著者

内海 彰

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.4, pp.4_99-4_112, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

38

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This paper proposes implicit display theory of verbal irony that overcomes several difficulties of previous irony theories. The theory claims that irony implicitly displays the fact that its utterance situation is surrounded by ironic environment consisting of three properties, but hearers recognize an utterance to be potentially ironic even when they do not see all the three properties implicitly displayed by the utterance. Implicit display of ironic environment is accomplished in such a way that an utterance alludes to the speaker's expectation, violates one of pragmatic principles, and is accompanied by several cues for implying the speaker's negative emotional attitude. This paper also shows the validity of implicit display theory by explaining how the theory is consistent with various aspects of irony such as its echoic nature, ironic cues, unintentional irony, the asymmetry of irony and so on.

著者

高野 陽太郎 田中 章浩

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.536-541, 2008 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

8

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This paper summarizes the explanation of mirror reversal based on the multi-process theory proposed by Takano (1997, 1998). It also presents some empirical evidence to prove that the left-right mirror reversal of a viewer' own and that of an alphanumeric character are produced by different underlying principles, respectively.

著者

鈴川 由美 豊田 秀樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.202-222, 2011-03-01

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When applying inference statistics, power analysis should be performed as a part of research plan, and in reporting the results, some measure of effect size is supposed to be included, as APA noted. However, they have been considered less serious indeed. Power analysis including estimation of effect size will be illustrated with sample effect size and sample statistical power calculated for the articles published in the <I>Cognitive Studies</I>.

著者

小橋 康章 松原 仁 橋田 浩一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.3-7, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

2

著者

Katsuo Tamaoka

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.4, pp.441-468, 2003-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

63

---

The present study investigated attributes of kanji On- and Kun-readings from the perspectives of both statistical prediction and human strategy. In Study 1, discriminant analysis using the stepwise method revealed four significant indicators out of ten kanji characteristics for distinguishing On- and Kun-readings. These indicators are semantic concreteness, naming latency, special sounds and number of strokes. In Study 2, an On- or Kun-reading test is given to 30 native Japanese speakers. The result showed tendencies similar to the accuracy rates of discriminant analysis. After the test, a questionnaire revealed that 6 out of 10 strategies were employed by more than 6 out of the 30 participants. Three of these were congruent with significant indicators specified by discriminant analysis, namely, semantic concreteness, naming latency and special sounds. Despite the significant indicator in Study 1, particular strategies concerning kanji strokes and radical frequency were not used by humans. Native Japanese speakers are likely to use kanji neighborhood, kanji homophones and number of morae. The results between indicators and strategies illustrate a more general point: On- and Kun-readings can be effectively predicted by discriminant analysis on the basis of various kanji characteristics; however, due to a lack of consistency in On- and Kun-readings attached to each kanji, humans can flexibly incorporate a wider variety of strategies when making their determinations.

著者

伊藤 昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.77-87, 1999-03-01

被引用文献数

6

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Recently, mindreading ability is the topic of intensive investigations, fired by the &ldquo;Theory of Mind&rdquo; research by Premack & Woodruff. Few researchers, however, tried to define &ldquo;mindreading&rdquo; algorithmically. We mindread other people everyday, and think we know what mindreading really is&mdash;e.g. to reproduce in ourselves the &ldquo;thought&rdquo; existing in other's mind. Unfortunately, this definition cannot be applied for machine systems. Even for human beings or animals we cannot examine the thought in other's mind directly, and there is no method to verify the coincidence. We propose a definition of &ldquo;mindreading&rdquo; independent of the inner representation (thought) of mindreaders and mindreads. Next, Multi-player Prisoner's Dilemma Game (MPD) is proposed as a task where mindreading is expected to be effective for the survival of the players. Computer simulation shows &ldquo;(by our definition) mindreading programs&rdquo; are actually acquired through evolution in the MPD society. Lastly the validity of our definition of mindreading, the implication of our definition, and condition for the emergence of mindreading are discussed.

著者

小川 昭利

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.407-419, 2014-09-01 (Released:2015-05-12)

参考文献数

90

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The aim of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of perception is to unravel the neural basis of the computational processing of the targeted perception. A standard fMRI study of perception generally uses simple stimuli, such as geometrical graphics in vision and pure tones in audition, and measures brain responses to such artificial stimuli, which are generated carefully. The target brain activity of percep-tual processing has been investigated using a contrast between stimulus conditions, to cancel out other processes. In contrast, the brain’s response to naturalistic stimuli is considered not to be a combination of responses to simple stimuli. The uncontrolled per-ceptual processes that are evoked in parallel hamper the analysis of the data in a simple factorial manner. In this article, I briefly reviewed fMRI studies that used naturalis-tic stimuli (e.g., photos and movies) and introduced nonstandard analytical methods. One was the computational model-based analysis of a hypothesis-driven study, and the other was the intersubject correlation of data-driven research. A model-based fMRI study can directly predict the brain responses to the processing of dynamic perception (e.g., motion perception in the middle temporal area). Intersubject correlation can be used to evaluate the reliability of fMRI signals in response to naturalistic stimuli. In addition, I introduced a decoding technique using pattern recognition, which has been used widely not only in the engineering but also in the neuroscience fields. Although the number of studies using naturalistic stimuli and novel analytical methods has in-creased, the standard fMRI study using simple stimuli and analysis remains the most effective approach to identify the neural bases of perception. I expect that these stan-dard and novel fMRI studies will contribute complementarily to the elucidation of the brain processes for naturalistic stimuli.

著者

新垣 紀子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.142-143, 2012 (Released:2014-07-22)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

4

著者

下斗米 貴之 大森 隆司

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.4, pp.319-332, 2004 (Released:2007-04-13)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2

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Recently, many researchers have reported about how children acquire a word meaning. Especially some of them reported that the verb meaning development is delayed to that of noun. In these reports, they used the ANOVA (the ANalysis Of VAriance) for the detection of a difference in the behavioral data. But ANOVA is not a sufficient way of analysis in the sense that we can't know the detailed mechanism of the meaning acquisition in children. So, in this paper, we developed a model based analysis of behavioral data that enable more detailed structure estimation, and analyzed the children's word acquisition data with the method. From the analysis, we found a hierarchical mixture of binomial distribution with three sub-modules is a suitable model for the data. The parameter change in the model indicated that what is changing between three to five years infant is a choice of proper learning action from the recognition of verb/noun situation.

著者

縣 拓充 岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.27-45, 2013-03-01

参考文献数

89

被引用文献数

1

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Creative activities are becoming increasingly important in modern society. Studies<br> have been conducted to promote understanding and support of creative experts in var<br>ious creative domains such as art, music, science, and technology. At the same time, it<br> has also been pointed out that many ordinary citizens do not have opportunities to par<br>ticipate in creative activities and do not have knowledge about creative processes and<br> methods. Does this mean that citizens should be just consumers of creative products?<br> In this paper, we claim that a creative society needs not only creative experts who<br> professionally participate in creative activities, but also 'people with creative literacy'<br>who understand creative activities and enjoy participating in such activities in their<br> daily life. We discuss practices to cultivate people's understanding of and motivation<br> for creative activities, and the ways that cognitive science can contribute to the support<br> of such practices.

著者

乾 敏郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.2_5-2_20, 1995-05-30 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

39

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The topic of information integration in the brain is discussed at three levels of explanation: computational theory, representation and algorithm, and implementation. We initially discuss how outputs of early vision modules are integrated into one unique representation: a 21/2D sketch. In this problem Bayesian estimation framework is useful to explain many psychophysical data obtained by a cue-conflict paradigm. A method on how to construct a stable visual world through body and eye movements is presented next. Outputs from different modalities are integrated for space constancy. Several recent physiological data support multiple-coordinated-reference-frames view, the notion being that as the body moves relative to external space, the brain updates these different frames of reference and remaps their relationship to each other. Finally, we discuss information integration in shape perception and visual selection. In this section, two new hypotheses for information integration are introduced: principal component analysis (KL-expansion) and integrated competition.

著者

野村 亮太 岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.226-244, 2014

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How do expert storytelling artists captivate audiences with a single performance? In<br/> study 1, we observed the eyeblink responses of expertized 7 of 20 audience members<br/> (10 male and 10 female, aged 16 to 67 years; <i>M </i>=40<i>.</i>6, <i>SD </i>=16<i>.</i>4) at the performance<br/> of two professional story-telling Rakugo artists. With using a surrogate data method,<br/>the statistically significant synchronization of eyeblinks among audience members was<br/> detected when performers changed scenes and characters and immediately after the<br/> performer delivered words essential to the understanding of the story. In study 2, we<br/> conducted a laboratory experiment with 32 (19 male and 13 female) participants aged<br/> 20 to 34 years (<i>M </i>=22<i>.</i>56, <i>SD </i>=2<i>.</i>85) to examine whether the expertise of the story-<br/>teller affected the frequency and intensity of synchronization of eyeblinks by recording<br/> each participant's eyeblinks. The synchronization of eyeblinks was also detected in this<br/> study that each participant viewed videotapes alone, which eliminated potential au-<br/>dience interaction. The participants who were assigned to the watching a videotaped<br/> performance of an expert storyteller displayed frequent synchronized eyeblinks and had<br/> a higher score of transportation into the narrative world of Rakugo compared to those<br/> were assigned to watch a videotaped performance of a novice. These results imply<br/> that expert performers gain a listener's unintentional process of attention as well as<br/> somatic-emotional responses, evidenced by synchronized eyeblinks.

著者

鈴木 宏昭 高木 光太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.4, pp.403-406, 2012-12-01 (Released:2014-10-31)

参考文献数

20

著者

西山 佑司

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.1_135-1_140, 1994-05-20 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

11

著者

三藤 博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.2_86-2_89, 1994-11-30 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

14

著者

鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.212-224, 2001-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

1

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This paper reviews the history of cognitive studies on thinking from the dynamical point of view. In the early 1970s, researchers employed the formal approach to thinking where its processes were modeled as applications of domain-independent formal rules. However, in the 1980s, various studies revealed that human thinking is best characterized as a knowledge dependent process. Although knowledge plays critical roles, this approach had difficulties in dealing with flexible use of knowledge, its origin, and interaction with the external environment. In the 1990s, dynamics of thinking is more and more a topic within the scope of cognitive science, by virtue of biological approaches such as cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, and extended connectionism, as well as the research on analogy, creative thinking and scientific reasoning. Finally, methodological issues to further develop the dynamical approach are discussed.

著者

小方 孝 内海 彰 森田 均 潟沼 潤

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.307-310, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

9

著者

牧岡 省吾

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.4, pp.721-722, 2008 (Released:2010-04-23)

参考文献数

2

著者

酒井 正明 齋藤 洋典 白石 知子 井藤 寛志

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.433-447, 2009 (Released:2010-09-10)

参考文献数

14

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Designers are expected to create beautiful and functional products. Based on a concept of user-friendliness, users expect to understand functions mounted on a product without special knowledge and experience with the manipulation of the designers' real product, while usability of products is measured in terms of users' observation and manipulation. The purpose of this study was to focus on users' observation and to examine whether users can correctly understand functions of a designed product (digital sphygmomanometers), regardless of their medical knowledge, without manipulation. We conducted two experiments to test whether users, regardless of their expert knowledge, elicit high marks in the function-estimation task as well as in the beauty-evaluation task. Two groups of students with or without nursing education were asked to estimate functions and evaluate beauty of two types of digital sphygmomanometer (an old design model and its new model redesigned) based solely on the observation of the products' pictures without manipulating the real products. The results indicated that the two groups of participants showed higher correct responses to the old type than the new type in the function-estimation task, while they showed higher evaluations of the new type than the old type in the beauty-evaluation task. In particular, the results of nursing students in the function-estimation task indicated that medical knowledge in the nursing group did not contribute to the correct estimation of the operation procedure for the new model. These results suggest that designer's efforts for the new model were successful in production of beauty but were not successful in production of perceptive functionality under the present observation condition without manipulation of the real products. We discussed these results based on a framework of co-existence of beauty and functionality in the designers' work.

著者

浜田 秀

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.319-326, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

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Represented by story grammar, the conventional analysis with a cognitive science approach regarded narratives as a process in which the character solved problems. This idea was invoked by folklore narratives and is insufficient for a display of narrative structures. With the idea that three conditions compose narratives in general—that are, 1) actual temporality, 2) flow of time, and 3) detachment from the narrator, this paper aimed to show that narratives are comprised of four layers: speech, foreground and background, and comment. As for the background, there are two types that exist: the microscopic type which magnifies the process part of motion, and the macroscopic type which compresses multiple events and presents them as a whole. Furthermore, to explain that these four layers are in figure and ground relationships with each other, and reflect these layers linearly onto discourse, recognition of presence of specific border expressions for each borderline is described.