著者

毛利 俊雄 吾妻 健 石上 盛敏 川本 芳

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.87-94, 2000 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

7 8

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We report a species identification by mitochondrial DNA of a partial macaque skeleton excavated from Shuri Castle, Okinawa, the estimated age of which is around the 16th or 17th century AD. Species identification by gross morphology was not possible because of the following reasons; sufficient parts are not preserved, no natural distribution of non-human primates including macaque is recorded in the Ryukyu islands, and the genus Macaca is highly speciose. DNA amplification of D-loop variable region (ca 200bp) was first unsuccessful with the use of previously devised sets of primers which encompass the whole region, and is accomplished by using newly devised sets of primers, each of which is designed for anterior or posterior portion of the targeted region. Sequenced DNA of the Shuri macaque completely agrees with a sequence of Yaku macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). For the comparison with or species identification of Shuri macaque, we sequenced the same region of DNA (variable region of D-loop) from four species of macaques (Macaca fuscata, M. cyclopis, M. mulatta and M. fascicularis). Ample variations of substitutions and insertion/deletion mutations are discovered both intra- and inter-specifically. A neighbor-joining tree based on nucleotide substitutions is depicted with bootstrap values (Fig. 4). In this study, a monkey skeletal remain excavated from Okinawa is safely identified as a Yaku macaque by the use of mitochondrial DNA. This suggests a promising future of genetic analyses for archaeological information retrieval. It is also emphasized that, for the proper assessment of the genetic information from archaeological remains, fuller genetic studies of the living animals are critically important.

著者

山極 寿一

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.195-206, 1993 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

54

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The distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees overlaps extensively in eastern Zaire. A similar density is estimated for the 2 kinds of ape in lowland tropical forests, while the density is higher for gorillas than for chimpanzees in montane forests. These differences are reflected in their food selection and range utilization in both habitats. Like chimpanzees, gorillas tend to eat many kinds of fruit and to consume insects regularly in lowland forests. Gorillas and chimpanzees tend to select different food items and to range in different vegetation types in montane forests. The low availability of fruits in montane forests may be responsible for the low density of chimpanzees. When availability of fruits declines, the 2 kinds of ape adopt different strategies. Gorillas exhibit folivorous characteristics and decrease day journey length. Chimpanzees are always extensive frugivores and may possibly increase their ranging area. These findings of their ecological characteristics must be considered in conservation planning. Kahuzi-Biega National Park (6, 000km2) includes both montane and lowland forests and provides a variety of habitats for gorillas and chimpanzees. The recent census conducted in montane forests indicates a slight increase of gorilla population in this decade. However, gorillas and chimpanzees tend to concentrate their ranging in the small areas which are well protected by the Park. The increasing human population around the Park has gradually destroyed the ape's habitats everywhere. Recent developments in tourism and organization of NGO contribute financial supports for the country and knowledge to the local people to realize the value of their natural resources. More international attention is needed to increase conservation activities and to protect fauna and flora from the hazards of human disturbances in this area.

著者

正高 信男

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.121-128, 1989 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

36

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The present study shows that chemical signals are used as sociosexual communication among prosimians, New World as well as Old World monkeys. The abundance of scent glands and of behaviors concerned with their use exhibits that olfactory communication is of great importance in prosimians and callitrichids. Although cebids share a reduction in the complexity of the gland structure with Old World monkeys, the relative scarcity of specialized scent-marking behaviors is complemented by variable types of urine-concerned behaviors. It suggests that olfactory communication might play a more powerful role in social interaction in general throughout the order primates than is commonly supposed.

著者

山越 言 竹元 博幸 松沢 哲郎 杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.101-114, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

169

被引用文献数

4 4

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This review summarizes the findings from 40 years of research on a chimpanzee group at Bossou, Guinea, conducted mainly by two research teams, one from the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, and the other from Kyoto University, Japan, and reports the current conservation status of the chimpanzee group.Research in the 1960's by the Dutch team consisted of short-term, ‘testing-a-hypothesis’ type projects, which focused on the chimpanzees' agonistic behavior towards predators. They used a unique field-experiment method, with an artificial leopard, to see how the chimpanzees responded to the stimulus. The experiments revealed a variety of agonistic reactions by chimpanzees, including tool-using behavior such as throwing a branch and using a stick as a club.In 1976, the Japanese team launched a long-term project, based on recognizing each chimpanzee individually. Although diverse topics have been covered to date, a focus has been tool use. Starting with the first substantial direct observation of nut cracking by wild chimpanzees, many other types of tool use have since been described, including ant dipping, pestle pounding, and algae scooping. A series of field experiments followed that revealed many details about nut cracking by chimpanzees: hand preference, metatool, developmental process, etc. Feeding ecology is a more recent topic, and the utilization of oil palm as a ‘keystone resource' when fruit is scarce, using two types of tool, proved to have significant ecological importance. Unique social characteristics like male immigration, close between-female relationships, and females’ high reproductive performances have been brought to light and require more ecological and genetic study to understand their uniqueness comprehensively.As for the conservation status of Bossou chimpanzees, the population size has fluctuated, but has been essentially stable during the study period. The reproductive parameters appear good, but juveniles of both sexes tend to disappear for unknown reasons. The people of Bossou have a strong religious motivation for conserving small patches of forest and the chimpanzees living there, and there is good collaboration among the Bossou people, government institutions and researchers when dealing with conservation problems. Current concerns seem to be the genetic isolation from a neighboring chimpanzee population on Mt. Nimba, and crop damage caused by the chimpanzees.

著者

中久喜 正一

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.121-133, 1988 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

12

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This is general remarks of the study of mammalian lung. The interpretations of the lung lobes are different among authors. Particulary, in the left lung. Therefore, the author investigates the lungs of 55 species of mammalia to establish the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramification of the mammalian lung: the dorsal bronchiole system, lateral bronchiole system, ventral bronchiole system and medial bronchiole system arise from the dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial sides of both bronchi. Further, two pairs of bronchioles arise from the lateral sides of the trachea. The upper lobe bronchioles are the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system and two pairs of bronchioles which arise from the lateral sides of the trachea. In this way, three upper lobe bronchioles can be enumerated. The middle lobe bronchiole is the first branch of the lateral bronchiole systems. The accessory lobe bronchiole is the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles constitute the lower lobe (Nakakuki, 1975, 1980). The author identified the lung lobes not only basing upon the external observation but also basing upon the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramification of the mammalian lung. The results are summarized as show in the Table 1 and Table 2.

著者

杉山 幸丸 渡邊 邦夫 栗田 博之 中道 正之

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.63-81, 2013

被引用文献数

2

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Primatology in Japan after the World War II began in the late 1940s with the observation of shy wild Japanese macaques (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>) from more than 100 m. Depending on artificial feeding students succeeded to observe macaques within a short distance and identified each individual. Individual identification of calm free-ranging macaques within a short distance made it possible to record individual and social behavior of each identified individual in detail; long-lasting kin-recognition between a mother and her offspring, dominance relations among individuals and kin-groups, and then, social organization. Artificial feeding is a form of semi-experimental manipulation introduced into the wild monkey groups. This paper showed how students contributed to the primate studies under such a condition at Koshima, Takasakiyama and Katsuyama. Some behaviors, particularly cultural ones, were found only in the artificially-fed groups. Some other exceptional or uncommon phenomena or behaviors seen in non-artificially-fed groups were recorded, with many episodes sufficient for statistical analysis at artificially-fed groups. As far as we are cautious that artificial feeding is semi-experimental manipulation on the wild monkey groups, we can find out more about the important nature of human and non-human primates and evolutionary relations of them.

著者

Shozo KOJIMA

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

Primate Research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.44-65, 1988 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

3 2

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Audition, speech perception and phonation of the chimpanzee were studied to understand the course of evolution of human speech. (1) The chimpanzee showed W-shaped auditory sensitivity which is similar to that of monkeys and different from that of humans. The origin of the 4kHz dip was discussed. (2) The discrimination of vowels and consonants was studied using a reaction time task. The chimpanzee required long latenties in discriminating [i] from [u] and [e] from [o]. The relationship between the auditory sensitivity and the perception of vowels was discussed. The chimpanzee was reported to make use of the pitch and the 3rd and the 4th formants to normalize vowels. The chimpanzee showed categorical perception of the voicing and the place-of-articulation features of stop consonants. (3) The chimpanzee did not utter [i] and [e]. The small pharynx was suggested to be responsible for this repertoir of vowl-like sounds. The relationship between perception and production of vowels was discussed and it was suggested that the evolution of audition was matched to that of phonation. The difference in the vocal development between chimpanzees and humans was also discussed. (4) Auditory cortical neuronal responses of the Japanese monkey to conspecific coo sounds were reported. The neural lateralization of vocal reception in primates was discussed.

著者

早川 祥子 Hernandez Alexander D. 鈴木 真理子 菅谷 和沙 香田 啓貴 長谷川 英男 遠藤 秀紀

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.3-10, 2011-06-20

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

2

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屋久島にて見つかったおよそ26歳という,非常に老齢であるニホンザル(メス)の死体の剖検結果を報告する。年齢の推定は死体の歯のエナメル質をヘマトキシリンで染色する方法によって行った。これは餌付けの経験のない野生ニホンザルとしては例外的に高齢であると考えてよい。外傷は見当たらず,病理解剖における主な病変は肺出血であり,対象個体が肺炎に罹患していたことが示唆された。さらに特筆すべきことは,このサルの体内から大量の寄生虫感染が見つかったことである。感染していたのは線虫4種,総数1524個体(<i>Streptopharagus pigmentatus</i> 1270, <i>Gongylonema pulchrum</i> 208, <i>Oesophagostomum aculeatum</i> 36, <i>Trichuris</i> sp. 10)であった。対象個体は老齢のため免疫力が低下しており,寄生虫の感染および蓄積を防ぐことができず,さらには肺炎にも感染して死を迎えたものと考えられる。

著者

Camille PENE Akiho MURAMATSU Tetsuro MATSUZAWA

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 Supplement

巻号頁・発行日

pp.105, 2015-06-20 (Released:2016-02-02)

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Numerous studies have shown that chimpanzees have the same color vision as humans. Colorblindness also exist in chimpanzees, and some individuals have been proved to be colorblind through genetic tests or modified Ishihara tests. More and more apes are trained to use touch screen as research or enrichment purpose. Among the task they achieve, matching to sample is one of more common. Could we detect unusual color perception in a chimpanzee from a basic color-color matching-to-sample (MTS) task ? From June to August 2012, we tested 7 Chimpanzees from Kyoto University Primate Research Institute with color to color MTS in order to explore their color perception. Ten colors were used and two tests were run : first one offered 10 alternatives to match with the sample and second one only two. Mistakes during those tests and latency to answer were considered as witnesses of color confusion. From the data we obtained, we built a dendrogram showing color relationship in chimpanzee's perception and graphics detailing those relationships. Individual differences were also noted and, among those, abnormal perception in one of the chimpanzee could not be excluded. This study confirm that color perception in chimpanzee is indeed really close from the human's one. It also bring up the possibility of a kind of colorblindness in one of the subject. This should be explored in following studies.

著者

北村 光二

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.109-120, 2008-12-20

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

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This paper aims to consider why the sphere of social phenomena is significant in the study of primates, including humans, and what aspects of the phenomena we should focus on in order to understand its significance. Although the process of making relations with others may easily become undecided, it may not be retained. We humans cope with such undecidability by paying attention to the motivation of activity easily shared by participants, or adequate readiness for regulating each other's interaction. This does not mean that the social sphere is independent of other spheres, but these characters are common to the activities of making relations with the natural environment for surviving. The social sphere should be placed in the larger range of phenomena produced by the activities of making relations with the outer world in general. An individual animal tries to decide his act of making relation with an object depending on the meaning of the object, while he tries to identify the meaning depending on his act of making relation with the object. Here, the undecidable circle is formed. The same situation is found in the case of making relations with others. That is to say, one tries to decide his act to the other depending on the other's act while the latter decides his act depending on the former's act, so that the undecidable circle is also formed here. The undecidability in the process of making relations with objects is usually perfectly hidden. However, the other's selection in the process of making relation with the object is always apparent in the social sphere. The other not only makes the undecidability apparent by making a different selection from my own, but also teaches a new way of coping with it by sharing the motivation with him or regulating the process of interaction with him.

著者

山極 寿一

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.73-76, 2004-06-30

被引用文献数

2

著者

佐倉 統

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, 2013

著者

久世 濃子

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.77-80, 2004-06-30

被引用文献数

3 1

著者

杉山 幸丸 岩本 俊孝 小野 勇一

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.197-207, 1995-12-01

被引用文献数

1 7

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The number of Japanese macaques (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>) has rapidly increased under artificially provisioned conditions. At Takasakiyama it increased by 6.9 times during 22 years from 1953 to 1975 when food was given at 618kcal/day/head on average. To control the population growth, provisioning was decreased to 334kcal/day/head from 1975, after which, it increased only by 1.2 times for 19 years until 1994. Destruction of the forest from the increased number of monkeys has continued, however, through eating fruits, shoots and young leaves of the main food trees. Yearly consumption effeciency of monkeys in the forest for 1990 was calculated as 8.7%, which is near to the African elephant. As a result, the vegetation type is changing from that of natural forest. Computer simulation revealed if the population decreases to 60% of its current size and 282kcal/day/head of artificial food is given, consumption efficiency will decrease to 5.8% and the population can be kept almost stable. Further manipulation of the monkey population is necessary at present by altering mortality, natality or both. Supply of many free-ranging monkeys to biomedical experiments should not be recommended from the stance of animal welfare and the quality of experimental animals. On the other hand, temporary birth-control of each cycling female is to be considered. The principle of population control is to keep population parameters at about the level of the natural condition.

著者

半谷 吾郎

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.43-49, 2006-06-20

被引用文献数

1

著者

松本 晶子

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.165-166, 2004

著者

加藤 英子 南部 育志 小島 康生

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.39-52, 1999-05-01

被引用文献数

1 2

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The social relationships of 10 young adult males in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques at Katsuyama, Okayama Prefecture, were examined pre- and post-fission. Before group fission, higher-ranking young adult males interacted less frequently with not only their mothers, but also with other matrilineally-related females than did lower-ranking males. Six-year-old males clearly formed two subgroups according to their relative rank, even though they did not form any clear subgroups at the age of two.<br>Higher-ranking males spent more time away from females of the group than did lower-ranking males. However, when it was time for artificial feeding, higher-ranking males obtained scattered food more frequently than lower-ranking males. After group fission, four of the five higher-ranking males and one of the five lower-ranking males remained in the main group, while three of the five lower-ranking males were in the fission group.<br>These differences in the social relationships of young adult males might reflect the female subgroups which appeared prior to group fission.

著者

松沢 哲郎 ハムル タチアナ クープス カテリーナ ビロ ドラ 林 美里 ソウザ クローディア 水野 友有 加藤 朗野 山越 言 大橋 岳 杉山 幸丸 クールマ マカン

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.45-55, 2004-06-30

被引用文献数

1 15

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The present paper reports the death of wild chimpanzees through a flu-like epidemic at Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. The community at Bossou has been studied continuously since 1976. Records from the past 28 years show that the number of chimpanzees in the Bossou community has been relatively stable, at around 20 individuals. In late November 2003, chimpanzees at Bossou began to cough. Within a month, five chimpanzees died: two very old females, one adolescent male, and two infants. The mothers of the two dead infants continued to carry the corpses, which eventually mummified. One mother used a stick to chase flies away from the dead infant's body in addition to using her hands. The transportation of infants' mummified bodies may be yet another example of cultural behavior unique to this community. A 12 year-old young mother, who lost her first offspring in this epidemic, remained with the community for two months following the death of the infant, after which she disappeared, most likely immigrating to a neighboring community. We inspected the year-by-year change of age-sex composition in the Bossou community. This revealed that the proportion of old members gradually increased while many young members immigrated. Such a gradual change in the population in addition to the epidemic suggests that this community is in serious danger. The paper also introduces our conservation efforts to attempt to save this important community: the "Green corridor project" which entails the planting of trees in the surrounding savanna in order to create a passage between Bossou and the Nimba Mountains, 4 km away. This might be a model case of connecting chimpanzee habitats that have become isolated through increasing human activity, a very common problem in West Africa.

著者

中川 尚史

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.91-107, 2008-12-20

被引用文献数

3 3

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The male-female affinitive relationships among non-kin which persist beyond the estrus period have been known in some primates, mainly savanna baboons, Japanese macaques and rhesus macaques. I call this friendship, and review the benefits of friendships for each sex. For females, proximity and alliance of male friends disrupts antagonism by opponents, more or less, in all three species. On the other hand for the males, the effect of enhanced reproductive success seems to be negative. It is necessary to fully consider male benefits via infants in savanna baboons. Since it is highly possible that baboon males take care of a female friend's infant that he sired in the past, such friendships, especially in infanticidal baboons, would evolve through kin-selection rather than reciprocal altruism. When it comes to reciprocal exchange of benefits between a male and female, it seems that females play a positive role in the maintenance of friendships, as overall benefits seem to be female-biased. Socio-ecology can offer explanations for the ultimate cause of friendships. However, its explanatory power is not enough to explain the following observations: two non-troop males visit a group of Japanese macaques in coastal forest, Yakushima on separate days during a mating season. They received grooming one-sidedly by a female and soon left the group without copulating. These two cases seemed to be interactions between old friends, but the reciprocity cannot be formed. As the reunion with an old female friend of a male after immigration rarely occurs, mal-adaptive behavior would not be a problem. Socio-ecology does not explain such rarely occurring events. However, we can not ignore such cases just because they rarely happen. It is one aspect of the Japanese macaque society that monkeys "renews" old friendship.