著者

植阪 友理

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.3, pp.227-231, 2018-09-01 (Released:2019-02-28)

参考文献数

33

著者

植田 一博 服部 雅史 嶋田 総太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.297-298, 2019-09-01 (Released:2020-03-01)

著者

大塚 裕子 桑田 幸生

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.163-175, 2020-06-01 (Released:2020-06-15)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this research is learning design and practice for childcare practitioners in a nursing site. Specifically, we describe ourselves as childcare practitioners the process that we find the state which children learn and develop from everyday childcare practice, we each reflect and describe the state, and we design and do the childcare reflection which we discuss the state. We suggest taking pictures by the viewpoint of children under the age of one to take in a first-person viewpoint of them, and to think deeply meanings of the actions and reactions vividly. This method of the taking pictures and describing by a second-person approach enables to share reflection of each practitioner by every childcare staffs and to learn new viewpoints from others. Thereby, we understand meanings them to avoid being self-opinionated. In this paper, we show two examples which the practitioner in charge for children under the age of one takes pictures of children's action, and describing the process in a childcare center. One is scene a five months old child is surprised and excited at impressive sight (many headbands at suspended from the ceiling) he never has seen. The other is scene an eleven months child gets over an entrance mat (having many rubber points on the surface of the mat) as difficulty of sense of touch for him. We considerate ability and possibility of children under the age of one, and childcare skill based on the interaction in sharing reflections.

著者

諏訪 正樹 青山 征彦 伝 康晴

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.89-94, 2020-06-01 (Released:2020-06-15)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2

著者

田村 昌彦 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.299-313, 2011 (Released:2011-12-16)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

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We conducted three experiments to investigate the effects of how experiences for solving a source task subconsciously affect problem solving for a target insight problem. In Experiment 1, we verified an experimental paradigm developed for this investigation. We found that the experiences solving the source task actually improved the target problem solving even though the participants were not aware the correspondence between the two tasks. Experiment 2 revealed that the effect that the source task improved problem solving for the target task was not brought about by the perceptual feature shared by the two tasks, but by eye tracking experiences while solving the source task, relaxing the constraint that prevents the solution for the target task. Experiment 3 suggested that the effect emerged for relaxing the constraint only; did not for shifting search for an adequate problem space that involves the target solution. We concluded that in insight problem solving people can use analogical cues without awareness to relax fixations rather than to shift search for the problem spaces.

著者

堀 浩一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.1-2, 2010 (Released:2010-10-22)

著者

村岡 諭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.404-416, 2006 (Released:2008-11-13)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2

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The present study investigates the effects of case marking information on processing an object NP in Japanese. In Japanese, there are two kinds of case markers that are assigned to an object NP, one is a dative case marker “ni”, the other is an accusative case marker “o”, and it is specified for each verb which case marker is assigned to an object NP. We conducted two experiments to verify whether the parser is sensitive to the difference in case markers in object NPs. Results from the experiments show two findings: (i) the parser processes object NPs in different ways depending on the case marker, (ii) based on the difference in the case markers of object NPs, the parser predicts what kind of element is input next. As for the mechanism of the parser, the present results are compatible with the model in which NPs in Japanese are associated with a parsing tree incrementally before verb information becomes available, and give a detailed explanation of how it processes the NPs with local information at the stage of preverbal processing.

著者

寺岡 丈博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.227-232, 2020-06-01 (Released:2020-06-15)

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近年の深層学習の発展により,機械翻訳をはじめとする様々な自然言語処理技術も発展の一途を辿ってきている.しかし,その一方で意味や文脈の理解に関しては未だ課題が散見され,その代表的なものが,比喩理解である.比喩とは,「ある事柄や物をそれと関係のある別の事柄や物で説明する」修辞法である.つまり,比喩は字義通りの意味と本来表現するべき意味が異なるため,文中や発話中に「比喩表現がどこにあって何を表しているか」を正しく理解することは自然言語処理の重要な課題といえる. 本稿で紹介する論文は,それぞれ修辞性が異なる比喩表現を扱っているが,どちらも統語関係に基づいた特徴量を機械学習に用いた研究である.第1 論文は,半教師学習(semi-supervised)と教師なし学習(unsupervised)をそれぞれ用いてコーパス内の比喩表現(metaphorical expression)を同定している.ここでいう比喩表現は,“mend marriage”のような動詞が隠喩的に用いられる表現を指す.第2 論文は,Predicate Window と最小構成のニューラルネットワークを使用して,コーパス内の換喩表現(metonymic expression)を識別している.換喩(metonymy)とは隣接性・近接性に基づいた比喩であり,ここでは“London”のような地名を表す固有表現(named entity)を識別の対象にしている. 以上の2 編は,比喩研究や言語研究を専門とする研究者にとって興味深い内容であると考えられる.第1 論文で,比喩表現の同定過程で取得した比喩のパターンは認知科学と心理学の比喩や概念に関する研究に貢献できる可能性が示唆されている.第2 論文では,統語的にシンプルな情報であるPredicate Window を新たに定義しており,換喩表現だけでなく,固有表現や語彙多義性の処理にも応用できる可能性が示唆されている.これらの自然言語処理研究を通して新しい知見が得られる機会になるとともに「比喩理解に何が必要なのか」を提言していただければ,紹介者として本懐の至りである.

著者

三野宮 定里 原田 泰

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.176-191, 2020-06-01 (Released:2020-06-15)

参考文献数

12

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We propose a method to visualize a design process as a “narrative” from the designer's point of view to describe how to design. The principal aim of this study is to discuss how to describe what knowledge, skill, attitude and passion, etc.,are necessary for design. First, we analyzed previous studies of visualizing design processes. Based on this analysis, we have implemented a description method. Second, we drew some sketches in a practice. After the practice, we organized the sketches, and described what we saw, what we thought, what we understood, and what we did not understand. In this paper, we try to describe the process of our design project. Since we have been practicing design at a company that produces Japanese packaging, the project's theme was to make a new method of computing the cost of this packaging. By visualizing the design process, we describe design strategies such as how to get an idea, to generate visions with partners,to brush up an idea. This study shows an approach to describe design strategies from a narrative perspective.

著者

香川 秀太 澁谷 幸 三谷 理恵 中岡 亜希子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.4, pp.355-376, 2016-12

著者

永井 淳一 横澤 一彦 浅野 倫子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.426-439, 2019-12-01 (Released:2020-03-01)

参考文献数

39

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We examined how Japanese non-synesthetes associate colors to kana characters (Japanese syllabic graphemes). Kana consists of two distinct and corresponding subsets, hiragana and katakana, which represent the same set of syllables but differ in their shapes and usage, etc. For each of 92 kana characters, participants chose the most suitable color from 11 basic color terms. The same test was repeated with a two-week interval. Results showed comparable biases and regularities in their kana-color associations, though, which were not as temporally consistent as those of grapheme-color synesthetes. As suggested for grapheme-color synesthetes in past studies, linguistic and cognitive properties of the characters and colors regulated their associations: earlier characters in the syllabary order tended to be associated with earlier colors in the Berlin and Kay’s typology order, color word frequency order, and/or the subjective color ranking order. Besides, color choices for hiragana characters and those for their katakana counterparts were remarkably consistent, showing that characters sharing the same sound tended to be associated with the same colors. This tendency is comparable with that reported for Japanese synesthetes. It is suggested that grapheme-color associations of both non-synesthetes and synesthetes depend on common linguistic and cognitive processes during language and knowledge acquisition.

著者

石原 由紀夫 守田 了

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.3, pp.270-286, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

29

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During reading spaced text such as English, each word is not refixated very often when eyes initially land on slightly right side of the middle part of the word. However, in identifying an isolated word, the word will be identified more quickly when eyes initially land on slightly left side of the middle part of it. These two initial eye landing positions are called optimal viewing position or OVP, and these two phenomena are called optimal viewing position effect or OVP effect. This paper aims to simulate eye movements using a computer to realize these two OVP effects. Previous studies indicated that the reason for OVP in identifying an isolated word was that letters could be identified more correctly in the right visual field than the left. In our study, in order to get the higher probability of letter identification in the right visual field than the left one, we considered the asymmetry of the number of pixels sampled in the left and right visual field. And we used the gap between subjective and objective viewpoints to quantify the asymmetry. Here, a subjective viewpoint is defined as the point that people look at on an object. Meanwhile an objective viewpoint is defined as the point of the object, on which the straight line passing through the center of pupil and fovea falls. In our experiments, eye movements in identifying an isolated English word and reading English text were simulated using a computer while shifting the objective viewpoint around the subjective viewpoint. As a result, OVP appeared on the left half of a word and on the right half when identifying an isolated English word and reading English text, respectively. These happened only when the objective viewpoint was shifted to the right from the subjective viewpoint by the width of 1 letter.

著者

開 一夫 鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.2_69-2_79, 1998-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

23

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Research on insight has accumulated empirical evidence on its cognitive processes. However, there is little agreement on what problem-solvers learn from their initial failures and at what point an insight actually takes place. To explore these issues, we first propose a general framework that involves three constraints, object-level, relational, and goal. The object-level and relational constraints represent people's natural preferences of how objects and relations in a given problem are represented. The goal constraint evaluates a degree of match of the current state to the goal, and leads problem-solvers to select specific combinations of the representations of objects and relations. In the processes of insight, these constraints operate simultaneously and are gradually relaxed by repeated impasses. Using a geometric puzzle problem, we empirically tested hypotheses derived from the framework. Experimental results revealed that the initial persistence in a wrong approach could be explained by the object-level and goal constraints, and that subjects could reach an insight by relaxing the object-level constraints as well as allowing easy operation of goal constraints.

著者

大村 英史 二藤 宏美 岡ノ谷 一夫 古川 聖

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.152-159, 2013-03-01 (Released:2014-11-20)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

2

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According to Meyer, musical emotion is elicited by deviations from musical expecta-tion. We assume such deviations as a musical complexity. In this study, we focused on the structure of melodies, and created complexities built in either or both types of structures: one made of notes and the other made of grouping hierarchic elements,which we called level 1 structure and level 2 structure. We conducted a psychological experiment revealing relationships between emotion and musical complexities. Par-ticipants assessed musical emotions (GEMS-9) and feeling that something is wrong as sensory psychological quantity of complexities. As the results of ANOVAs, we found that destructions of both level 1 structure and level 2 structure effected feeling that something is wrong. Moreover, destructions of level 2 structure effected tension, sad-ness,andtranscendence of musical emotions. These results indicate that manipulating destructions level of musical structure might control specific musical emotions.

著者

村田 藍子 樋口 さとみ 佐々木 超悦 亀田 達也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.4, pp.503-507, 2014-12-01 (Released:2015-06-09)

参考文献数

8

著者

嶋崎 恒雄

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.148-153, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

20

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The present article is a comment on the feature “Symmetry: The search for the foundation of thinking, language, and communication” apppeared on Congnitive Studies, 15(3), 2008, from a viewpoint of experimental psychology on the fields of learning and thinking studies. It includes discussion on the biological significance of the experiments both with animal and human, and show the asymmetry of human and animal are not only due to the difference of the biological significance of the experimental situations with referencing data on the retrospective revaluation experiment with human participants. After the discussion, the possibility that the fundamental factor that separates human from infrahuman is the self-concept and self-consciousness is indicated. And in conducting comparative studies on cognitive mechanism and ability, the construction of the model of the self on non-human, such as computer, will be inevitably needed.

著者

ヒュース 由美 三浦 哲都 向井 香瑛 工藤 和俊

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.13-17, 2020-03-01 (Released:2020-03-15)

参考文献数

12

著者

門田 圭祐

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.69-75, 2020-03-01 (Released:2020-03-15)

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何かを貸してくれるように求めたり,相手が欲しがっている物を差し出したりといった援助は私たちの生活の至るところでおこなわれている.本稿では,そのようなありふれたやりとりが成り立つ仕組みの解明を目指し,人々の発話や身体動作を微視的に分析する相互行為研究の文献を紹介する.ここでの「微視的分析」とは,発話における1 つ1 つの表現の選び方や身体動作におけるタイミングや軌道といった,相互行為の中で時々刻々となされていくふるまいの調整について,その継起関係や共起関係を質的に記述していくような分析を指す. 本稿で紹介する文献は「援助のリクルートメント(recruitment of assistance)」というアイデアに基づき,発話による援助の依頼や身体動作による援助の引き出しを1 つの連続体(continuum)をなすものとして捉え,包括的に扱うことを提案している.第1 論文は,リクルートメントのために用いられる5 つの方法の特定と比較をおこなっている.また,これらの方法に関連して「補助的な行為(subsidiary actions)」というふるまいについて記述をおこなっている.第2 論文は,何かを探している(searching for)ことを示す様々な身体動作に焦点を当て,それらが他者から援助を引き出す方法として用いられていることを示している.なお,第2 論文はオンラインジャーナルに掲載されたものであり,参与者たちのふるまいを文字化したトランスクリプトのみならず,実際のビデオデータを参照しながら読み進めることができる. 以上2 編の文献は,第1 にはコミュニケーション研究を専門とする多くの研究者にとって役立つものだろう.また,人間と共棲するロボットの開発などを専門とする読者にとっても,示唆的な知見が提示されていると思われる.加えて,介護や看護などの実践に携わる方々にとっては,「当たり前」になっているふるまいの巧みさを捉え直し,改善していく手がかりとなるかもしれない.相互行為研究以外の分野を専門とする読者に文献を紹介するにあたり,本稿では事例と分析の概要を示すだけにとどめた.紹介した両文献に関心をもっていただけた方は,ぜひ,元の文献に掲載されている完全な事例と詳細な分析にあたっていただければ幸いである.

著者

植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.3-5, 2019-03-01 (Released:2019-09-01)

参考文献数

1

著者

野村 亮太 丸野 俊一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.494-508, 2007-12-01

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1