultranationalist association, the "Bocho Sonjo Doshikai", in his hometown of Yamaguchi city. Author also investigates this group, and concludes that both Kishi and the Bocho Sonjo Doshikai were opposed to the end of war. The Gokoku Doshikai was based on one concept of national defence, a "productive Army", (seisan-gun), which aimed at strengthen the economic control. By unifying the munitions industries, Japan could use the materials more efficiently, in preparation for the decisive battle of the Japanese mainland through self-sufficiency. The Gokoku Doshikai was opposed to the Japanese government, because then Prime Minister Suzuki was aiming at ending the war, they denounced the government's policy vehemently; and when Suzuki decided to surrender, the Gokoku Doshikai and the Japanese army resisted. The author concludes that while Kishi contributed to the anti-Tojo movement, he was opposed to surrender. We can see the root of the Kishi's postwar faction in the "Gokoku Doshikai". After the war, two of its members entered the Kishi Cabinet, and five socialist members became the leaders of the Socialist Party. Here we see another point of continuity and discontinuity between prewar and postwar politics.
著者
齋藤 貴弘
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.106, no.12, pp.2101-2125, 1997-12-20 (Released:2017-11-30)

The cult of the healing god Asklepios was a very popular one in the Greco-Roman world. The so-called Telemachos monument (SEG. XXV. 226) tells a story about the introduction of this god in Athens in 420 B.C. We already have many studies about Asklepios, but very few of these studies present an appropriate view concerning the significance which the introduction of Asklepios had on politics and religious activities in Athens in the last half of the fifth century. In conclusion, the author argues that the introduction of Asklepios in Athens was a religious policy to reconstruct the Athenian religious piety which had been squashed by the great plague. The new festival for Asklepios involved the following major themes. The Epidauria, the new festival for Asklepios, was an attempt to link the god Asklepios with the Eleusinian goddesses. Such an association would strengthen the Eleusinian cults by providing the Greek people, especially the Delian League, a concept they could easily identify with. In turn, this plan was supposed to provide Athens with a revival from the plague, and to encourage her allies to dispatch offerings of "first fruits" to Eleusis. The introduction of the festival and the construction of a shrine were carried out in cooperation with the Epidaurian priests, Eleusinian priests and Telemachos, all according to a detailed plan. But conflict arose between the Kerykes and Telemachos. The problem involved the enlargement of the Asklepieion, the sanctuary of Asklepios in the city. Telemachos' motive for an enlargement of this site would have concerned the establishment of the healing cult. Finally, this incident clearly identifies the religious changes that were occurring at this time. Furthermore, the multiplicity of values held by the people of Athens during this period can also be identified.
著者
桜井 英治
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.104, no.7, pp.1211-1246,1360, 1995-07-20 (Released:2017-11-30)

Bills of exchange in medieval Japan, which were called saifu, are understood to have been a means of remittance useable only once. However, in the late medieval age new types appeared which were able to pass from hand to hand as valuable means of exchange. They worked as a means of not only remittance, but also payment and exchange, that is to say, as money. This can be proven by the fact that their face value was fixed at 10 kanmon, that between a drawer and a remitter merchants often stood as intermediaries, and that people in those days did not discriminate between saifu and zeni (coins). According to the extant copies of saifu, all of them bore a fixed face value of 10 kanmon, and were payable to bearers on sight or several days thereafter. Being payable to bearers made them suitable for passing from hand to hand, and being payable on sight or several days thereafter made their long negotiation possible. When their fixed face value is included, all the conditions on which they could be negotiated were satisfied. There were two important premises which allowed negotiable saifu to come into existence. One was that they stood neutral in terms of economic relations: they did not involve interest charges or commissions. The other was that all proper nouns except the name of the drawer (and the payer), were omitted from the face of the bills, which made it as simple as possible. What kind of idea maintained the system of saifu is difficult to attribute to one thing: the strange system by which a piece of paper bearing a large value no less than 10 kanmon could be negotiated without state intervention, but basically it must be, the author believes, the common illusion of a "fetishism for documents" (which also had a large influence on the world of legal thought) that supported the credit of Saifu.
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌
巻号頁・発行日
vol.126, no.1, pp.1-35, 2017

フェリペ四世統治下のスペイン帝国は対外戦費の増大に伴う深刻な財政難に苦しんだ。王とその寵臣オリバーレス伯公爵は財政改革によって状況の打開を図ったものの、各地で暴動を招き、帝国の衰勢は決定的となる。このような状況下で、スペインの宮廷からは遠く離れ、かつ他の領土と同じく重い負担を求められながらも平穏を保ったのがペルー副王領である。この地でなぜ暴動が起きなかったのかを知るためには、導入された様々な財政策の実践過程と、植民地社会の反応を究明する必要がある。その財政策の中でも、歳入の増加に有効だったと評価されてきたのが、民から王に供された献金である。しかし、これまでの研究ではその額ばかりが注目され、実態が検討されてこなかった。そこで本稿では、ペルー副王領における献金について、その実現過程と植民地支配に及ぼした影響について考察を試みた。<br>本稿では、ペルー副王領において一貫して巨額の献金を集めていたクスコとポトシの二都市について事例分析を行った。そして、献金はその扱いが司教や行政官など在地の権力者の裁量に任されており、彼らの配慮がなければ実現不可能であったことを論じた。金銭負担に対する民の不満を和らげたのは権力者が彼らとの間に培った紐帯である。この権力者たちは多くの場合、王の任命を受けて新たに地域社会の外部からやってきた人々だったが、民に協力を求める過程で地域に根を張ってゆく。しかしこの繋がりは多額の献金を実現させて帝国の財政に利する一方、癒着に転じ巨大な損失を引き起こすこともあった。植民地社会の諸権力が地方で領袖化することの危険性を王室は認識していたが、それを促進する側面を献金という制度は持っていたと言える。かくして、スペイン王室にとって献金は諸刃の剣のようなものであったことが明らかになるだろう。
著者
新井 政美
出版者
公益財団法人史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.93, no.4, pp.p467-509, 1984-04

Unlike most of West European nation-states, the nationalism of non-Western countries, as Hans Kohn put it with a clear insight, "grew in protest and in conflict with the existing state pattern". Such conflict between the political integration of an existing state and the national integration of a rising nationality also existed in Turkish nationalism. There were two groups of people who supported Turkish nationalism : the Ottoman Turks who were rulers of the Ottoman Empire, and Turkic peoples under Russian rule. The most urgent problem for the latter was to free themselves from the czarist rule. On the other hand, as long as the Ottoman Empire existed, preserving the political integration of the Empire should be the most important consideration for the rulers. Now, one of the distinctive characters of Turkish nationalism becomes clear ; it was a nationalism that purgued two different interests : interests of the state (political integration) and those of nation (national integration). These two interests were not in complete accord. Consequently, the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish nation must be regarded as the keys to analysis of Turkish nationalism. We have to examine the formation and development of nationalist movements both inside and outside the Ottoman Empire, making a comparison among them. In this paper, I will analyze the Genc Kalemler (Young Pens), a nationalist periodical published in Salonica, and the first center of the Ottoman Turkish nationalism after the 1908 revolution. Nationalists who issued this periodical stuck to the political integration of the Ottoman state. They regarded it as more urgent than the national integration of the Turkish nation. Then, how should we interpret such characteristics of the Ottoman Turkish nationalism? Political integration requires a center of power which becomes its nucleus. All the people in the territory, the object of the integration, are united under this power. It was the Ottoman Turks who were expected to become the nucleus for reconstructing the Ottoman state. If they discovered their national identity as Turks, which had been lost for a long time, the political integration of the state would be facilitated. Our next theme is how the characteristics of the Ottoman Turkish nationalism, the idea of the leaders of the Genc Kalemler, appeared in the Turk Dernegi (Turkish Association) and the Turk Yurdu (Turkish Homeland). These organizations were mainly supported by the Turks from Russia. We must analyze them in our next paper.