著者

仁科 繁明 乾 敏郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.4, pp.432-443, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

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Two major problems in human object recognition are how we recognize objects from various viewpoints and how we memorize the shape of many objects. View-based object recognition theories have proposed that viewpoint independent recognition can be achieved by obtaining a certain number of views of an object. These theories do not involve the use of 3-dimensional information. In our previous research, however, we showed that the 3-dimensional structural information of objects could be utilized for recognition if enough time is available. The generalization from a familiar view to unknown views improved after trials only under the long reaction time conditions. According to the results, we supposed that there are two kinds of modules that compare the internal representation of objects and the input images. One is a 2-dimensional module that simply matches the images, and the other is a 3-dimensional module that involves transformation between relatively far viewpoints.In this study, we first showed that 3-dimensional complexity of the objects affects the generalization range. The effect was seen only under the long reaction time conditions. This result strongly supports the above hypothesis. In the second part of this study, we replicated our previous result that the generalization range was broadened as a subject becomes more familiar with objects. And we found that the improvement mainly depends on familiarity with each category of objects rather than each object itself. These results cannot be explained by purely view-based theories which are modeled simply with the GRBF (Generalized Radial Basis Functions) network or its derivations, because in such theories each view of each object is independently acquired.

著者

山崎 由美子 小川 昭利 入來 篤史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.366-377, 2008 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

57

被引用文献数

9

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Researchers studying symmetry, one of the requirements for establishing stimulus equivalence, have contrasted inferences made by human and nonhuman animals and suggested that inference in each animal species is determined by several biological factors developed in the course of the evolution of a given species. This paper reviews the relevant experimental studies with human and nonhuman animals, including studies of young children, individuals with developmental disabilities, and nonhuman mammals. This work indicates that developmental, ethological, and behavioral factors are closely related to produce symmetry. In searching for the neural factors of symmetry, evidence from fMRI studies suggests that brain activity associated with equivalence relationships occurs in the processing of stimuli with or without temporal order. Thus, further research on the processing of temporal-spatial factors of stimuli is needed in both human and nonhuman animals. A detailed analysis of human subjects failing to establish equivalence relationships, and of nonhuman animals performing prerequisites for symmetry, such as identity matching and matching by exclusion, is crucial for understanding the biological origins of symmetry inferences.

著者

吉田 靖 服部 雅史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.89-102, 2002-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

4

---

This study explored the effects of metacognitive processing on a creative idea generation task using the method of conceptual priming (Marsh, Bink, & Hicks, 1999). In our experiment, 81 undergraduate students were required to generate original creatures. In the task, the subjects' metacognition was manipulated through instructional variation. Factor analysis of the questionnaire data on the subjects' attitudes toward the task identified their elemental metacognitive strategies. The subjects' creative performances were examined in relation to metacognitive factors and the effects of priming. The results suggested that activating the metacognitive level of processing could cause an improvement in creativity. Implicit processes in creative thought and a search-range of the idea space were also discussed.

著者

水野 りか

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.4, pp.532-542, 2002-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

29

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The first purpose of this study was to demonstrate the durability of spacing effects produced by the Modified Low-First Method. The Modified Low-First Method is an optimal spaced learning method which was derived from a reactivation theory of spacing effects and was designed to be effective by setting as advantageous spaces as possible for all items and for any learners with various working memory capacities. It consists of three principles; the first is to sort all items by their probabilities of recall in ascending order at the end of each learning session for the subsequent session, and the second is to omit items whose probabilities of recall have reached a certain level, and the third is to transit to a new learning session when the number of unrecalled items in a session have reached a certain number. The second purpose of this study was to extend a reactivation model to be able to predict probabilities of delayed recall by incorporating a forgetting function into the previous model. In Experiment, the probabilities of delayed recall in the control condition with simple repetition method and in the experimental condition with the Modified Low-First Method were compared. The result indicated that the Modified Low-First Method was constantly more effective than the former for as many as 14 days. In Simulation, a forgetting power function derived from the experimental data was incorporated into the existent model, and the experiment was simulated with it. The result showed that the estimated probabilities of delayed recall approximated closely to the experimental data, indicating the adequacy of the extended reactivation model.

著者

吉岡 有文

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.415-432, 2009-09-01

被引用文献数

1

---

In this paper, I focused on examining how innovation of school education should be from the viewpoint of situated theory, and focused on how cognitive science should be in the future. Concretely, in one case, I critically examined how Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education has been changing their schools in a top-down style. As a result, I discovered some bad effects. Firstly, writing plans for managing lesson are trivialized as a mere procedure. Secondly, documents for administrating teachers are made meaningless, or changed to something other their original expectation. Thirdly, leaders who promote collaboration with teachers, and raise students, and are not managerial staffs are hard to foster. Fourthly, this change of the management style lessens the time that teachers and students communicate with each other. That time should have top priority. And Lastly, I insisted that it was necessary for innovation of school education to change from the Top-Down organization to the collaborative organization by everyone who is committed to school education.

著者

高野 雅典 加藤 正浩 有田 隆也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.3, pp.221-233, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

2

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An individual having a Theory of Mind (ToM) can read the minds of others. If we assume further that the individual considers each of them also to have a ToM, then there should be recursive structure here. We believe that emergence and evolution of this structure are deeply linked to the evolution of intelligence. We construct two computational models: an abstract model describing fitness landscapes interacting with each other and a concrete model describing physically-situated agents moving around avoiding collisions. We conduct evolutionary simulations using the concrete model in order to investigate the dynamics inherent in the mechanism of recursion. Several unexpected properties of recursion were found, including a significant difference in fitness between odd levels and even levels of recursion. This is due to the asymmetry between level 0 and 1 (without and with ToM). We also discuss an evolution scenario in which human beings have evolved the ToM.

著者

森田 愛子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.417-427, 2006 (Released:2008-11-13)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1

---

The purpose of the present study was to examine pseudo-homophone effect in a sentence verification task in which sentences included a two-kanji compound nonword in the case that the target was identified by an underline. In a sentence verification task, participants asked to judge whether the presented sentence was acceptable or not. Previous studies showed that participants responded more quickly when sentences included a pseudo-homophone than when they included a non-homophonic nonword. However, participants responded more slowly to pseudo-homophones than to non-homophonic nonwords when a context of the sentence (a sentence without a target) was presented first, and a target followed which required judgment. The current experiment showed that participants responded more quickly when sentences included a pseudo-homophone, even if an underline was added at the target. Thus, the pseudo-homophone facilitation effect was observed even when the participant did not need to search where a target was. The result suggested that the main factor of the pseudo-homophone facilitation effect would be simultaneous processing of the target stimuli and sentence meaning.

著者

永井 由佳里 田浦 俊春 向井 太志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.209-230, 2009-06-01

被引用文献数

6

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The aim of this study is to clarify the characteristics of creative concept generation process in design. The authors analyzed the characteristics of the concept generation process by comparing between the linguistic interpretation task and design task, from the viewpoints of the thought types (analogy, blending, and thematic relation) and recognition types (commonality, alignable difference and nonalignable difference). In our experiment, the subjects were required to interpret a novel noun-noun phrase, create a design concept from the same noun-noun phrase, and list the similarities and dissimilarities between the two nouns. The results reveal that blending and nonalignable difference are important factors of the creative concept generation process.

著者

苧阪 直行

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.3_3-3_4, 1997-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

著者

中島 秀之 橋田 浩一 松尾 豊

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.31-38, 2007 (Released:2008-12-15)

参考文献数

14

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Information technology (IT) is now mature enough to be applied to our societal systems. Altough IT has potential to change our life in a drastic manner, it is not recognized by many. Researchers on IT on the other hand have little interest in designing new societal systems. Even when they do, they lack knowledge of the real world and human. Collaboration with cognitive science as well as social science is called for.