著者

二星 祐哉

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.128, no.12, pp.1791-1819, 2019-12

著者

鈴木 蒼

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.3, pp.306-330, 2020-03

著者

遠藤 慶太

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.10, pp.1505-1526, 2020-10

著者

田中 俊之

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.115, no.2, pp.245-246, 2006

著者

新見 まどか

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.9, pp.1329-1363, 2020-09

著者

田熊 敬之

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.7, pp.1085-1120, 2020-07

著者

稲葉 伸道

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.1, pp.37-39, 2020-01

著者

吉田 満利恵

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.4, pp.1-33, 2017

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大正二年、司法部刷新のための五法案が成立し、全国で 312 の区裁判所の内 128 の廃止、1510 人の判事及び検事の内 232 人の休職が定められた。また、裁判所構成法に判事の反意転補を可能にする規定が追加された。本稿の目的は、この司法部大改革を巡る議論を通して、この時代における司法問題の扱われ方とその影響を明らかにすることである。<br>判検事の休職法では、本来定員が別に定められ、その身分保障に差のあった判事と検事が同列に扱われ、休職となる判検事の合計数しか規定されなかった。その結果、判事の定員が大幅に削減されたのに対して検事の定員は微減に止まった。また、検事の精選が行われ、定員の減少数を大幅に上回る数の検事が休退職処分となった。<br>休職法と裁判所構成法改正案は裁判官の独立を侵害する危険を持っていたが、区裁判所廃止という人民の利害に直接関わる問題に議論が集中したことで、議会での審議は低調のまま終わった。判事の身分保障を脆弱にする危険のある新法律・条項案が提出されても、議会で争点となりやすい他の論点の存在によって、十分に審議されない傾向があった。<br>そして、当該法案がほとんど批判のないまま成立したことにより、判事の身分保障を規定する憲法五八条二項の「職」という文言を「官」の意味であると解し、裁判「官」であることさえ免じなければ「職」を免じても良いとする解釈が、大正十年に採用された。<br>明治憲法下において司法権の独立が不十分であったのは、裁判所構成法に、裁判所に対する司法省優位の性質があったからだけでなく、行政によって漸次的に法律解釈が変更されたことや 、新法律・条項が追加されたこと、また、それに抵抗する議員や判事、在野法曹が少なくなったことにも要因があるといえる。大正二年司法部大改革は、司法省、議会、そして法曹界自身によって、裁判官の独立の形骸化が促進された事例の一つであった。

著者

飯島 渉

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.11, pp.1915-1946,2071, 1993

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This article attempts to examine the background, content and results of the Cailijiasui (裁釐加税) problem in the Mackay treaty negotiations of 1902, and tries to point out a special feature of the financial structure of late Imperial China. Cailijiasui means abolishment of the lijin tax (釐金税) and an increase in tariff rates. This problem existed from the 1860s to 1930s between China and Powers. Many foreign merchants regarded the lijin tax as a barrier to Chinese inland markets, and demanded the tax be abolished in exchange for increases in tariffs as a alternative fiscal source. However, Cailijiasui was also a policy of Chinese central government for reconstruction of its fiscal system through maritime customs. From a this viewpoint, the Cailijiasui policy was a method of converting China's fiscal system in the true sense. Zhang zhi dong (張之洞) opposed Cailijiasui, because it would have caused local government's loss of its main fiscal source. After the negotiations, he succeeded reserving the right of local government to impose a consumption tax (銷場税). Finally, Article VIII of the Mackay Treaty provided abolishment of the lijin tax partially and increased tariffs. The United States, Japan and Portugal agreed with the tariff rates of the Mackay Treaty, but Germany and the other powers opposed it, so, the internationalization of Cailijiasui was lost, despite the Chinese government's demand for its realization. The Cailijiasui problem is part of a Chinese historical tradition of confrontation between the central government and the local government.

著者

福地 スヴェトラーナ

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.6, pp.955-985, 2020-06

著者

安酸 香織

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.11, pp.1589-1621, 2020-11

著者

薩摩 真介

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.2, pp.131-166, 2020-02

著者

澤田 典子

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.2, pp.184-206, 2005-02-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

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The Harpalus affair was a crisis which involved many prominent Athenians and caused the exile of Demosthenes, in connection with money embezzled by Harpalus, Alexander's imperial treasurer, who sought refuge in Athens in 324 B. C. In previous studies, it has been generally assumed that the confrontation of political groups over policy toward Macedon was a fundamental element of Athenian politics during the reign of Alexander. Regarding the Harpalus affair, the arguments have centered upon a political confrontation between the radicals and the moderates among the anti-Macedonians. This paper attempts to analyze the Harpalus affair, focusing on an examination of the alleged political confrontation among the anti-Macedonians, in order to shed some light on Athenian politics during this period. It examines (1) the Athenian political situation surrounding the Harpalus affair, (2) the alleged political confrontation between Hypereides and Demosthenes, and (3) other prosecutors and defendants in the trials arising out of the affair. In conclusion, the author refutes the picture of political confrontation between the radicals and the moderates among the anti-Macedonians in the affair. The Harpalus affair, which involved various personal confrontations, is a good example to show unsoundness in grasping Athenian politics during this period within a simple scheme of political confrontation dominated by Macedonian issues. It would be possible to assume that within the context of the good state of relations between Macedon and Athens under the Pax Macedonica, personal confrontation among politicians often played a more important role than political confrontation over the Macedonian question and was a dominant factor in Athenian politics of this period.

著者

村井 章介

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.4, pp.510-521, 1984

著者

山家 浩樹

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.11, pp.1919-1920, 2005-11-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

著者

大塚 修

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.4, pp.561-570, 2011

著者

大谷 伸治

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.130, no.3, pp.295-320, 2021-03

著者

山内 譲

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.122, no.2, pp.264-265, 2013

著者

橡川 一朗

出版者

山川出版社

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.4, pp.20-42, 1949-10

著者

増渕 徹

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.4, pp.474-501,591-58, 1986

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Kageyushi-kanpan-sho 勘解由使勘判抄 (a selection from the judical precedents of Kageyushi) is practically the only historical text that embodies activities of inspectors charged with investigation of governmental transitions (Kageyushi 勘解由使) in the first half of the 10th century, and is one of the important selections of legal precedents during the Fujiwara regency government (Sekkan seiji 摂関政治) period in Japan. The main purpose of this article is to criticize Kageyushi-kanpan-sho historically in order to identify changes in the political system of this period and to grasp some idea of the characteristics of the Sekkan government system, by pursuing the consistent principle in judgements (Kageyushi-kanpan 勘解由使勘判) on non-issuance of proof of Smooth transition (fuyogeyujo 不与解由状), by searching out changes in their logic and by tracing the process of Kageyushi-kanpan-sho compilation. The consistent principle of Kageyushi-kanpan is that theft and fraud by government officials (mainly provincial governors -zuryo 受領) is constituted by two factors -false testimony (mujitsu 無実) and unclearness as to the cause of loss. In all cases of actual commission of theft/fraud compensation will be paid in accordance with the criminal law (ritsu 律), and in cases of negligence of duty compensation only will be rendered. The focus of judgements was placed on how to interpret the statements made by outgoing and incoming officials (mainly zuryo) in connection with fuyogeyujo, and whether the so convicted outgoing official should be granted an amnesty or not. But while the aforesaid principles of judgement to be made by Kageyushi remained unchanged, after the late Engi era the logic of actual judgements began to change arbitrarily even though they were in accordance with administrative transition regulations (kotaishiki 交替式), administrative regulations (kyaku 格), and criminal law (ritsu 律). Also, in this period, judgement-operations of Kageyushi began to be remarkably delayed, and the function of Kageyushi began to decline in the midst of political change characterized by a decline in the leadership of Emperor Daigo and the subsequent seizure of power by Fujiwara Tadahira in the later years of the Engi era. One of the political features of Fujiwara Tadahira's regime was the creation of private connections with zuryo by taking advantage of the existing administrative code system. Such a method was necessary for sublating a private connection into an official one. But since such connections were established not on the basis of a new system but on the basis of the existing system, there was a limit to such a privatization. In Fujiwara Tadahira's regime the function of Kageyushi made a remarkable change. By the Imperial command (senji 宣旨) under the date of Tengyo 天慶8. 正.8, Kageyushi started to take part directly in provincial government efficiency-ratings (zuryo-koka 受領功過) by drawing up documents on the basis of fuyogeyujo. Together with the change in function from the inspection of official transitions to efficiency-rating, Kageyushi-kanpan-sho was also compiled. In compiling Kageyushi-kanpan-sho, each precedent was extracted from the official documents preserved in Kageyushi's office (choan 長案). According to circumstances, some governmental directives (senji and kanpu) were quoted for pointing out clearly the legal grounds for the judgement of Kageyushi. Criterion-examples derived deductively from the administrative transition regulations were arranged, and a device to show the settled interrelation between the kind of amnesty and the judgement was invented. All these things contributed to giving it a character worthy of the name a selection of precedents. Compiling such a selection, however, meant that not only the formalization of control over zuryo but also the nature of the relation between the central government and the local gevernment by zuryo was settled.