著者

菊水 健史

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.1, pp.67-75, 2018 (Released:2018-06-27)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

3

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Group living mammals have a distinct characteristic: when conspecific animals are together, they show a better recovery from experiences of distress. This phenomenon, termed 'social buffering', has been found in rodents, birds, non-human primates, and also in humans. This phenomenon is well-observed in bonded dyad; the mother-infant or pair-bonded dyads. Social contact, including allogrooming, appears to have a very positive influence on the psychological and physiological aspects of social animals, including human beings. These relationships depend on the neuroendocrine system, especially oxytocin. Oxytocin is released by affiliative social contact in dyads and can ameliorate stress and anxiety in both sides. This review overviews the classic finding of social buffering in animals and describe the recent findings of neuroendocrinological mechanisms for social buffering.

著者

佐伯 大輔

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.41-47, 1999-06-20 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

21

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6個体のゴールデンハムスターに確率学習課題を行わせ, その反応パターンを調べた。手続きとして, 位置課題及び非訂正法を使用した。確率条件として, 左右のレバー押し反応に対する強化確率が, 70% : 30%及び60% : 40%の2条件を設けた。また, 各確率条件を実施する前に, 左右のレバーに対して等頻度に反応させるベースライン条件を挿入した。その結果, 両方の確率条件において, すべての個体が, より強化確率の高い選択肢に反応のほとんどを割り当てる最大化を示した。この結果から, ゴールデンハムスターは, ラットやハト等の他の動物種と同様の反応パターンを示すことが明らかとなった。

著者

長谷 一磨 飛龍 志津子

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.55-67, 2019 (Released:2019-12-18)

参考文献数

79

被引用文献数

1

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Bats emit ultrasonic vocalizations through their mouths or nostrils, listen to echoes returning from surrounding objects, and reconstruct three-dimensional images to navigate in the dark. To perform the reconstruction, bats compare their original emission with returning echoes that have been changed by the surroundings. In natural environments, echolocating bats receive various sensory inputs, including insect echoes, clutter echoes, and pulses and echoes from other bats, which must create a complex acoustic situation. Here, we discuss how bats extract own faint echoes in the presence of noise, by focusing on three similar but different situations; auditory masking, clutter interference, and jamming. Sensitivity to faint echoes is maintained after intense pulse emission, by contraction of middle ear muscles during emission. Echoes from off-axis objects could be "defocused" by comparing spectral features in the pulses and echoes. In the presence of conspecifics, bats increase the intensity and duration of pulses to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of their own echoes. They also regulate spectrotemporal features of pulses to separate their own echoes from sounds of conspecifics. Some of the adaptations made by bats may have future engineering applications for radar or sonar systems.

著者

関 義正

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.101-111, 2019 (Released:2019-12-18)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1 1

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Rhythmic entrainment, or synchronization, to musical rhythm is universally observed in almost all human culture; however, in non-human animals, this kind of behavior has been demonstrated only by some specific species. Thus, exploring the evolutional origin and the psychological substrate for this capability is an attractive research topic. This article reviews recent studies tackling this question and relevant researches, then, introduces a hypothesis explaining the origin of the prominent capability for rhythmic synchronization in humans.

著者

藤 健一

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.51-65, 1996-03-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2 1

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行動実験の実験動物として多用される脊椎動物のハトやラット, サルなどにおいて見いだされた強化スケジュールの機能について, 系統発生的に遠い共通の祖先を持つ現生の魚類の真骨類骨鰾目のキンギョを対象に選び, 反復実験を行った。その結果, 正の強化スケジュールの行動統制機能は, キンギョにおいても確認された。しかしながら, 魚類を対象とした強化スケジュール研究には多くの強化スケジュールが未着手のまま残されており, こういったスケジュールが, 既にその行動統制力が確認された動物種におけるのと同様の統制力を有しているという保証は無い。また, 魚類は陸生動物と異なり, 環境に直接はたらきかける身体器官が限定されており, このことがオペラント行動にもたらす制約についても研究される必要がある。さらに, 脊椎動物とは異なった進化の道筋をたどって現在に至った他の動物種, たとえば節足動物や軟体動物における強化スケジュールの行動統制力の体系的分析は, 現在のところ非常に少ない (Abramson, 1986) 。行動分析学の進むべき一つの方向としての行動分析学的比較行動学ないしは行動進化学 (佐藤, 1993) は, 体系的実験の行われることの少なかった脊椎動物や無脊椎動物についての強化スケジュール研究をも要請していると考えられる。

著者

前田 嘉明

出版者

The Japanese Society for Animal Psychology

雑誌

動物心理学年報 (ISSN:00035130)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.2, pp.83-91, 1964-04-25 (Released:2010-01-28)

参考文献数

18

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Eine Übersprungbewegung kann auftreten, wenn im Tier zwei Triebe zu gleicher Zeit erregt werden, deren Handlungen antagonistisch sind. Ein zweiter Umstand, der zu Übersprungbewegungen Anlass gibt, ist das zu plötzliche Erreichen des Zieles. Drittens kann das Ausbleiben der notwendigen äusseren Reizung irgend wo in der Handlungskette Übersprungbewegungen hervorrufen. Allgemein darf man wohl erwarten, dass ein Drangüberschuss, der keinen Ausweg finden kann, zu Übersprungbewegungen Anlass gibt. Wenn eine Übersprungbewegung während eines Konfliktes zwischen zwei Instinkten auftritt, könnte diese z. B. entweder von einem oder von beiden gehemmten Drängen allochthon gespeist werden. Es bleibt aber ausserdem noch die Möglichkeit, dass infolge der antagonistischen Wirkung der Instinkte zwei in Konflikt geratene Instinkte ihre hemmende Wirkung auf einen dritten verlieren, der nun seinerseits die Übersprungbewegung bewirkt. SEVENSTER und IERSEL haben der Drangüberschusstheorie von TINBERGEN und KORTLANDT gegenüber eine neue Enthemmungshypothese aufgestellt und die Vorstellung vom “Überspringen” aktionsspezifischer Impulse abgelehnt. Es gilt zu entscheiden, ob die als Übersprung auftretende Bewegung in der Tat zu einem anderen (allochthonen) Drang gehört, oder ob die Handlung nur ein Ablauf desselben (autochthonen) Instinktes darstellt. Es wäre sehr wertvoll, dieses Problem experimentell genauer zu untersuchen.

著者

山梨 裕美 櫻庭 陽子

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.187-203, 2019 (Released:2019-12-18)

参考文献数

109

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With the accumulation of knowledge regarding sociality of animals, social enrichment is regarded as one of the most important part of captive animal care. Although the basic knowledge has been accumulated, sociality involves complex issues. Moreover, practical methodologies for social management remain controversial. In this paper, we overview the current studies and practices of social management on four great ape species (chimpanzees, western lowland gorillas, and Bornean and Sumatran orangutans) housed in Japanese zoos to advance the sociality discussion. We first describe the fundamentals of sociality in animals. Then we explore important topics of sociality, including social relationships in captivity, all male group formation in chimpanzees and gorillas, group living in orangutans, and welfare of disabled and geriatric individuals. Although the number of sociality studies has recently increased, to maximize the positive effects of captive social living, more detailed understanding of the effects of social factors on animals using scientific methodologies is important.

著者

渡辺 茂

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.21-27, 2002-06-25 (Released:2011-03-14)

参考文献数

26

著者

上田 江里子 久保 孝富 村重 哲史 永澤 美保 池田 和司 瀧本-猪瀬 彩加

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.70.2.1, (Released:2020-12-10)

参考文献数

57

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Behavioral synchronization is shown not only between intra-species but also between inter-species. Previous studies reported that behavioral synchronization occurs between dogs and their owners by affiliative bonds and dogs' social skills for communicating with humans acquired by domestication. Horses also have such bonds and skills like dogs, however, there have been few empirical studies of behavioral synchronization between horses and humans. Therefore, we investigated whether the gait synchronization occurs between the horse and his/her familiar human participant while they were walking together by using angular statistics and how horses and umans interacted by analyzing entrainment. Only when human gait rhythm was controlled to be constant, gait synchronization between horse and human participants was found, though entrainment occurred only in humans. When horses and humans were walking in a more natural and uncontrolled situation, entrainment occurred in both horses and humans, though their walk adjustment did not reach synchronization. These results suggest that gait synchronization occurs between horses and humans and walk adjustment from humans is involved in such synchronization.

著者

川合 伸幸

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.195-197, 2000-06-15 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

3

著者

STAN A. KUCZAJ II JOHN D. GORY MARK J. XITCO Jr.

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.99-115, 2009 (Released:2009-07-28)

参考文献数

78

被引用文献数

9 22

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The nature and extent of dolphin intelligence has long intrigued humans. Unequivocal answers to the question “how intelligent are dolphins?” have proven evasive due to both the existing myriad views of intelligence and the ambiguity of much spontaneous dolphin behavior. In this paper, we focus on one aspect of intelligence, namely the ability to plan one's behavior in a meaningful way. The generalized ability to create novel and appropriate behavioral plans when confronted with new problems has obvious evolutionary advantages, but has been found in relatively few species. The studies reported in this paper demonstrate planning behaviors in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in conditions quite different from those that occur during dolphin foraging and mating (two areas in which wild dolphins may engage in planning). The dolphins' ability to plan their behaviors in these novel contexts provides additional evidence that generalized planning ability is not unique to humans, and demonstrate that human-like language is not required for generalized planning skills. These findings also suggest that in addition to species niche specific cognitive abilities, generalized cognitive abilities may play an important role in the evolutionary success of some species.

著者

HIROKO YOSHIDA KHOSHI NORIKOSHI TAKASHI KITAHARA KOICHIRO YOSHIHARA

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.88-99, 1992-03-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

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Four chimpanzee mother-infant pairs belonging to Tama Zoological Park were observed in order to see how this relationship develops. The main study run from August 1986 to December 1989. Each mother-infant pair was observed for 30 minutes once a week. All behavior patterns were recorded and analyzed.The data showed that the process of the chimpanzee infant's development of attachment resembled closely that of humans from the pre-attachment-phase to a goal-corrected-partnership (Bowlby's model 1969). Moreover, three or four-year-old chimpanzee infants seemed to have some conflict with their mother, because ambivalent behavior occurred at that time. Infants whimpered for their mother without cause for fear and soon after the mother held them, they left her and whimpered again. Such ambivalent behavior patterns towards the mother are often observed in human infants.

著者

友永 雅己 熊田 孝恒 吉川 左紀子

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.29-44, 2002-06-25 (Released:2011-03-14)

参考文献数

47

著者

和田 真

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.69.1.2, (Released:2019-05-30)

参考文献数

44

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A sense of body ownership is essential in controlling one's own body in external space, which in turn may give rise to a sense of self-awareness. Body ownership in humans is sometimes extended to certain external objects apart from our own bodies, and such plastic changes in body ownership are thought to be the basis of tool use. Specifically, in a rubber hand illusion task, visuotactile stimuli from synchronous brush strokes to both participants' and rubber hands lead to illusory body ownership of the rubber hand and a shift of perception of the tactile stimuli to the rubber hand as a result of multisensory integration. Recent studies suggest that this kind of body ownership illusion occurs not only in humans but also in animals, including monkeys and mice. In addition, other studies have shown that body ownership is linked to empathy. Studying the body ownership illusion in humans and other animals, including models of human psychiatric disorders, will elucidate neural mechanisms underlying the sense of body ownership, which will consequently contribute to addressing the philosophical issue of self-awareness.

著者

関口 勝夫 牛谷 智一 澤 幸祐

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.69.2.1, (Released:2019-04-15)

参考文献数

22

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We review use of multiple landmarks in navigational behavior by humans and nonhuman animals focusing on three important aspects of spatial learning and cognition: Cognitive map, spatial integration, and configuration of multiple landmarks. Animals use multiple strategies for spatial navigation rather than a single strategy and flexibly choose an appropriate strategy in accordance with each environmental condition. Concerning the goal searching in humans, for example, whether it is based on information from multiple landmarks or from just one landmark would depend on the salience of the landmarks. Our conclusion is that it is more important what strategies or spatial information animals choose under what conditions than whether or not they have and use the strategies.

著者

伊藤 秀一 八代 梓 松本 充史 木村 嘉孝

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.69.2.2, (Released:2019-04-27)

参考文献数

27

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Until recently, Japanese zoological gardens have primarily been considered as entertainment facilities. However, their roles in wildlife research, education and species conservation are becoming increasingly important. It has been shown that zoo animals exhibit abnormal behaviours and stress responses, which are concerns from both research and animal welfare perspectives. Therefore, attempts have been made to introduce new exhibition or management techniques to ensure that particular behaviours are displayed and to keep the animals occupied. However, the effects of these actions on zoo animals have not been sufficiently verified. In this article, we introduced the research that our team recently conducted at a zoo and will discuss other activities that were carried out at the zoos, ending with suggestions for future research directions.

著者

小笠原 信一郎 大津 起夫

出版者

The Japanese Society for Animal Psychology

雑誌

動物心理学年報 (ISSN:00035130)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.85-96, 1984-03-25 (Released:2010-01-28)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the adjustment mechanism on the inter-individual distance operating to minimize social conflicts in a group. Nonoverlapping territorial system is one of the most famous examples of such mechanisms.Five adult golden hamsters (Mesocriecetus auratus) were used as a group, consisting of three females named F1, F2 and F3, and two males named M1 and M2. A specifically designed open-field (OF) was used to observe social interactions and to measure individual activities and the distances between each pair of subjects (Fig. 1). The experement was run for 17 days. On the fifth day, the female hamster F1 established her dominance in that group, and began to restrain the activities of the others (Fig. 2). She formed an exclusive territory of her own on one of the quarters of the open-field, and the others were vigorously expelled from it (Fig. 3, Fig. 4).Aggressive and submissive behaviours were commonly observed among them, with a number of violent attacks occurred especially between males. One female F3 who had experienced long term isolation from weaning showed a tendency to flee from all of the others (Tables 1 and 2).An index of proximity Pr was used to measure spatial relations between individuals, which is approximately the inverse of the absolute distance (Fig. 5). The average proximity of the dominant female (F1) toward the others and that of the isolated female (F3) were both small (Fig. 6). This result should be explained in terms of the facts that F1 was avoided by every other, and that F3 avoided every other. Though the activities of the four subordinate members were almost the same, this did not hold for their average proximities (Fig. 7). It seemed that F3 and M2, suffering from persistent attacks by F1 and M1, adjusted their distances from the dominant subjects meticulously. So it is our conclusion that an adjustment mechanism on inter-individual distance is operating even among subordinate subjects who could not afford to have a unique territory.

著者

鮫島 和行

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.51-53, 2014 (Released:2014-12-22)

参考文献数

12

著者

ARII WATANABE

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.68.1.4, (Released:2018-04-12)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

2

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The view that episodic memory and metacognition are human-unique abilities has been challenged over the recent decades. While much of the focus of nonhuman studies has been on primates, western scrub-jays contributed extensively towards the understanding of these abilities. Western scrub-jays demonstrate episodic-like memory by remembering what, where, and when they cached food items and by using this information flexibly during recovery to change their behaviour according to the situation. In addition to episodic-like memory, recent studies suggest that these birds are also capable of self-reflection in a form of metacognition. Further investigation of their self-reflective ability may be the critical approach in deepening our understanding of episodic memory in nonhuman animals.

著者

KOHEI F. TAKEDA NOBUYUKI KUTSUKAKE

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.68.1.1, (Released:2017-12-20)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

3

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Non-human animals commonly perform mutual communication in which two individuals simultaneously exchange information in an interaction that can comprise multiple components and multimodal signals. The forms of mutual communication vary widely, ranging from simple greeting ceremonies to complex paired dances including ultiple behavioural elements. Our understanding of mutual communication lags markedly because few systematic studies have examined this topic. In this review, we used the example of paired dances in red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) to examine two important aspects of mutual communication: structure and function. We reviewed the difficulty analysing the key characteristics of structure quantitatively (e.g. sequential pattern and complexity), and examined suitable analytic methods such as etermining the four levels of its characteristics. We proposed that a combination of current methods and new methods, such as the Shannon entropy index and temporal associations among behavioural elements, is necessary to quantify the complexity of mutual communication. Regarding the function of paired dances, we critically discuss the pair bond hypothesis, which suggests that a paired dance strengthens pair bonds in monogamous, long-living birds. Testing this classical hypothesis remains a challenge due to the difficulty of performing quantitative analyses of paired dances and the ambiguous concept of pair bonds. We hope that the questions and predictions raised in this paper will encourage future research on mutual communication in non-human animals.