著者

田浦 俊春 永井 由佳里

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.66-82, 2010-03-01

被引用文献数

9

著者

古本 英晴

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.3, pp.210-222, 2000-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

1

---

Although many cases have been reported on impairment of tool use and behavioral disturbance due to brain damage, the precise brain mechanisms regulating human behavior are still unknown.In this report, an outline of behavioral abnormalities caused by brain damage, including utilization behavior (UB), imitation behavior (IB), and apraxia are presented. Next, a case of UB and IB elicited only by a key person is reported, and interpretation of his symptoms is discussed. Lastly, the general structure of information processing in the human brain for tool use and behavior are discussed. I speculate that there are two distinct systems in the human brain, that is, a control system and a substantial information processing system. The former corresponds to attention and emotion. This distinction should have importance when considering tool use and behavior in human beings.A right-handed, 70 year-old man suffered bilateral anterior cerebral artery occlusion that resulted in bilateral frontal lobe infarction. He was inert, and his attention was impaired. He showed typical UB and IB which were elicited only by his chief physician and only in examination situations. Both UB and IB were lacking in his daily life and were never elicited by his family members or other medical personnel. Another report also gives evidence of cases in which a key person is required for UB and/or IB to be elicited.Generally, an object could be considered to always show its meaning as a tool, which implies that its affordace emerges from the object itself. The behavior presented by the key person also can be regarded as a releaser for the patient to imitate behavior. Thus his essential impairment can be attributed to failure to grasp the correct relation of the meaning of objects or of behaviors and situations. This should be called a type of semantic impairments.On the other hand, the patient's inertia and impaired attention is indicative of emotional disturbance. In fact, his cerebral lesions involve some parts of the limbic system. This suggests that he lost active perception which resulted in his being very easily captured by external stimuli. His unique symptoms should not be attributed to the traditional explanation in which UB and/or IB emerge from simple disinhibition of the parietal lobe function from the frontal lobe function.

著者

高野 陽太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.229-230, 2011 (Released:2011-12-16)

著者

岩田 誠

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.1_19-1_30, 1994-05-20 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

34

---

The brain of homo sapiens acquired the ability of reading and writing after the long-standing phylogenetical development. The invention of letters more than 5,000 years ago by our ancestors has realized the communication beyond the limit of time and space, and accordingly all the living creatures finally entered into the histological age of evolution. Thus, the cerebral mechanism of reading and writing might be one of the ultimate goals of the evolution of brain.Scientific approach to the study of cerebral mechanism of reading and writing was initiated by the clinical observations of the patients who had become unable to read and write due to focal brain damage. Through these classical studies, the angular gyrus theory was proposed in the western world to explain the brain function underlying the ability of reading and writing. Although the angular gyrus theory was successful in explaining the anatomo-clinical features of alexia (disability in reading) and agraphia (disability in writing) in westerners, there had been found cases of alexia and/or agraphia in Japan whose clinical pictures could never been explained by this simple classical theory.The enigma was solved when a patient with alexia and agraphia only in kanji with preservation of reading and writing in kana was found to have a focal damage in the left posterior inferior temporal lobe, which was thought to be involved in the process of semantic reading as well as visual evocation of letter form in writing. Upon the clinical observations we proposed the dual processing model of cerebral mechanism in reading and writing. Our recent investigations of PET scan activation studies are now confirming the validity of this dual processing model.

著者

西村 友 鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.136-138, 2006-03-01

被引用文献数

3

著者

冨田 隆 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.4, pp.501-515, 2002-12-01

被引用文献数

2

著者

川合 伸幸

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.455-461, 2007-09

著者

横澤 一彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.2_64-2_82, 1994 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

33

---

Visual search tasks to discover target in distractors are used for performance test of early vision. Fast and spatially parallel detection is taken as evidence that features in question are coded early in the visual process. Targets that are defined by conjunctions of features are usually found through a serial process of checking and rejecting distractors. The search time increases linearly with the number of distractors, suggesting that attention must be focused to each item in turn in order to conjoin features. Based on these recent studies of visual search, a model of visual attention is proposed. It is assumed that a visual image is encoded in a multi-resolution pyramid and attention function selects a sampling area from the pyramid. The function, guided by top-down and bottom-up mechanisms, give priority to sampling. New sampling is reconstructed by combining with previous samplings so that the reconstruction is as visually recognizable as possible at any moment. A computer simulation of the model produces the same general characteristics as human.

著者

内海 彰

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.352-359, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1

---

This paper presents cognitive/computational models of rhetoric I have proposed: an affective-similarity-based model of metaphor comprehension and an implicit-display-theoretic model of irony interpretation. This paper also mentions poetic/aesthetic effects of metaphor and irony evoked through the interpretation process.

著者

山梨 正明

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.571-573, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

著者

金井 明人 小玉 愛実

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.444-458, 2010-09-01

被引用文献数

1

著者

内海 彰 金井 明人

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.233-235, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

被引用文献数

1

著者

永井 由佳里

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.185-191, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

8

著者

石井 成郎 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.4, pp.469-485, 2003-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

6

---

We investigated, through a cognitive psychological experiment and its protocol analysis, experts' and novices' interactive process between the mental operation by which participants considered their ideas and the external operations by which they actually produced physical objects in creative activity. In our experiment, the participants were required to build toy robots with creative features with LEGO Mindstorms. The experimental results showed that the experts could create work that fulfilled both high originality and practicality simultaneously. Moreover, the following four points were confirmed as characteristics of the experts' creative process: (1) the experts globally considered their initial ideas, (2) the experts predicted and considered their ideas by focusing on various aspects of important viewpoints, (3) the experts reconstructed their ideas more actively, and (4) the experts reconstructed their ideas by considering comprehensively the relationship among the elements constructing their plans.

著者

長岡 千賀 小森 政嗣

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.24-38, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

3

---

The present research brings insight into listener's responses in psychotherapeutic counseling and advice sessions, as well as temporal changes in these responses. Four 50-minute counseling sessions were analyzed, of which two were negatively evaluated and two were positively evaluated (high evaluation counseling). In addition, two 50-minute ordinary advice sessions between two high school teachers and the clients from the high evaluation group were analyzed. All sessions represented role-playing. Three judges labeled the listeners' utterances into (a) utterances starting with an answer to the speaker's questions, (b) utterances starting with back-channels, (c) utterances starting with laughter, and (d) others. The results indicated that (a) and (c) are rather rare in counseling, and (b) occurs at a higher rate in counseling, as compared to advise sessions. Further, the occurrence of (b) and (d) in the two high evaluation counseling cases showed a similar time-series pattern, and this pattern corresponded to the time-series pattern of body movement synchrony. This pattern suggested a temporal structure in counseling sessions, that involves processes of counselor's understanding of the client and the client's changes.

著者

秋元 頼孝 邑本 俊亮

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.292-302, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1

---

The present study aims to verify whether the perception of irony occurs after pragmatic insincerity is detected from the speaker's perspective or from the listener's egocentric perspective. Under the manipulation of shared common ground (CG) between the listener who had ironic environment and the speaker, effects of cognitive load on irony comprehension were explored. In Experiment 1, participants read passage and rated the degree of perceived irony with⁄without cognitive load. In Experiment 2, participants also had to judge whether the utterance was irony or not as quickly as possible. On low-CG condition, cognitive load increased the degree of perceived irony (Experiment 1) and decreased the reaction time of irony judgment (Experiment 2). These results showed that participants didn't inhibit the unintended ironical meaning because they were unable to consider common ground under cognitive load. On high-CG condition, cognitive load affected neither the degree of perceived irony nor the reaction time of irony judgment. It was suggested that listeners initiate the processing of ironical meaning when they notice the pragmatic insincerity from their egocentric perspective, not when they recognize it from the speaker's perspective.

著者

南 哲人 乾 敏郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.149-157, 2002-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1

---

The major function of prefrontal cortex (PFC) is known as working memory, which retains relevant information on-line. Rao et al. (1997) found neurons contributing to both object and spatial working memory. However, its mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we propose a neural network model of working memory in order to shed light on the mechanism. Our model has two input streams and can cope with the task in which two kinds of information have to be retained at the same time. We simulated some physiological results with this model. As a result, we could simulate temporal activity patterns of the neuron responding to both object and location information as shown in Rao et al. (1997). And we considered domain-specificity by constructing three architectures of neural networks and the physiological results could be simulated best by no-domain specificity model. This result suggests that there should be no domain-specificity in PF working memory.

著者

三宅 なほみ 三宅 芳雄

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.372-376, 2010-06-01

被引用文献数

2

著者

福田 玄明 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.64-78, 2011-03-01

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

3

---

It is thought that we can discriminate between animate and inanimate things. This ability is called animacy perception. Our discrimination between animate and inanimate things is considered to be an important ability for our social cognition, because animacy perception is assumed to serve as a foundation for considering objects as others that have their own goals, intentions and⁄or emotions. We investigated neural mechanism underlying animacy perception using a real animate thing (turtle) and an inanimate thing (robot) in this study. As far as we know, brain activity related to animacy perception in the course of approaching a real animate thing has not been investigated. In experiment 1, we compared Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) when participants performed reaching actions for the animate thing (animate condition) with those when they performed reaching actions for the inanimate thing (inanimate condition). We found that the amplitude of ERPs in left infero-frontal region, which is said to correspond to mirror system, was significantly higher in the animate condition than in the inanimate condition. Moreover, we found more significant mu suppression in the animate condition than in the inanimate condition, which is said to be an evidence of the activation of mirror system. These results suggest that mirror system is related to animacy perception. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to observe an object, either of the animate thing or the inanimate thing, which was covered in a box so that they could not judge by appearance what it was and to answer whether they felt it as animate or inanimate. We compared ERPs when they performed reaching actions for the objects that they felt as animate with those when they performed reaching actions for the objects that they felt as inanimate. As well as in Experiment 1, we found that the amplitude of ERPs in left infero-frontal region was significantly higher in the former condition than in the latter one. In conjunction with the results in Experiment 1, this result suggests that the activation of mirror system takes a role in subjective attribution of animacy to objects.

著者

阿部 慶賀

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.231-240, 2009 (Released:2010-06-21)

参考文献数

18

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Previous studies (Frank, 1988; Toda, 1992) have shown the sense of unfairness to be an adaptive module within social environments. While adaptive modules can function effectively in practical contexts, they can be obstacles to solving insight problems (Knoblich, 1999; Hiraki & Suzuki, 1998; Abe & Nakagawa, 2007).   The purpose of this study is to test the effects of the sense of unfairness on problem solving. We hypothesize that the sense of unfairness will make it difficult to find the correct answer for this problem.To that aim, the ‘Transportation expenses problem’ is employed, which is a kind of insight problem with a social context.  In order to investigate our hypothesis, we asked participants to solve the problem. The results indicated that the participants did not make a correct and unfair response but a fair and incorrect one. Furthermore, we compare solution rates for the standard ‘Transportation expenses problem’ problem with isomorphic problems that do not involve need to think about unfairness. The results indicate that the solution rates for the isomorphic problems were higher than for the standard version of the problem. The results are supportive of our hypothesis.  The results of experiments suggest that the sense of unfairness interferes with the problem solving.In particular, it changes weight of each choice participants can select.