著者

志村 正道

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.1_3-1_4, 1994-05-20 (Released:2008-10-03)

著者

植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.303-304, 2015-09-01 (Released:2016-03-01)

著者

原田 悦子 今井 倫太 内海 彰 新垣 紀子 安村 通晃

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.385-386, 2013-12-01 (Released:2014-12-24)

参考文献数

3

著者

千葉 元気 都築 誉史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.555-556, 2015-12-01 (Released:2016-06-01)

著者

安藤 花恵 子安 増生

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.61-74, 2004 (Released:2007-04-13)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

3

---

The present study examined facial expressions of actors and laypersons in three conditions. In the first condition, five taste stimuli (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and astringent) were actually presented to 10 male actors and 10 male laypersons. In the second condition, they made facial expressions to pretend to feel each of five tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and astringent) without taste stimuli. In the third condition, they made facial expressions to pretend to feel delicious and unsavory without any taste stimuli. Their facial expressions in each condition were videotaped. Untrained undergraduate and graduate students were asked to identify or rate the facial expressions. Both actors and laypersons were not acting in the first condition, so there was no judged difference between them. In the second condition, when another group of judges viewed the facial expressions and tried to identify the taste, there was little difference between actors and laypersons. But, when the judges evaluated how strongly the facial expressions showed the taste, it was found that actors expressed tastes more strongly than laypersons. In the third condition, apparent difference was found. When they pretended to feel delicious, actors looked feeling more delicious than laypersons, and when pretended to feel unsavory, actors looked feeling worse than laypersons. We divided the processes of acting into planning of performances and actual performing. The relationship between the results in this study and planning of performances was discussed. The differences between five tastes were also analyzed.

著者

松原 仁

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.4, pp.4_1-4_2, 1996-11-30 (Released:2008-10-03)

著者

諏訪 正樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.26-36, 2004 (Released:2007-04-13)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

8

---

Arnheim (1977) claimed that the appearance of created things, for example, architecture and the work of art, has visual forces to let appreciators construct experiences of their own. What kind of cognitive processes of a creator enable appreciators to “experience” the created thing? The present paper proposes an answer to this question. This question has been treated as a kind of mystery so far, since the act of creation is not a transfer of what a creator wants to express from a creator to appreciators. The appreciators construct experiences of their own by being mediated by the created thing. We propose the following idea. The act of creation is a cognitive coupling of dynamic perception, actions of external representation and the construction of self, through which what a creator wants to express develops dynamically. What a creator should aim at is to focus on the practice of his or her own cognitive coupling and thereby keep augmenting subjective experiences. A creator's subjective experiences through cognitive coupling will leave in the created thing some seeds which encourage appreciators to construct experiences of their own. Our case study of a methodology of writing sentences supports this idea. Further, we propose an idea that a meta-cognitive practice of describing one's own cognitive coupling will improve the ability of dynamic perception and productive idea-generation, and hence enable persistence of the cognitive coupling. Our case study of a meta-cognitive practice of describing one's own act of singing a song supports the second idea. The ideas and findings in the present paper have pedagogical implications for all involved in the scene of creation.

著者

波多野 誼余夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.1_1-1_1, 1995-02-28 (Released:2008-10-03)

著者

三宅 芳雄

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.4, pp.495-496, 2006 (Released:2008-11-13)

著者

田中 章浩 積山 薫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.3, pp.381-386, 2011 (Released:2012-03-09)

被引用文献数

1

著者

板倉 昭二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.3, pp.238-239, 2000-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

4

著者

田柳 恵美子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.459-473, 2010

被引用文献数

2

---

This paper discusses musical activities as constructive process of cognition and presents a new approach to grasp whole phenomena crossing individual-organizational-social level of it. Musical performances can be understood as constructive process of cognition. In the creative process of music, musicians generate deviations which raise information quantity of musical communication to maximum level. Such deviations give non-referential musical meaning to musicians and audiences. During musical performance, especially in jazz improvisation, a generated deviation continually repeats cognitive negotiation with dominant schema, and renews the schema if the deviation can be recognized as a newly expanded variation. Modern jazz musicians construct their improvisations depending on the jazz musical theory of scale and chord progressions in analytical technique, on the other hand they construct deviations without any theoretical method and analytical technique. Such deviations are the essence of musical creation process, which can be generated only with constructive technique. Turning attention to upper structure, organizational and social level of musical activities also can be understood as constructive process of cognition. Leaders ingeniously coordinate heterogeneous talented members, strongly present future visions and concepts as well. Innovators strategically conduct cognitive negotiations between radicalism and contemporaneous to succeed in innovating style and mode of music and diffusing them all over the society. Therefore musical activities, not only individual or collective level but also organizational and social level, can be seen as constructive design process in which different levels are deeply intertwined.

著者

高橋 麻衣子 清河 幸子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.470-480, 2013-12-01 (Released:2014-12-24)

参考文献数

23

---

While reading silently, we process only the visual information of the text. Conversely,while reading texts orally, we process the visually presented text and produce the au-ditory information of the text through articulatory movement. These activities are assumed to facilitate the memory and comprehension of textual information. Although we cannot use such auditory nor motor information while reading silently, there is little difference between the degree of comprehension based on silent and oral reading for adult readers. The purpose of this study is to explain how we compensate the loss of multisensory process during silent reading by comparing the visual processing process during silent and oral reading. In Experiment 1, we measured the eye-movement dur-ing reading garden-path and normal sentences silently and orally. In Experiment 2,we compared the eye-movement during reading more common paragraph silently and orally. The results showed that silent reading took shorter time for comprehension than oral reading, and readers had more visual fixation points and read back frequently dur-ing reading silently than orally. These reading strategies during silent reading seemed to compensate the loss of multisensory process and support the text comprehension.

著者

新垣 紀子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.4_108-4_121, 1998

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People often lose their way when they are trying to find a particular place. In Japan we call such a person &ldquo;houkou onchi&rdquo;. This is a common Japanese expression which means to have no sense of direction. Whether people are &ldquo;houkou onchi&rdquo; or not seems to be related to the quality of their cognitive maps, their ability to navigate and the navigation processes they employ. This research aims to reveal what &ldquo;houkou onchi&rdquo; is. To investigate this, I have focused on the difference between the navigation processes of people who are good and poor at navigating.<br>The subjects undertook a series of tasks which involved watching video films of routes (taken from a moving car). I have analyzed their learning processes and their navigation simulation performance to understand how they interact with the environment they are moving through, while they are acquiring and using information. I have observed a number of features of houkou onchi. Such people do not interact well with the environment during route learning and navigation. They do not always focus on the relevant information required for navigation when they learn the route. Moreover, they cannot form useful cognitive maps after they have learnt the route, and they cannot effectively use such cognitive maps to navigate in space they have already visited. I have observed various kinds of interaction with the environment, and I will discuss the importance of this interaction to navigation.

著者

細馬 宏通

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.113-124, 2014-03-01 (Released:2015-02-02)

参考文献数

17

---

Recent studies of interaction research have revealed that mind in the interaction is embodied in gesture in the material world as the interaction resource. In this study,we research interaction of turning pages each other when they decide the order of the restaurant. Using a virtual menu with 6 pages, 2 participants in the experiment decided to take one dish for each one for each page. Focusing on when and how the partici-pants turn each page, we found that both participants touch or follow the page when it was turned in 64/135 cases. The timing of the turning is organized not only by their utterance of announcing their order but also the body movement of page manipulation. They used the spatio-temporal pattern of page manipulation such as moving their hand from the center to the edge of the page or lifting the edge of the page slightly. These pre-sequences of turning pages, which were step by step process of sequential move-ments with pauses and were embodied with material world of the page structure, seem to project the next movement of page manipulation to prepare the simultaneous page turning by the participants.

著者

竹澤 正哲 亀田 達也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.2, pp.191-205, 1999-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3

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How does a reciprocal communal sharing system come into existence in a sustainable form in human societies? The anthropological literature has provided two explanations for the origin of communal sharing under uncertainty: risk reduction by social sharing (Kaplan & Hill, 1985) and tolerated theft (Blurton Jones, 1984, 1987; Winterhalder, 1986, 1996). In this paper, we aim to develop a third explanation focusing on the emergence of a communal sharing norm. A communal sharing norm here refers to a social norm designating uncertain resources as common properties. A series of computer simulations based on an evolutionary game framework suggests that such a communal sharing norm is indeed evolvable. We argue that the evolutionary game analysis can be a powerful tool in cognitive science to derive empirical hypotheses concerning various cognitive and behavioral mechanisms.

著者

新垣 紀子 野島 久雄

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.239-251, 2004

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Pieces of information and cues left by other people's actions often help us in our daily problem solving activities. In this paper, we examined the roles and functions of HARIGAMI, or stickers, from the viewpoint of social navigation. We collected 1075 pieces of HARIGAMI from 1998 to 2004. We categorized them into cognitive and social categories, and described the situations in which these HARIGAMI were used.<br>The results indicate that HARIGAMI conveys such information as (1) traces of other people's activities, (2) most frequent uses of functions of the system on which HARIGAMI are added, and (3) environmental and system changes as time passes. By analyzing which cognitive level HARIGAMI worked on, we propose possible considerations on the refinement of the system design.<br>HARIGAMI also works as a medium of indirect communication between users of the system on which the HARIGAMI is attached. From analysis of HARIGAMI, we need a new communication channel between users of information distributed via HARIGAMI as it can be useful to prospective users of the system.

著者

安達 悠子 原田 悦子 須藤 智 熊田 孝恒 藤原 健志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.83-99, 2014

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The Center for Usability and Aging Research (CUAR) assemble data for over 170<br> community-dwelling older adults, who volunteered as an informant for usability testing<br> and research. In the course of database enrollment, they participated in a usability<br> test for an automatic coffeemaker, as a demonstration of activities in CUAR. In this<br> article, we analyzed data of 170 people aged 60 and over, for examining relationships<br> between results of usability testing of a coffeemaker and database items which includes<br> demographics information, test results of cognitive aging (e.g. MMSE, AIST-CAT),<br>and subjective evaluation on difficulty of artifacts usage. The results showed the in-<br>dependence between two errors, which were observed in over 25% participants, and<br> also errors and the task accomplishment, indicated by statistical independent and also<br> by comparing the lists of effective items in database. Some research questions which<br> should be pursued for cognitive aging and usability research.

著者

竹村 和久 原口 僚平 玉利 祐樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.368-388, 2015

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This paper examines two-stage multi-attribute decision strategies in different condi-tions where numbers of alternatives, and attributes are varied. A Monte-Carlo com-puter simulation using the concept of elementary information processes identified de-cision strategies that approximate the accuracy of normative procedures while savingcognitive effort in the two-stage decision making process. The elementary strategiesexamined in the simulation were nine decision strategies: lexicographic, lexicographicsemi-order, elimination by aspect, conjunctive, disjunctive, weighted additive, equallyweighted additive, additive difference, and majority of confirming dimensions strategies.Elementary information process and relative accuracy were computed for all combina-tion of two decision strategies for two-phased decision making process. The result ofthe computer simulation suggested that comparatively effortless and accurate heuristicwas the two-phased strategy that used lexicographic strategy to eliminate until a fewalternatives in the first stage and used weighted additive strategy in the second stage.Lastly, theoretical and practical implications of this study were discussed.

著者

長尾 真

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.194-197, 2001-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)