著者

渡辺 誠

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.1, pp.19-46, 1966-04-10 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

74

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1. In the Jomon Period, Neolithic culture of Japan, 495 fish-hooks have been recovered from 77 sites, of which 430 are one-piece hooks, and 65 two-piece hooks. However, no composite hook has ever been found.2. One-piece hooks are classified into six types: (1) non-barbed; (2) out-barbed; (3) in-barbed; (4) both-barbed; (5) stem-barbed; (6) anker-type, and of these hooks non-barbed and out-barbed are most popular. In other words, it may well be said that these six types can be classified into two groups such as non-barbed (Type 1) and barbed (Type 2-6). In general, it can be said that the former, taking the form of medium size (3-5 cm.), has been found throughout the Jomon Period and widely distributed. The latter, however, has made a remarkable progress since the later phase of the Stage 3 (i, e. Jomon Period is divided into five stages), and includes many large-sized specimens beside the medium-sized ones. At the same time, it must be remembered that the increase of the absolute quantity has become more conspicuous, though its distribution is comparatively limited.3. Two-piece hooks are classified into six types (A-F). Unfortunately, we are obliged to make a study of mainly Types A, E and F because of the lack of the specimens of the other types. Type A found during the Stage 1 comprises chiefly the medium-sized two-piece hooks which are similar to the non-barbed type of one-piece hook in their size, and Type E and F consist of large- or remarkably large-sized specimens. Hence it can be said that Types E and F are a sort of form that promoted progressively the tendency to make larger fish-hooks like the barbed type of one-piece hook.4. A study of fish bones found in the shell mounds provides us with information that fish-hooks were mainly used for the capture of such fishes as Pagrosomus unicolor (QUOY & GAIMARD), Euthynnus pelamys (LINNÉ) and Thynnus thynnus (LINNE), though the last is rare. It seems safe to suppose that the fish-hooks of medium size might correspond to the use of the capture of Pagrosomus unicolor, and those of large size to Thynnus thynnus: in particular the latter seems to have been bartered as a major materials.5. It may be explained that the phenomenon that fishery by angling, which had been developed since the later phase of the Stage 3, was more positively selecting fishing places in the Stage 5 indicates the appearance or development of a group of houses specializing in the fishery.6. 96.6 per cent of fish-hooks are made of deer antler, and the Types E and F of two-piece hook are of ideal perfection of technical development which has succeded in meeting the demand of mass production of the large-sized fish-hooks within the restriction of the material-antler. However, this restriction of the material seems to have been dissolved by the diffusion of Yayoi culture in the succeeding period.7. Such a technical development was made along the Pacific coast of northeast Honshu, where the sign of this advance had been recognized in the later phase of the Stage 3, and especially in this coast the Bay of Sendai must have played a leading part in making a remarkable progress.8. From the extensive point of view, the sites containing the fish-hooks are concentrated along the Pacific coast of central and northeast Honshu, and are very rare in the prefecture bordering the Japan Sea and in southern Honshu and Hokkaido. It is noteworthy that the areas of heaviest concentration of the sites from which the fish-hooks have been recovered corresponds to the areas where the Jomon culture most flourished.

著者

ELENA GIL-DONOSO CECILIA GARCÍA-CAMPOS SILVIA BLASCO-MORENO MARIO MODESTO-MATA MARINA MARTÍNEZ DE PINILLOS CHITINA MORENO-TORRES MARÍA MARTINÓN-TORRES JOSÉ MARÍA BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.230315, (Released:2023-06-23)

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The dental tissue proportions of human permanent canines are one of only a few sexually dimorphic features that are present in childhood, and therefore offer the opportunity to estimate the sex of immature individuals. This work aims to evaluate for the first time the degree of sexual dimorphism ‍in the three-dimensional (3D) measurements of deciduous canine dental tissues, to assess their potential in sexual assessment. Computed microtomographic techniques have been employed to anal‍yse the maxillary and mandibular deciduous canines of 65 individuals (36 females and 29 males) of known sex and age. The teeth were scanned and the volumes and 3D surface areas of the enamel cup and the dentine–pulp complex were obtained. Our results did not show statistically significant differences in either the absolute or relative dimensions of the enamel and dentine between female and male teeth. We hence conclude that volumes and 3D surface areas of deciduous canine dental tissues do not allow for sex determination, which contrasts with what has been observed in permanent canines by other authors. The differences in the degree of sexual dimorphism in dental tissue proportions be‍tween permanent and deciduous canines seem to be due to a decrease in the intersexual variability of ‍the dentine component dimensions. Since the dentine component is a tissue capable of responding to ‍changes in sex hormone concentration levels, our results might indicate that hormones play a more important role in the development of sexual dimorphism in the permanent dentition than previously thought.

著者

DAVIDE PIFFER

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.3, pp.161-171, 2013 (Released:2013-12-25)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

9 12

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Dual-inheritance theory posits that the genotype has an impact on the evolution of human behavior and that cultural traits can be constrained by genetic imperatives. A large body of studies provides evidence that the functional catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism is associated with executive function, working memory (WM), and intelligence. A survey of the population genetics database provides evidence that COMT gene frequencies vary across populations. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the COMT gene has an impact on cultural evolution, specifically on the adoption of an agricultural vs. a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Statistically significant differences in COMT allele frequencies between hunter-gatherer and agricultural societies were found. Ethnic groups whose economy is based on farming have higher frequencies of the Met allele (symbol: A), whereas societies based on a hunter-gatherer economy have very low frequencies of the Met allele and a disproportionate predominance of the Val allele. Moreover, the frequency of the Met allele was positively correlated to the populations’ IQ (r = 0.57). The FNBP1L gene (rs236330) is associated with childhood and adult intelligence and it varies in frequency across populations. Frequency of rs236330 was also significantly correlated with the populations’ IQ (r = 0.81). COMT and FNBP1L had fairly similar geographical distributions (r = 0.44) although the result did not reach statistical significance. The results suggest that the genotype of a population influences its cultural development in fairly specific and predictable ways. Met allele frequency was positively correlated with latitude (r = 0.56), suggesting selective pressure due to climate.

著者

山崎 昌廣 佐藤 陽彦

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, no.4, pp.385-401, 1990 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

7 16

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歩行研究は日常生活における自然歩行と実験室内で実施される実験歩行に分けることができる。これらの方法から得られた結果は同じ速度であっても一致しないものがあり,またそれぞれの実験条件でしか観察できない内容もある。そこで,本稿では両者の結果を示すことにより,その違いを明確にしながらヒトの歩行の特徴を論じた。歩行の特徴は歩幅および歩調を資料として速度,性,年齢および民族別に考察した。またこれに加えて,自然歩行では時代,履物および地域差についても論じた。実験歩行については床歩行とトレッドミル歩行に分け,歩行時の上肢動作およびエネルギー代謝量についても言及した。

著者

小浜 基次 加藤 昌太良 欠田 早苗

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3-4, pp.128-140, 1962-03-30 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

19

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In the summers of 1957-58, somatometrical and somatoscopical investigations were made on the present Ainu of Shari in Kitami province, Hokkaido.In comparison with the Ainu of other provinces, Shari-Ainu was higher in stature and slightly shorter in leg length, biacromial and biiliac diameters. The mean values of the head length and the cephalic index of the Shari-Ainu were 189.67mm and 79.83 respectively, showing that their head is shorter and far greater in cephalic index than those of the other Ainu. The most distinctive traits of the Shari-Ainu were larger facial and nasal height.So far as metrical values are concerned, Shari-Ainu tended to differ from the pure Ainu and resemble to the Japanese in the north-east district of Japan, suggesting that the Shari-Ainu is closely mixed with the Japanese. The cephalic characteristics of the Shari-Ainu seemed to suggest that they were not related to the Moyoro skulls which were excavated from the shell-mound in Abashiri.

著者

YUKIMARU SUGIYAMA HIROYUKI KURITA TAKESHI MATSUI SATOSHI KIMOTO TADATOSHI SHIMOMURA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.2, pp.113-119, 2009 (Released:2009-07-24)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

22 69

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The quantitative and demographic features of infant-corpse-carrying behavior in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) at Takasakiyama, southern Japan, have been studied over 24 years. More than 91% of the dead infants that were carried by their mothers were abandoned within a week. Mothers of all age classes exhibited this behavior and neither the carrying rate (number of carriers/number of deaths) nor the duration were significantly different between young and older mothers. The sex of the infant was not a decisive factor. Nearly 80% of all cases observed involved infants that had died within 30 days of birth. The oldest infant whose corpse was observed being carried had died at 253 days. The overall carrying rate was 15% when death had occurred within 253 days and 28.7% for infants that died within 30 days of birth. Most mothers whose infants had lived for more than a month abandoned the corpse soon after death. Some females persist in exhibiting behaviors performed towards live infants but the exact reasons for this are unclear at present.

著者

HIDEAKI KANZAWA-KIRIYAMA AIKO SASO GEN SUWA NARUYA SAITOU

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.121113, (Released:2013-03-07)

被引用文献数

8 23 7

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We investigated mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of four Jomon individuals from the Sanganji shell mound in Fukushima, Tohoku district, Japan. Partial nucleotide sequences of the coding and control region of mitochondrial DNA were determined. The success rate of sequencing increased when we analyzed short DNA sequences. We identified haplogroups from all four samples that were analyzed; haplogroup frequencies were 50% (n = 2) for N9b and 50% (n = 2) for M7a2. Haplogroup N9b has been previously observed in high frequencies in the other Tohoku Jomon, Hokkaido Jomon, Okhotsk, and Ainu peoples, whereas its frequency was reported to be low in the Kanto Jomon and the modern mainland Japanese. Sub-haplogroup M7a2 has previously been reported in the Hokkaido Jomon, Okhotsk, and modern Udegey (southern Siberia) peoples, but not in the Kanto Jomon, Ainu, or Ryukyuan peoples. Principal component analysis and phylogenetic network analysis revealed that, based on haplogroup frequencies, the Tohoku Jomon was genetically closer to the Hokkaido Jomon and Udegey people, than to the Kanto Jomon or mainland modern Japanese. The available evidence suggests genetic differences between the Tohoku and Kanto regions in the Jomon period, and greater genetic similarity between the Tohoku Jomon and the other investigated ancient (Hokkaido Jomon, Okhotsk) and modern (Siberian, Udegey in particular) populations. At the same time, the Tohoku and Hokkaido Jomon seem to differ in sub-haplotype representations, suggesting complexity in Jomon population structure and history.

著者

EVA PETREJCÍKOVÁ MIROSLAV SOTÁK JARMILA BERNASOVSKÁ IVAN BERNASOVSKÝ ADRIANA SOVICOVÁ ALEXANDRA BÔZIKOVÁ IVETA BORONOVÁ PETRA ŠVÍCKOVÁ DANA GABRIKOVÁ SONA MACEKOVÁ

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.2, pp.89-94, 2009 (Released:2009-07-24)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

4 4

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European ‘gypsies’, commonly referred to as Romanies, are represented by a large number of groups spread across many countries. We performed a population genetic study on 200 unrelated Romany males to reveal the genetic origin of the Slovak Romany population. On the basis of Y-chromosome haplotypes, we determined the corresponding Y-haplogroups using Whit Athey’s Haplogroup Predictor. The obtained distribution of haplogroups provided strong evidence of Asian origins, especially Indian. The Indian Y-haplogroup H was the most prevalent and represented 40% of all the samples. The distribution of haplogroups was: E1b1b, 21%; J2, 16.5%; I1a, 14%. Haplogroups R1a, R1b, I2a, and N1 were observed in small frequencies. The obtained genetic structure indicated that the endogamous Romany population has been shaped by a genetic drift and differential admixture, and correlates with the migratory history of the Romanies in Europe.

著者

守山 正樹 竹本 泰一郎 柏崎 浩 鈴木 継美 マリーナ ロバートM.

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.1, pp.33-43, 1985 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1 1

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初経発来への年齢,身長,体重の寄与を,1960-64年に出生の女子生徒275名で調査した。初経時の年齢,身長,体重の平均値はそれぞれ12.5 SD 0.89年,151.1 SD 5.7cm,42.3 SD5.8kg であった。初経時年齢と身長は有意な正の相関(r=0.406)を示し,「初経時年齢群別の平均身長は一定値をとる」とした松林(1932)の報告は支持されなかった。初経時年齢と体重の間には関連がないが (r=0.104),初経時の体重は身長よりもはるかに大きな変動を示し,「特定の体重,体構成への到達が引き金となって初経が起こる」とした Frisch と Revelle(1971)の仮説も支持されなかった。さらに,各暦年齢時での初経の有無(1/0)を被説明変数,身長•体重を説明変数として重回帰分析を行なったところ,体重のみが有意な寄与を示した。この結果より,初経発来にかかわる体格の閾値の存在が示唆された。

著者

MARTIN PICKFORD BRIGITTE SENUT

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.1, pp.95-102, 2005 (Released:2005-04-27)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

34 54

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One of the major lacunae in our knowledge of African hominoid evolution concerns the origins of the chimpanzee and gorilla. Several thousand specimens from the Plio–Pleistocene of Africa have been attributed to Hominidae (sensu stricto) of which only a few, including Ardipithecus ramidus, have been re-interpreted by some authors as possibly representing an ape rather than a hominid (Senut, 1998). Four recently discovered ape-like specimens from the late Middle Miocene (12.5 Ma) and Late Miocene (5.9 Ma) of Kenya partly fill the gap in the fossil record of African apes, and show some morphological and metric affinities with teeth of chimpanzees and gorillas. If these few specimens from Kenya are indeed more closely related to chimps and gorillas than to hominids, then this implies that the dichotomy between African apes and hominids occurred several million years earlier than is currently estimated by most researchers. Furthermore these ape teeth from Ngorora and Lukeino suggest that extant African apes evolved in Africa, and did not immigrate into the continent from Europe or Asia.

著者

江藤 盛治

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.23-51, 1963-07-30 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

23

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This is a report concerning the determination of the original firing temperature of the Japanese prehistoric pottery, so called Jomon-Doki. In 1935, KONDO, KAWASHIMA and TANAHASHI measured the amount of alumina extracted from several Jomon vessels by a dilute hydrochloric acid after reheating them at various high temperature, and they concluded that their firing temperature may have been 700-800°C, or below. Recently in 1957, YAMADA and KONDO, applying the differential thermal analysis to prehistoric earthenwares from Hokkaido, measured their firing temperature as below 885°C.From 1949 to 1951, the author had a chance to try some experiments concerning the physical properties of Jomon pottery, at the Laboratory of Ceramic Engineering, Tokyo University of Engineering (director-Prof. Dr. Chihiro KAWASHIMA). In this article, the author deals mainly with the thermal properties of Jomon pottery using on the results obtained then.

著者

NOBORU ADACHI HIDEAKI KANZAWA-KIRIYAMA TAKASHI NARA TSUNEO KAKUDA IWAO NISHIDA KEN-ICHI SHINODA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2012132, (Released:2021-03-31)

被引用文献数

6

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Starting 16000 years ago, the Neolithic lifestyle known as the Jomon culture spread across the Japanese archipelago. Although extensively studied by archaeology and physical anthropology, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the Jomon people. Here, we report the entire mitogenome and partial nuclear genome of skeletal remains from the initial Jomon period that were excavated from the Higashimyo shell midden site at Saga City, Kyushu Island, Japan. This is the first genome analysis of the initial Jomon people of Kyushu Island. These results provide important data for understanding the temporal transition and regional differences of the Jomon people. The mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups were similar to those found in the previously reported later Jomon people. Moreover, comparison of three nuclear genomes from the initial to final Jomon periods indicated genetic continuity throughout the Jomon period within the Japanese archipelago with no significant evidence of admixture. This indicates that the genetic differentiation found among the Jomon people was promoted by the progression of regionalization throughout the Jomon period. Further accumulation of high-quality Jomon genome data spanning a wide range of regions and ages will clarify both intimate regional and temporal differences of the Jomon people and details of their admixture history with rice farmers, as suggested by Jomon mitochondrial genome data. The results obtained from this study provide important information for further analysis.

著者

鳥居 龍藏

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

東京人類學會雜誌 (ISSN:18847641)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.231, pp.392-395, 1905

著者

FUSAO ISHIHARA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.4, pp.121-127, 1954-03-27 (Released:2008-02-26)

被引用文献数

1 1

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Studies have been made since 1949 on 201 white American-Japanese and 66 Negro-Japanese hybrids in the Tokyo area and in Kanagawa Prefecture. They were all under six years of age, and their mothers were invariably Japanese. The results are as follows:(1) Blood type. The figures for B and O types respectively stand about halfway, between the corresponding figures for the two races. The racial blood index of the white American-Japanese is 2.93, showing a European type, while that of unmixed Japanese stands at 1.35 and is consistently Asiatic. The racial serologic point of the hybrids, as Figure 1 shows, stands at about the midpoint between the two races (Table 1). (2) Dermatoglyphs. Hybrids show the middle percentage of the pattern of two races (Table 2 and 3). (3) Color of skin. By comparison with Hintze's Color Table, we have ascertained that, the skin of the American-Japanese hybrids is 13% whiter than that of unmixed Japanese, and is 2.4% less white than that of white race. Namely in color, it is very near to that of whites and is almost devoid of the characteristic yellowish shade (Table 5). (5) Color and form of hair. About half (52.2%) of the American-Japanese hybrids have black hair, and 11% blond hair. The hair of 60% of the American-Japanese hybrids is straight and that of 14% slightly curled. On the whole, the hair is more wavy in form thanit is intermediate between the two races. (6) Color of iris. A majority (88%) of the American-Japanese hybrids possess a black iris, with only a minority (0.4%) having a bluiush one. It is concluded that the black color of iris is one of the most dominant hereditary factors of the Japanees race in crosses involving the white race (Table 6). (7) Mongolian fold. The Mongolian fold is found in 21.8% of the hybrid children as much as the ratio of Japanese children having the fold at the same age is 23% (Table 7). (8) Stature and weight. An examination of stature and body weight of hybrid children shows that they are about the same as Japanese children in both measurements, but are smaller and lighter than white children. The cephalic index tends near to that of white children. The curve of the nose index and the facial index transverse an intermediate zone between the ranges of both races. (9) Mental tests and deformities. The intellingence quotients are a little lower -by 5 on the average- than comparable figures for Japanese natives. In all there have been three cases of hernia, one case of syndactylism, three cases of idiocy. It is believed that such deformities have been caused through the various operation during the pregnancy.

著者

ERI GONDA KAZUMICHI KATAYAMA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.2, pp.127-131, 2006 (Released:2006-08-10)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

4 4

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Somatometric research was conducted in Tonga, Polynesia, with a focus on foot and hand size and proportions. Data were taken on 140 adults (90 females and 50 males) and compared with those of other population groups. In addition to their heavy body-build, Tongans were found to have significantly longer and wider feet and hands than the Japanese, French, Australian Aborigines, or Bamanann-Fulbe West Africans. The significance of these physical characteristics of Polynesians is discussed from a micro-evolutionary viewpoint.

著者

TARO YAMAUCHI TAKASHI ABE TAISHI MIDORIKAWA MASAKATSU KONDO

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.2, pp.179-185, 2004 (Released:2004-08-11)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

6 9

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The body mass index [BMI = body weight/height2 (kg/m2)] is widely used as an indicator of obesity. However, BMI is not the best way to assess obesity, because obesity is an excess of body fat, not body weight. The difference between obesity assessments based on BMI and those based on the percentage of body fat (%Fat) causes problems in evaluating extraordinarily large people, such as Sumo wrestlers, who have both a large fat mass and a large muscle mass. We assessed obesity in male college Sumo wrestlers (n = 15) and non-athlete students (n = 20) using BMI and %Fat as reference indices. Anthropometric parameters and resting metabolic rate (in the sitting position) were measured. The mean body weight, BMI, and %Fat for Sumo wrestlers were 125.1 kg, 40.0, and 25.6%, respectively, which were extraordinarily high, as compared to non-athlete students (P < 0.01). All of the Sumo wrestlers were categorized as obese using the BMI criteria proposed by the World Health Organization: eight were ‘severely obese’ (35 ≤ BMI < 40) and seven were ‘very severely obese’ (BMI ≥ 40). However, only 40% of the wrestlers (n = 6) were categorized as obese when %Fat was used as the reference (%Fat > 25%). Furthermore, the body composition chart clearly showed that some Sumo wrestlers were no more adipose than the non-athlete students. Due to their remarkable muscle development, Sumo wrestlers have an excessive fat-free mass. Thus we conclude that it is necessary to consider both BMI and %Fat to assess obesity in excessively muscular people, such as Sumo wrestlers. Furthermore, we propose new criteria and methods for documenting obesity in Sumo wrestlers based on energy metabolism that considers physical activity and dietary intake.

著者

ALESSANDRO R. MARCON

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2210241, (Released:2023-01-25)

被引用文献数

1

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Applications with genetic technologies are now present in numerous health science contexts. This review article summarizes the implementation of these applications from a critical social perspective, examining how public uptake creates complex social issues and regulatory challenges. Focused primarily on English-speaking North America (Canada and the United States), this review summarizes some recent public perception research on YouTube and Reddit on the topics of DNA ancestry testing and non-invasive prenatal testing/screening. More broadly, it highlights how public use, social media, commercial marketing discourse, and regulatory bodies convene around genetic technologies and the tensions and challenges that ensue.

著者

D. CESANA O.J. BENEDICTOW R. BIANUCCI

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.161011, (Released:2017-03-17)

被引用文献数

11

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Spread by infected galleys coming from Kaffa (Crimea), the Black Death reached Genoa, as it now seems, in the late summer of 1347 AD. Genoa functioned as an epicentre from which the contagion was spread into the mainland through a complex system of routes, which linked Liguria to northern and central Italy. Along these routes various institutions were found, namely ‘ospitali’ (hospitals) and ‘stationes’ (stations), where traders and pilgrims stopped to rest and recuperate. In 2006 a multiple burial archaeologically dated to the second half/end of the 14th century was discovered in the cemetery pertaining to the ‘ospitale’ of San Nicolao (Genoa). The excavation showed that it contained the remains of four individuals: a 38–40 week pregnant woman with her fetus and two sub-adults. Stratigraphy showed that these individuals were buried simultaneously. Given that the dating of the burial fits the arrival of the Second Pandemic in Europe, it was hypothesized that they might have died during the Black Death epidemic. The identification of Yersinia pestis F1 antigen in three of four individuals corroborated this hypothesis. Here we report the first evidence of Y. pestis infection in 14th-century Liguria and discuss the possible mechanisms of plague dissemination from Genoa into the surrounding regions. In fact, the ‘ospitale’ of San Nicolao, located at 792 m a.s.l. into the Bracco Massif, was used as a resting place/hostel by traders and travellers (e.g. pilgrims heading for Rome). This ‘ospitale’ represented a key point leading into a system of pathways forming the initial part of the Vie Romee better known under the name of Via Francigena in the Italian territory and, as a consequence, was the ideal site from which plague could be disseminated.

著者

LUCILLE T. PEDERSEN KATE DOMETT

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.211219, (Released:2022-05-24)

被引用文献数

2

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Scientific literature frequently reports that age-at-death estimation standards developed on European and North American populations are less effective when used on genetically distant populations. Ultimately, this paper aims to inform forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists of the most appropriate methods to use on Southeast Asian skeletal remains by evaluating studies that have tested the replicability and accuracy of adult age estimation methods on Thai target samples. Results show that methods using the pelvis recorded the highest accuracy of up to 93%, but only when broad age ranges are used (±2 SD). Most methods produced the least bias and inaccuracy in young adults but considerably underaged older adults. Overall biases and inaccuracies tended to be lower for males than females. The sternal rib end method showed the weakest correlation with chronological age. Methods that produced age prediction equations developed with regression analyses derived from the Thai samples produced standard errors ranging from 9.5 to 13.9 years (using vertebrae and femora). Most of these methods were deemed too imprecise to be useful in Thai forensic cases. The best way forward to understand the wide range of morphological variation is for future studies to evaluate the influence of body size, activity patterns, socioeconomic status, nutrition, and health on skeletal aging and how it differs between Thai and geographically distant populations.

著者

溝口 優司

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological science : journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.5, pp.489-496, 1994-12-01

被引用文献数

4 1 3