著者

長谷部 言人

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.3, pp.128-134, 1956-12-30 (Released:2008-02-26)

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The findings of skeletal remains which have been claimed to represent the prehistoric cats of Japan has been reported, but few of these claims have been made on scientific ground.The writer examined the cranium of a cat which was found in the Nojima Shell-mound of Kanagawa Prefecture by Mr. N. AKABosxr, by means of comparative osteometric method. There are actually another bones of cat from the same site, but as regards cranial bones among them only a juvenile lower jaw and an adult upper jaw permit osteometric measurements.The cranium has been well preserved and almost complete, from which, however, some parts of the zygomatic region and about a half of the upper and lower teeth have been missing. It should be of an adult individual but its sex is unknown. The teeth are slightly worn. The writer compared 34 measurements and 8 indices of the cranium with those of 13 crania of domesticated cats (9 from Honshu, Japan; 1 from S. America; 2 from Germany; 1 of unknown origin) and 8 crania of wild cats (1 from Tsushima, Japan; 1 from Korea; 2 from Ceylon; 1 from India; 2 from Africa; and 1 of unknown origin). The comparison shows the results as the followings:1) The Nojima cat is not markedly different from the domesticated cats from Honshu in any individual measurement except in two or three indices. It is quite similar to the wild cats from Korea and Tsushima.2) Morphologically speaking, the so-called cat represented by the isolated jaws from the Nojima Shell-mound and a lower jaw from the Ichioji Shellmound of Aomori Prefecture conform to wild cat.3) Dimensions of the Nojima cat show close similarity to those of the wild cats from Tsushima, Korea, Ceylon, and India. Those cats from Asia are well differentiated from the African wild cats which are larger in general feature and stronger in biting structure.4) The domesticated cats from Honshu resemble to the wild cats from Asia, and the domesticated cat from Germany to the wild cats from Africa.5) The Nojima cat should be a kind of Asian wild cat. Although it is difficult to segregate the Nojima cat from the domestcatied cats from Honshu, there is no reason to regard the former as the ancestor of the latter. On the other hand there seems to be a tendency in Japan to believe that all domesticated cats in Japan have been descended from imported species, but it is also doubtful.

著者

河内 まき子

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, no.3, pp.373-388, 1989-07-31 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

2 2

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足部形状の個人差を明らかにするため,男女各152名について計測された右足の生体計測項目21項目の主成分分析を行なった。この結果抽出された形の因子を代表するような示数を考案し,これを用いてクラスター分析を行い,足型の分類を試みた。この結果,男女とも1)足軸の位置,2)ボール部の足軸に対する傾き,3)ボール部の幅,4)甲の高さ,の4つの形の因子が抽出された。クラスター分析の結果,男女とも4人以上から成るクラスターが7つできた。人数が最も多いクラスターを標準型とすると,標準型に入るのは男子で42%,女子では35%である。また,女子は男子よりも個人差が大きいようであり,男子では足の幅が広いタイプ(31%)が,女子では甲の高いタイプ(37%)がかなり多い。現代日本人の足部形状の個人差は,履物による足の変形の影響をふくんだものなので,履物の影響を受けない状態ではどのような個人差があるのかを明らかにするためには,靴を履かない集団の調査が必要である。

著者

KENTARO NAGAI MIKIHITO TANAKA ALESSANDRO R. MARCON RYUMA SHINEHA KATSUSHI TOKUNAGA TIMOTHY CAULFIELD YASUKO TAKEZAWA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.220905, (Released:2023-01-17)

被引用文献数

4

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Direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) has rapidly become available and affordable throughout developed countries. However, comparative research on DTC-GT services beyond Western countries has remained scarce, particularly in East Asian countries such as Japan and China. Hence, this study’s hypothesis is that although DTC-GT services in three languages might utilize the same underlying testing technology, such services are likely to represent the social, economic, and political characteristics of each country. For the study, a total of 267 websites (182 English, 32 Japanese, and 53 Chinese) were analyzed and coded reflexively into five categories for content analysis before interpretation using cluster and factor analyses. The results demonstrated variation between the three languages that reflected their respective consumer cultures: English, Chinese, and Japanese genetic testing websites focused on empowerment and ancestry; cultural values, especially familism; and health and beauty, respectively.

著者

森本 岩太郎

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.4, pp.477-486, 1987 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

10 11

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打ち首(斬首)の所見が認められる古人首例は比較的少なく,偶然に発見されたとしても,頭蓋の刀創などから斬首を間接的に想定した場合が大部分を占めると思われる.著者が最近経験した鎌倉市今小路西遺跡出土の南北朝期(14世紀後半)に属する斬首された2個体分の中世頭蓋の場合は,切られた上位頸椎が一緒に残っていたので打ち首の技法がよく分かる.当時の屋敷の門付近に,A•B2個体分の頭蓋と上位頸椎だけが一緒に埋められていた.首実験後に首だけが遺族に返されず,そこに仮埋葬されたものであるらしい.2体とも男性で,年齢は A が壮年期前半,B が壮年期後半と推定される.頭蓋は無傷で,それぞれの頸椎が日本刀のような鋭利な刃物により切断されている.頭蓋と第1~3頸椎からなる男性 A の場合,切断面は第3頸椎体の前下部を右後下方から左前上方へ走って椎体の途中で止まり,その先の椎体部分は刀の衝撃によって破壊され失われている.切断面の走向からみて,第4頸椎(残存せず)を右後下方から切断した刃先が第3頸椎体に達して止まったと思われる.頭蓋と第1~4頸椎からなる男性 B の場合,主切断面は第4頸椎の中央を右からほぼ水平に走っている.切断面より上方にある右横突起と右上関節突起の上半部だけが残存し,それ以外の第4頸椎の大部分は失われている.A の場合と同様に,刃先が第4頸椎の椎体の途中で止まって,その先の部分が破壊されたものと推定される.別に第3頸椎の左下関節突起先端部から右椎弓根基部上面へ向けて椎体を左下方から右上方へ斜めに走る副切断面があり,この副切断面によって改めて首が切り離されている.失われた第3頸椎の椎弓板もこのとき壊されたと思われる.切断面の走向からみて,両個体とも,垂直に立てた頸部を横切りにされたというよりは,むしろ正座のような低い姿勢をとって前方に差し伸べた頸部を,左側やや後方に立った右利きの執刀者により切り下ろす形で右背後から鋭く切断され,絶命したと推定される.この際,首は一気に切り落とされていない.これは俗に「打ち首はクビの前皮一枚を残すのが定法」と言われるところに近似の所見であり,この技法の確立が中世までさかのぼり得るものであることが分かる.2体とも最初に第4頸椎部を正確に切断され,頭蓋には刀創の見られないところから,同一の練達者によって斬首されたと推測されるが,切られたほうも死を覚悟した武士であったかも知れない.英国のSutton Walls 出土の鉄器時代人骨における斬首例のように,首を刀で一気に切り離すのが昔のヨーロッパ流のやり方とすれば,中世における日本の打ち首では頸部を後方から半切して処刑する点にその特徴があると思われる.

著者

NAOKI OSADA YOSUKE KAWAI

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.201215, (Released:2021-03-31)

被引用文献数

8

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The origins of people in the Japanese archipelago are of long-standing interest among anthropologists, archeologists, linguists, and historians studying the history of Japan. While the ‘dual-structure’ model proposed by Hanihara in 1991 has been considered the primary working hypothesis for three decades, recent advances in DNA typing and sequencing technologies provide an unprecedented amount of present-day and ancient human nuclear genome data, which enable us to refine or extend the dual-structure model. In this review, we summarize recent genome sequencing efforts of present-day and ancient people in Asia, mostly focusing on East Asia, and we discuss the possible migration routes and admixture patterns of Japanese ancestors. We also report on a meta-analysis we performed by compiling publicly available datasets to clarify the genetic relationships of present-day and ancient Japanese populations with surrounding populations. Because the ancient genetic data from the Japanese archipelago have not yet been fully analyzed, we have to corroborate models of prehistoric human movement using not only new genetic data but also linguistic and archeological data to reconstruct a more comprehensive history of the Japanese people.

著者

TOMO TAKANO MASATO NAKATSUKASA MARTA PINA YUTAKA KUNIMATSU YOSHIHIKO NAKANO NAOKI MORIMOTO NAOMICHI OGIHARA HIDEMI ISHIDA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.200116, (Released:2020-03-17)

被引用文献数

4

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This article reports eight new humeral, ulnar, and radial fragments of Nacholapithecus kerioi collected from Nachola, Kenya during the 1998/1999 field seasons. The study refines the description of its forelimb bones, which was mostly based on a single partial skeleton. The most distinctive feature of the distal humerus is a large, globular, medially tilted capitulum. The groove between the capitulum and the zona conoidea is quite deep. The medial part of the humeral trochlea is also diagnostic in showing a less salient medial border. The medial epicondyle is moderately long and more posteriorly reflected than was previously presumed. The coronoid process of the ulna is quite wide. Its medial portion is distinctly concave. The ulnar shaft is anteroposteriorly deep in its proximal half, slender, straight in frontal view, and weakly anteriorly bowing. The elbow of Nacholapithecus exhibits a primitive functional pattern as a hominoid, including lack of universal stability of the humeroulnar joint through full extension and flexion, restriction of hyperextension of the elbow, and relatively anteroposteriorly oriented loading at the proximal ulna. On the other hand, it is derived in terms of enhanced rotational mobility and stability of the radius, incipiently increased stability at the humeroulnar joint, and more frequent maximum extension of the elbow compared to proconsulids. This mosaic morphology is different from both early Miocene proconsulids and later suspensory or orthograde European fossil apes. Although Nacholapithecus was neither suspensory nor orthograde, its forelimbs may have played a greater role for body support or balance maintenance, more frequently reaching to and exploiting overhead supports than in early Miocene proconsulids.

著者

栗栖 浩二郎

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.3, pp.103-119, 1967 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

34

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Since 1962 a serial excavation of Usu shell-mound in Hokkaido has been made by Prof. KoHAMA and his staffs of Osaka University. Their efforts have resulted in recovery of many human skeletal and cultural remains belonging to the six cul-tural periods, namely, epi-Jomon (Kamegaoka), succesive period of Jomon (Esan), Satsumon pottery period, Muromachi-Momoyama period, early and late period of Edo era. These remains are expected to serve to solve the pending problems when and whence did ancestors of Ainus migrate to Hokkaido.The present study intended to solve some of the problems above mentioned, with the metrical and observational investigations of three skulls of the remains of Muromachi-Momoyama period, and to determine racial affinity of them. These three skulls showed many ainoid characteristics, namely, l) dolicocrany, 2) simple serration of sutures, 3) square-shaped orbits, 4) rounded lower margines of man-dible and 5) broad ramus, while there were some measurements and indices which deviate considerably from those of Ainus. In order to determine to which race they belong, the author used the discriminant function with which each skull was classified into one of three groups (Ainu, Kinki-Japanese and Tohoku-Japanese) and the result showed that all skulls were classified into Ainu.The fluorine method for determination of the relative antiquity of bone has not been considered as a strict method because there are variabilities even in bones which belong to same period. But, if data of fluorine contents from a number of samples are statistically analysed, it may be possible to determine the period of samples. Fragments from twelve individuals of each period were used for fluorine determination. It was concluded that, in spite of passable variability of fluorine contents in same individual and same period, there was increasing tendency of fluorine with burial age and fluorine contents of bones of epi-Jomon could be statistically distinguished from those of the periods after Satsumon.

著者

JACQUELINE T. ENG QUANCHAO ZHANG HONG ZHU

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.2, pp.107-116, 2010 (Released:2010-08-07)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

4 10

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The practice of castrating men is an ancient one. Eunuchs have served as guards to harems and as palace chamberlains for many early courts, but details about their lives are often hazy or shrouded in secrecy. Although the changes wrought to their physical appearance from castration are well-documented, little is known about the magnitude of the skeletal changes resulting from the loss of sex hormones associated with the procedure. Such a loss of hormones, especially before puberty, affects skeletal growth and development and may result in early osteoporosis as well as impacting quality of life. The burials of two eunuchs from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) of imperial China provide an opportunity to examine the consequences of castration upon the human skeleton. These eunuchs may have been castrated at different periods in their lives. One eunuch appears to have been castrated before the development of secondary sexual characteristics; the delayed epiphyseal closure accompanying androgen deficiency may account for his long limbs. Skeletal evidence also sheds light on the lives of these eunuchs, including their oral health, history of childhood stress, and activity patterns.

著者

石原 房雄

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.4, pp.119-125, 1969-08-30 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

4

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

CLARE MCFADDEN BRITTA VAN TIEL MARC F. OXENHAM

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2005051, (Released:2020-08-04)

被引用文献数

3

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This paper seeks to provide a stabilized (i.e. less vulnerable to differences in sex representation) equation for estimating maternal mortality for biased skeletal samples. The stabilized equation is developed and tested on the United Nations data used to develop the original method (McFadden and Oxenham, Current Anthropology, 60(1), 141–146), and is applied to 16 bioarchaeological samples from mainland Southeast Asia. First-order correlations and basic descriptive statistics were applied to the data. The stabilized equation was comparable in accuracy to the original equation. When applied to bioarchaeological samples, it proved to be advantageous where the sex ratio differed by more than 0.15 in either direction (i.e. more females or more males). The stabilized equation is an improvement over the original equation for samples that exhibit sex bias that is randomly distributed by age. This method extends the potential applications of the maternal mortality estimator.

著者

石田 肇

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.96, no.3, pp.371-374, 1988 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

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987年,北海道枝幸郡枝幸町目梨泊遺跡から,オホーツク文化期に属する男性頭骨1体が出土した。この頭骨は,観察結果および計測値からみて,アイヌ的特徴を強く示している。

著者

百々 幸雄 木田 雅彦 石田 肇 松村 博文

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, no.4, pp.463-475, 1991 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

33

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北海道東部の厚岸町下田ノ沢遺跡より,1966年,1体の擦文時代人骨が発見された。人骨は頭骨ほぼ全体と体幹•体肢骨の一部が,人類学的研究に耐え得る状態に保存されていた。年齢,性別は成年女性である。頭骨の計測値に基づいた距離計算では,アイヌよりも東北日本人にやや近いという結果が得られたが,歯の計測値に基づく距離計算と頭骨の非計測的小変異に基づく分析の結果は,本人骨が明らかにアイヌに帰属することを示した。体幹•体肢骨の計測と観察の結果もこれを支持するものであった。頭骨の非計測的小変異では,関節面を有する典型的な第3後頭顆の発現が注目された。分析結果を総合的に解釈すると,下田ノ沢擦文時代人骨の形質は,近世北海道アイヌのそれと基本的に変わるところがないと結論される。

著者

SARAH ABEL CATHERINE J. FRIEMAN

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2210242, (Released:2023-01-25)

被引用文献数

2

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Over the last two decades, home DNA testing has reshaped popular narratives around identity, descent, kinship, and modes of ethnic and racial affiliation. The ability to pair oral histories and family lore with scientific data seems to have totally upended the formerly ‘quaint’ hobby of genealogical research. But genealogies have been serious business for thousands of years, and DNA is far from an objective witness to the past. Genetic data create visceral connections between past and present, self and other, here and there. As such, genetic genealogies, or ‘gene-ealogies,’ have proved to be a potent arena for the negotiation of identity, belonging, and authority—over both the past and the future. In this paper, we review diverse DNA-driven genealogical practices in Europe, the Americas, and beyond, developing a discussion about how genetic approaches are intersecting with traditional ideas of identity and descent, as well as new developments in ethnoracial politics in different parts of the world. In particular, we explore the genetic narratives and agendas of care that drive direct-to-consumer companies and communities of gene-ealogists, seeking not just to explain to what extent DNA tests might shift or reinforce conceptions of ‘who we are,’ but to contextualize this with regard to wider political and social forces.

著者

山口 敏

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.55-71, 1963-10-31 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

3 3

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Six human skeletal remains, excavated by the late Prof. H. KONO from Eneolithic pit-graves at Bozuyama in Ebetsu (about 20km northeast of Sapporo), were measur-ed (Tables 1-3) and described. All the skeletons were found in extremely flexed position, with their heads turned to the south or southeast, and lying on their backs. The graves contained potsherds of the Kohoku and Hokudai types, which represent the epi-Jomon culture of northeast half of Hokkaido in early and middle parts of the first millennium A. D.Measurements of the best preserved adult male skull from burial No. VI-2 (Fig. 1-3, Table 1) were compared with those of adjacent racial groups of Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Japan proper. The Bozuyama VI-2 skull showed the closest resem-blance to the contemporary Onkoromanai remains (YAMAGUCHI, 1963) from northern Hokkaido (Table 4 and Fig. 5 and 6). The author gave a common provisional des-ignation "the Onkoromanai type" to these two Eneolithic groups from central and northern parts of Hokkaido.The Onkoromanai type, which was tentatively represented by the average of three male skulls of Bozuyama and Onkoromanai (Table 4), was compared with the various recent and prehistoric races of Oceania, Far East, Northern Asia and Europe, by means of the shape distance of L. S. PENROSE (1954). The closest distances from the Onkoromanai type were found in the northern and eastern groups of Hokkaido Ainu, Kuril Ainu, Neolithic populations of Japanese mainland, and cromagnonoid types of Bronze Age southwestern Siberia and Neolithic Ukraina. On the other hand, the remotest distances were shown by the Mongoloid races of northeastern Asia, including the Sakhalin Gilyak. The Ainu of Sakhalin and southern Hokkaido, the recent Japanese, and many Oceanian groups showed intermediate distances (Table 5).In addition, reciprocal distances among eight representative groups were calcula-ted and illustrated (Table 6, Fig. 7). Remarkable mutual resemblances were found among four of them, i. e. the Onkoromanai type, the Kitami Ainu (northeast Hok-kaido), the Yoshiko (Neolithic shellmound of Japan), and the Andronovo (Bronze Age Minusinsk basin).

著者

鈴木 尚

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, no.1, pp.23-37, 1989 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

3 4

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本首塚人骨を,群馬県八幡平首塚をはじめ,他の中世人骨と骨学的に比較し,本首塚が伝説の通り,戦国時代に由来することを認めた。また中世の合戦には,男性のほか,常に女性が1/3ほど参加したらしい。頭骨の損傷の中には,貫通銃創を疑わせるものがあり,頭皮を剥ぎ,鼻をそぎ,鋸引きさかれたものもある。中世日本人の頭骨は,長頭型,広顔型など一連の現代人とはちがった形質を具え,鎌倉材木座人はその典型とみなされる。

著者

LEYRE PRADO-SIMÓN MARÍA MARTINÓN-TORRES PILAR BACA AIDA GÓMEZ-ROBLES MARÍA LAPRESA EUDALD CARBONELL JOSÉ MARIA BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1111170119, (Released:2011-11-19)

被引用文献数

9 17

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The recent application of microtomographic techniques to dental morphological studies has revealed an untapped source of biological information about extinct and extant human populations. In particular, this methodology has helped to characterize internal dental structures (enamel–dentine junction, pulp chamber, and radicular canals), maximizing the amount of information that can be extracted from a given specimen. In this study, we present a three-dimensional evaluation of the dental roots of the Sima del Elefante mandible, ATE9-1 (Atapuerca, Spain) by visual inspection, and by tomographic and microtomographic techniques. With 1.3 Myrs of age, this fossil represents the earliest hominin remains in Europe, and one of the very few human fossils for this period and region. Through this case study we aim to present a protocol for the description of the internal dental spaces, exemplify how the application of microtomographic techniques can significantly increase the amount of relevant and informative morphological features (even in the case of fragmentary/heavily worn teeth or teeth with hypercementosis), and explore some biological considerations about external and internal root morphology. There is neither a general nor straightforward correspondence between the external root morphology and the root canals. In cases where a high degree of hypercementosis is present, the external root anatomy can be highly confusing. Indeed the assessment of the internal root anatomy of ATE9-1 teeth has led us to the reclassification of the LC and the LP3 with respect to previous publications. The results of this study suggest that internal root anatomy could be used as a complementary source of biological information.

著者

TIMOTHY A. JINAM YOSUKE KAWAI NARUYA SAITOU

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.1, pp.3-11, 2021 (Released:2021-04-27)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

3 7

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Previous studies suggested two major migration events during the Jomon and Yayoi periods that affected the genetic diversity of modern Japanese (Yaponesians). We explored the possibility of a three-wave migration model by examining three datasets of modern human DNA: (1) whole mitochondrial (mt) DNA genomes of 1642 Yaponesians; (2) mtDNA haplogroup frequencies of 59105 Yaponesians from 47 prefectures; and (3) genome-wide SNP data of two Yaponesians (Ainu, Okinawa) and whole-genome sequence data of Yamato individuals, the Funadomari Jomon F23 individual, and three East Asian populations (Korean, northern Chinese, and southern Chinese). Past population size change was estimated based on dataset 1, and we clearly observed a steep population increase after the Yayoi period. Principal-component analysis and phylogenetic network analysis were applied to dataset 2, and we confirmed the pattern consistent with our model. An admixture program was used on dataset 3, and we found that the two- and three-layer migration models are both compatible with these SNP data. Taken together, these three datasets provide support for our three-wave, ‘inner dual-structure’ model.

著者

Takumi Tsutaya Naomi Doi Chiaki Katagiri Rikai Sawafuji Minoru Yoneda

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.230718, (Released:2023-12-15)

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The development of the modern industrialized food production system has resulted in a homogeneous human diet worldwide. However, it is not clear whether a developed food production system led to a homogenized human diet also in ancient societies. Due to the lack of large archaeological datasets, we know little about the chronological trends and ancient circumstances of dietary homogenization. Here we compiled carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios, indicators of palaeodiet, of adult human skeletons from premodern mainland Japan (AD 1603–1868, n = 318) to investigate chronological changes in diet. Comparison with datasets from Japan in modern, premodern (Edo), and foraging (Jomon) periods showed that the human diet was rapidly homogenized isotopically in modern times. Premodern people in Japan typically obtained dietary proteins from C3 crops and fish, and the establishment of agriculture created a new isotope dietary niche compared with the foraging period. Dominant protein contributions from agricultural C3 crops cultivated with organic fertilizers and/or rice that are grown in paddy fields with denitrification increased premodern human nitrogen isotope ratios without increasing their carbon isotope ratios. Diet differed according to the social status of individuals or the availability of foods, and a unique diet can be seen in people in higher social classes such as the Shogun family. Meta-analysis of stable isotope ratios of archaeological human skeletons enables a comprehensive understanding of human dietary change through time and regional variations.

著者

祖父江 孝男 須江 ひろ子 村上 泰治

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.2, pp.77-91, 1957-12-30 (Released:2008-02-26)

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(1) Ejiko is a child's cradle used among the folk-societies in the northeastern part of Japan. The most common type is made of straw (coiling) as shown in Fig. 1-3, in which a child squats, wrapped by futon (quilt) and tied by a rope. During a day, while the whole family is out for work, the child is left completely alone in the house, crying and screaming, but without any bodily movement; hence it is often the case that flies collect on the child's face, or a cat squats on it, etc. It is therefore obvious that this child-rearing pattern may give the child a great amount of frustration and his personality formation is considerably influenced by it. (Although WHITING concludes that the "independence training" is most severe among the Ainu(7), this Japanese pattern may exceed in this aspect.)

著者

中橋 孝博

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.1, pp.89-106, 1987-01-15 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

9 8

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福岡市の天福寺遺跡から,ほぼ江戸時代後期に所属する人骨,約200体が出土した。その特徴として,かなり顕著な長頭性,大きく高い顔面部,あるいは現代人より強い鼻根部の彎曲や歯槽性突顎,等の傾向が認められた。推定身長は男性159.4cm,女性146.5cmで,中世人や他の近世人とは大差ないが,当地方の弥生や古墳人に較べると明らかに低い。全体的に,桑島や粒江より,これまで都市部で出土した江戸時代人に比較的近い形質を示すが,長頭性という点には当地方の現代人にもつながる地域性が認められる。また,中世以降の時代変化の中で一部の形質に不連続な変化も認められ,そうした特徴の由来についていわゆる「都市化現象」や「貴族化」との関連を検討した。