著者

井上 裕珠 村田 光二

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.1, pp.1-8, 2014

被引用文献数

2

---

Envy is an unpleasant emotion caused by comparison with a person who possesses something we desire. We conducted two studies to test our prediction that less envy would be felt when the person could attain what others had. In Study 1, participants read scenarios in which their friend could achieve a goal which they could not, and rated their emotions toward the friend. We manipulated the attainability according to whether the goal could be achieved by effort. In Study 2, participants competed with a confederate, and were informed that their performance was worse than that of the confederate. Afterwards the attainability was manipulated by either informing the participants that the possibility of improving their ability was very low or high. Then participants rated their emotions toward the confederate, and we also checked whether the participants had helped the confederate. As predicted, our findings demonstrated that those in the high attainability condition felt envy less than those in the low attainability condition, but showed no significant differences in helping behavior.

著者

YOSHIMASA HABU SHIGERU ONO

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.76-87, 1969 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

3

---

The basic assumption is that with a constant percentage of reinforcement, resistance to extinction (RE) would be a function of uncertainty associated with a reinforcement pattern. 3 groups of rats (double-alternation, 50% random, and continuous) were run in a runway. The last group extinguished most rapidly. No difference in RE was found between the other 2 groups. The conditional entropy of reinforcement-response sequences for the alternation group, as compared with the random group, failed to decrease when its orders were the 3rd or higher. These findings indicate that the second-order conditional entropy will be appropriate for quantifying the uncertainty in question. It was proposed that the RE as determined by uncertainty would be accounted for through intelligibility hypothesis, arousal hypothesis, or probability learning hypothesis.

著者

繁桝 算男 横山 明子

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.20-28, 1994-04-20 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

2 1

---

In this paper, we propose the flexible Bayesian approach to describe the psychological decision making process. That is, by easing the Bayesian Axiom system, we come up with higher order probability and flexible utitiliy assessment. The purpose of this paper is to check whether the flexible Bayesian approach can explain some counter-intuitive examples. Using a questionnaire, we asked the subjects (undergraduate students, n=203) to evaluate the subjective probabilities and the betting preferences in the Ellsberg's Urn Problem and the Three Prisoners Problem. For the Ellsberg's Urn Problem, higher order probability was adequate to explain the paradox, more so than the non-additive representation of uncertainty. For the Three Prisoners Problem, higher order mathematical probability fails to explain the subjects' responses, which are stubbornly against Bayesian probability, but the fuzzy representation of higher order probability by means of the membership function was adequate for the explanation of this paradox.

著者

堀 麻佑子 沼田 恵太郎 中島 定彦

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.6, pp.625-631, 2014

---

This study investigated the effects of positive and negative reinforcement on superstitious behaviors. Participants were instructed to produce the word "GOOD" on a computer display (positive reinforcement condition) or to remove the word "BAD" (negative reinforcement condition) by pressing any of six keys. The words GOOD or BAD were presented at fixed-time intervals regardless of the participant's responses. In Experiment 1, only participants exposed to the negative reinforcement condition acquired superstitious behaviors. However, the observed asymmetry may not have been due to the polarity of consequences (positive vs. negative) but instead to the amount of time of goal states, because the period of the absence of BAD was longer than the period of the presence of GOOD. Experiment 2 varied the duration of word presentations to match the period of goal state between the positive and negative reinforcement conditions, and found that participants acquired superstitious behaviors equally under the two conditions. These results indicate that the duration of a consequence rather than its polarity is a critical factor controlling superstitious behaviors. The theoretical relationship between superstitious behavior and the illusion of control is discussed.

著者

井深 信男

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.5, pp.300-315, 1985

---

Recent advances on the study of circadian rhythm are reviewed and discussed on the following topics: (1) its phylogeny (the existence of extraretinal photoreceptors, photoreceptors for entrainment, the location of circadian oscillators), (2) its ontogeny and aging, (3) its central neural mechanism (the ablation study of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the electrophysiological study of the SCN in multiple unit activity and single neuron activity in rat hypothalamic slice preparation, the use of 2-DG as a functional marker, the transplantation of the SCN, the afferents and efferents of SCN and its peptides), (4) multiple oscillators theory (the anticipatory activities in rats with SCN lesions in response to the restricted feeding schedule, internal desynchronization, splitting), and (5) its psychological significance. Many lines of evidence have shown that the SCN is a putative circadian pacemaker in mammals. On the other hand, other lines of evidence suggest that there are other oscillators outside the SCN. Finally it is emphasized that the chronobiological viewpoint is necessary for the development of psychology.

著者

井深 信男

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.4, pp.126-134, 1993-03-25 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

2 1

---

The effects of prior photoperiodic history on body growth were investigated in male Syrian hamsters in a series of experiments. In Exp. 1 the animals (L-S) housed in a short photoperiod (LD 8: 16, S) after exposure to a long photoperiod (LD 16: 8, L) gained body weight more than those in S-S, and the animals (S-L) housed in L after exposure to S weighed less than those in L-L. In Exp. 2 animals were first exposed to 1) L, 2) S, 3) continuous light (LL), or 4) S+30 min light pulse (P2), and then all animals were transferred to, and maintained in an intermediate photoperiod (LD 13: 11). Animals coming from L and LL showed larger weight gain, and those coming from S the smallest rate of growth. Animals in P2 showed a moderate rate of growth. Exp. 3 demonstrated that the effect of prior photoperiodic history also varied, depending on the different phases of light-dark (LD) cycles to which animals had been exposed. Our studies showed that the increase in body weight in Syrian hamsters was largely influenced by their prior photoperiodic history rather than by the absolute length of photoperiod.

著者

増田 惟茂

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理研究 (ISSN:18841066)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.12, pp.561-566, 1912

著者

柏木 繁男

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.4, pp.203-212, 1982-03-20 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

16

---

A new criterion to estimate the number of factors in multiple factor analysis was proposed, based on the mathematical relationships between the principle of the linear regression analysis passing through the origin and that of the minres factor analysis by Harman (1976). The criterion is the beta coefficient for the linear regression line defined by the elements in each of the original and the reproduced correlation matrices, and it is obtained with the increase of the number of factors. Numerical examples are presented and some supplemental issues are discussed.

著者

大山 正 田中 靖政 芳賀 純

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.109-121, 1963

被引用文献数

12 16

---

This study is an attempt to investigate the affective meaning of 16 colors and 14 symbolic words as judged by Japanese and American subjects and to seek synesthetic correspondence between the colors and the words. Four groups of subjects (Japanese male college students, Japanese female college students, American female highschool students and American famale college students) rated the colors, and two groups of subjects (Japanese and American female college students) judged the words on a 35scale semantic differential. Color cards and semantic scales used, and two of the four color-groups of subjects were the same a those of the factor-analytical study previously reported (<i>Jap. psychol, Res., </i> 1962, 4, 78-91).<br>First, in connection with colors, a good agreement was found among the four subject groups in their judgment of meaning of each color represented by mean scale scores (See Fig. 1-4 in the text). Secondly, it was noted that scales correlating highly with the Munsell Hue were mainly Activity scales (e.g. <i>hot-cold, near-far, womanly-manly, unstable-stable, dangerous-safe, excitablequiet</i>). Scales correlating highly with Value were in the main Potency cales(e.g. <i>heavy-light, deep-shallow, full-empty, hard-soft, tense-relaxed, strong-weak, dry-wet.</i>) Evaluative scales (e.g. <i>beautiful-ugly, good-bad, clear-muddy, fresh-stale, healthy-unhealthy, new-old</i>) appeared to have no such particular correlation with any of the Munsell dimensions. However, colors ranging from Yellow to Blue generally tend to be rated as positive on Evaluative scales(i.e., toward <i>good</i>), whereas colors approaching to and departing from the Purple-Red region tend to be rated negatively (i.e., toward <i>bad</i>). Black and Gray were judged as <i>bad</i> whereas White was rated as <i>good</i>.<br>In connection with the 14 symbolic words, it was discovered first that the factor structures of both Japanese and American <i>Word</i>-spaces were reasonably similar to each other but quite different from the factor structure of the <i>Color</i>-spaces. In the former, the Evaluative factor was most salient while in the latter the Activity was most salient, although three factors-Evaluation, Potency and Activity-were as a group most dominant in each of four concept-culture group. Secondly, on the basis of 15 descriptive scales, 5 for each factor, it was discovered that symbolic words display similar affective meaning to certain colors (Table 2). For example, ANGER and JEALOUSY were found to be closely associated with Red, while SIN and FEAR were related to Black and Purple. ETERNITY, VIRGINITY, and QUIETNESS, on the other hand, were associated with Blue or White, while HAPPINESS, HOME and LOVE with Green. Thirdly, the whole scale profile of each word was correlated with that of each color. Basically similar associative relations were obtained between words and colors, as discovered above.<br>The results obtained in this part of study were in general agreement with results obtained by Obonai and Matsuoka (<i>J. gen. Psychol</i>., 1956, 55, 229-239) who used direct word-color associations to assess the synesthetic relations. Differences between their study and ours were submitted to test in the last part of the present study by asking a new group of subjects to choose a color associate from 16 color-stimuli for each of the concept words, where the colors and words used were the same as in earlier parts of this study. The obtained data confirmed the Obonai-Matsuoka study. In general, it was concluded that the semantic differential provides a useful method for assessing the association between different classes of concepts.

著者

AFZAL KURESHI AKBAR HUSAIN

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.55-60, 1981-09-30 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The twenty five male Palestinian students and the same number of their Indian counterparts, drawn from the Aligarh Muslim University graduate classes, were administered individually the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) and Dominance Scale (DS), The Palestinian students were found to score lower than the Indian students on the DAS (t=3.01, df=48, p<.01), whereas Dominance was found to be higher among the former than the latter (t=2.72, df=48, p<.01). Besides, a negative relationship was discovered between Death Anxiety and Dominance (r=-.534). Compared with the Indians a low amount of Death Anxiety among the Palestinians was explained mainly in terms of the sense of dedication to their cause, exposure to a threatening environment and a mental set of readiness to withstand any eventuality. Likewise, a higher score on Dominance among the Palestinians was explained partly in terms of these factors as well as the contribution they were supposed to make to the liberation movement, requiring them to be assertive, ascendent and powerful.

著者

亀田 達也

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.163-172, 1985-12-20 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

---

The effect of prior stereotypical expectancy on academic evaluation was examined by varying the information value of a target's current behavior. Following the procedure of Darley and Gross (1983), 62 male and 12 female undergraduate volunteers were asked to evaluate academic abilities of a target child. Half of them were told in advance that the child came from a high socio-economic class, and the other half that he came from a low socio-economic class. Then subjects were asked to examine the results of an academic test in which the child's performance was high, moderate, or low, and to evaluate his abilities in several subject areas. “Labeling effects” occured. That is, given identical performance, the subjects given high socio-economic status information rated the child's abilities higher than those given low socioeconomic status information. This effect emerged mainly under moderate performance of the child, and almost disappeared under high or low performance. These results were discussed from a Bayesian perspective using the concept of datum diagnosticity.

著者

MASAAKI YOSHIDA

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.3, pp.123-137, 1968 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

8 62

---

In order to find out principal dimensions of touch, 50 samples of various texture, shape, size, and material, were collected.(1) Twenty haptic differential rating scales were applied to 50 samples and factor analyzed (S.D. touch).(2) Distance matrix constructed indirectly from the haptic profiles of 25 samples (selected from the 50) was analyzed by Torgerson-Indow's multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). Most important dimensions of tactual impressions are (i) heaviness and coldness (ii) wet and smoothness, and (iii) hardness. MDS yields nearly perfect one factor pattern. Metals and fibers are at the opposite poles.

著者

小泉 令三 松尾 馨

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.1-11, 1993-07-25 (Released:2009-02-24)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

3 15

---

This research examined longitudinally over one year attitudinal and motivational changes of 296 Japanese 7th-grade students learning English. Levels of student's interest and emotion, study habits, perceived utility of English and familiarity with English-speaking people, as well as degree of parental encouragement, and self-rated attainment all decreased from the beginning of the school year until the third or seventh month, being followed by a stabilizing trend after those periods. Student's goals became realistic after the learning for one year. Students with initially high English ability performed better and showed more positive attitudes and motivation than those with initially low ability, whereas the former were suggested to be more vulnerable to the junior high school environment than the latter. Girls had higher scores than boys in most attitudinal and motivational variables, although girls had a lower expectancy of their own performance than boys in the goal-setting area. Instrumental and integrative types of motivation in learning English were not differentiated in the students' perceptions at the beginning of their English education in the seventh grade.

著者

伊藤 裕子 相良 順子 池田 政子 川浦 康至

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.3, pp.276-281, 2003

被引用文献数

7 22

---

In this study, a subjective well-being scale was developed, and its reliability and validity evaluated. The Subjective Well-Being Scale (SWBS) had twelve items which covered four domains. It was administered to 1005 adults and 520 college students. Results indicated that for the students, college life satisfaction and self-esteem had positive correlations with SWBS score. For the adults, marital satisfaction, workplace satisfaction, and household income satisfaction had positive correlations with the score. These findings showed considerable constructive validity for SWBS. In addition, internal consistency was sufficiently high, indicating the measure's high reliability. SWBS may be a simple but reliable and valid measure, and it is useful for examining subjective well-being of both adults and college students.

著者

橘 覺勝

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.65-77, 1929

---

Problems of this investigation:-<BR>(1) Which, if any, of the simple colours are preferred by the aged.<BR>(2) Whether the preferences vary according to sex and age.<BR>(3) Whether any differences of a constant nature exist between the preferred colours of the aged and those of children and adults.<BR>Methods and Procedures:-<BR>The colours used were Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue and Violet. The subjects were IIO males and IOO females in number, covering from sixty to ninety in age. In the firstp lace the observers were asked to compare two simple colours and choose the one which is prettier showed in pair, for example red and orange, yellow and green etc.(there were 15 pairs). When this was done, they were asked to pick out the colour that they liked the best among six colours, then the next best one, third, fourth and so on.<BR>Results and Conclusions:-<BR>We could not find any apparent difference in the results get by the both methods above mentioned.<BR>(1) The order of preference is as follows: Blue, Violet, Green, Red, Yellow and Orange. Blue clearly takes the first place, Orange occupies the lowest. In this regard there are no characteristic features of the aged compared with the results of children and adults.<BR>(2) There finds scarcely any differences between male and female preferences, and this seems to show some important facts in old age.<BR>(3) There is almost no regular changes in preferences related to age, but only Red appears to increase the attractiveness as the subjects rise in age.<BR>(4)(a) Blue always stands on the first place in preference in both sexes.<BR>(b) Red occupies the fourth in general, but the variability of choice for it is very great. -Some observers place it in head, others at bottom.<BR>(c) Orange and Yellow usually take the position at the bottom of the order.<BR>(d) Violet and Green are always placed in the middle of the order.

著者

吉岡 源之亮

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.6, pp.757-768, 1928

被引用文献数

4

---

Facial expression in anger was studied experimentally with a monkey. The choice of the subject was based on the following reasons:(I) Since the object of the study aimed at getting as pure a native expression as possible, human adults were thought unsuitable. (2) Human infants were impossible to get due to two requirements imposed on, which were that no attendant was allowed, and that the child was to be excited to anger. (3) A monkey is relatively free in its emotional expression from environmental influence and also from suggestion. (4) The facial musculature of a monkey is almost identical with that of man. A Macacus cynomologous female owned by D:. Tinklepaugh, Yale University, was excited by two anger stimuli, and snap-shot pictures were taken. Fig. 3 shows "Psyche" threatened by a stranger with a stick. Fig. 4 shows "Psyche" challenging a dummy bear. The characteristic expression of anger here shown is that opining of the mouth, widening of the nostril, exposure of the teeth, frowning of the forehead. These features of expression are indicative of the circulatory and respiratory responses in preparation for a fight. Hence it was concluded that the native human facial expression in anger originates from circulatey and respiratory responses in preparation for a fight, and has a phylogenetic significance.

著者

渕上 克義

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.6, pp.335-341, 1987

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of status change on the powerholder's behavior and cognition (attribution) to their sub-leaders and subordinates. The experimental situations consisted of multistage power structures: one powerholder, four sub-leaders, and 16 subordinates. Instead of being delegated by the experimenter (as in experiment I), the subjects in experiment II were screened and elected as a powerholder. The results of experiment I and experiment II showed that; (1) The powerholders under status change condition attempted more to influence the high performing group (experiment I, II), (2) They highly evaluated their own contributions to the high performing group (experiment I, II), (3) They exercised more coercive power to the high performing group (experiment II), and (4) They gave more difficult tasks to the high performing group (experiment II) than the powerholders under non status change condition.

著者

森下 正康

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.145-152, 1979

被引用文献数

1

---

A hypothesis was tested that an affectionate bond with parents (parental affiliation) makes a child to take in the attitude and behavioral pattern of the parents (anaclitic identification). Eighty-five female students in a college and their parents were asked to answer a questionnair on value judgement, personality, and parental affiliation. The children had value system and personality similar to those of their parents as they perceived, rather than the actual parents themselves. There was a correlation between the degree of resemblance (between a child and the parents) and the degree of parental affiliation, partly supporting the hypothesis.

著者

藤澤 〓

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.55-72, 1938

---

I<BR>Boundary phenomena, according to the writer's terminology, are the events arising out of the boundary between neighbouring regions in the life space, and social boundary-phenomena are those occurring between regions differentiated by social non-homogeneity.<BR>Everyone in Formosa, belonging either to the ruling group or to the ruled groups racially different, has these two kinds of group psychologically as neigh-bouring regions in his life space; social boundary-phenomena often develop between these two regions, where the individual opinions about the function of another group come to exist. Thus, social boundary-phenomena in such areas play an important role in the social order, and their nature must be inquired into more closely by psychological and other means. The writer of this paper is of the opinion that it is profitable to develop the topological and dynamic mode of thought in dealing with these social boundary-phenomena. The present paper is a first attempt in this direction.<BR>II<BR>Among the aborigines of Formosa (Takasago race), there are two tribes: the Atayal and the Saisiat living as neighbours in the north, as the map in the Japanese text shows. Between them, there occurred frequent struggles for power since olden times, and on the whole, so far as their history is concerned, the Atayal are strong and large, the Saisiat weak and small. (In their prehistoric period, the Saisiat were very likely a big tribe, according to the survey, of the Institute of Ethnology of our University.) The Saisiat were not only attacked by the Atayal, but were also pressed by the Formosan-Chinese from the plains, and thus they were deprived of power on both sides.<BR>On the last day of 1936, the Atayal had a population of 12,690 while the Saisiat had only 1,483 in the Sintiku Province where the writer made the following experiment. (Adding up the figures for other provinces, the Atayal: had a total of 36,128 as against the Saisiat: 1,486.)<BR>III<BR>According to observations of the character of these two tribes made by Japanese writers many years ago, the most remarkable difference between them:-<BR>Atayal: "Intrepid by nature, ashamed of cowardice; cowardly conduct before the enemy being despised in this society."<BR>Saisiat: "In bravery inferior to the Atayal, possibly on account of their small population and of the pressure exercised on them by stronger enemies since olden times. The distinguishing quality of the able-bodied-man in this tribe is fleet-ness of foot. This is, of course, necessary for attack, but as far as this tribe is concerned, it is esteemed valuable to escape when a battle is lost......"<BR>Interpreted according to the present writer's terminology, the writers found their difference in character to consist in the way they developed the social boundary-phenomena between them and their enemies, i. e. the difference lies in their dynamic properties in account with the topology of their behavioural field, in short in their behaviour-direction.<BR>IV<BR>The writer has made the 'flower-experiment' after Dembo with male adult subjects of the two tribes: the subject is required to take from a table about one meter high, a flower with his hand, not putting his foot out of a square frame of bamboo laid on the floor about 1 and 1/5 ineter, away from the table. The number of the subjects were Atayal: 16, Saisiat: 19.<BR>The most noticeable result of this experiment is that the difference in the behaviour-direction between the two tribes was found in the experimental field of the problem as set by the experimenter, i. e. manner in which they deal with the boundary (with resistance) between them and their aim, and the nature of the boundary-phenomena is not the same in the two tribes.

著者

小関 八重子

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.1-8, 1983

被引用文献数

1

---

The purpose of the present study is to examine the factors inducing boomerang type attitude change in persuasive communication, Subjects were forced to commit themselves to the position counter to their own by writing supportive arguments for an unacceptable issue. Then, a counter-attitudinal communication was presented to the subjects on the issue about which they had previously negative evaluations. Two experiments were conducted with the same procedure for two groups of subjects who were on the different pre-opinion. For the subjects whose opinions were not so discrepant with those of the communicator, some attitudinal changes to the advocated direction were produced. But for those subjects, who had held opinions far from the communicator's position and were forced to commit to the position counter to their own, boomerang type opinion changes against the presented communication occurred. Disagreements to the communication, however, didn't necessarily mean the counteropinion changes. The results of the impression ratings on the communicator suggest that the evaluation of communicator's ability by receiver correlate with the direction of attitude change.