著者

関根 孝道

出版者

関西学院大学

雑誌

総合政策研究 (ISSN:1341996X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.11-52, 2004-05-25

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The IUCN Second World Conservation Congress in Amman, Jordan, adopted a Recommendation for the conservation of Okinawa dugongs in October 2000. This is because their critical habitat areas in Henoko offshore Okinawa are to be landfilled for the construction of U. S. seabase facilities in return for the U. S. military airport at Futenma. Since Okinawa dugongs are not only designated as one of Japan's natural monuments but also seriously endangered with the remaining number estimated at the most less than 50, the proposed seabase facilities are determinatively detrimental to the continued existence of Okinawa dugongs. Given the ineffectiveness of Japan's nature conservation laws, the last resort for their protection is to initiate a lawsuit under the U. S. environmental law in their court. This article examines the possibility of extraterritorial application of U. S. environmental laws for the protection of Okinawa dugongs with the conclusion that the National Historic Preservation Act ("NHPA") is most applicable due to the section 402's declaration of its extraterritorial application. In addition, since Okinawa dugongs are listed as an endangered species under the U. S. Endangered Species Act ("ESA"), an ESA lawsuit under its citizen suits provision is prospective and significant as a test case challenging ESA's overseas application.

著者

新家 富雄

出版者

海洋音響学会

雑誌

海洋音響学会誌 (ISSN:09165835)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.4, pp.251-262, 2004-10

被引用文献数

1

著者

吉田 正人

出版者

環境アセスメント学会

雑誌

環境アセスメント学会誌 (ISSN:13481819)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.20-24, 2005

著者

大泰司 紀之

出版者

民族自然誌研究会

雑誌

エコソフィア (ISSN:13440462)

巻号頁・発行日

no.15, pp.81-86, 2005

著者

亀山 統一

出版者

学習の友社

雑誌

学習の友

巻号頁・発行日

no.617, pp.26-28, 2005-01

著者

富田 恭介

出版者

愛知教育大学保健体育講座

雑誌

愛知教育大学保健体育講座研究紀要 (ISSN:13468359)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.72-75, 2018-03-26

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平成29年度 修士論文 抄録

著者

市川 光太郎

出版者

勇魚会

雑誌

勇魚 (ISSN:13476378)

巻号頁・発行日

no.42, pp.31-37, 2005-06-25

著者

真鍋 和子

出版者

明治大学軍縮平和研究所

雑誌

季刊軍縮地球市民

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.72-77, 2005-09

著者

堤 千華 市川 光太郎 赤松 友成 荒井 修亮 新家 富雄 原 武史 カンジャナ アドゥンヤヌコソン

出版者

海洋理工学会

雑誌

Journal of Advanced Marine Science and Technology Society = 海洋理工学会誌 (ISSN:13412752)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.77-80, 2005-10-30

参考文献数

6

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Dugongs {Dugong dugon) are herbivorous marine mammals and endangered species. Unfortunately, the lack of basic research especially on use of seagrass patches by dugongs prevents us from taking any effective countermeasures for the conservation.In this study, to monitor feeding behavior of dugongs in the seagrass bed of a tidal flat, we propose a visual-acoustic combined observation method which is comprised of the visual observation and the acoustic observation using a digital camera and automatic underwater sound monitoring systems for dugong (AUSOMS-D). This new observation method was tested in Thai waters. The increase in the number of dugong feeding trails was observed during nighttime by the visual observation. Dugong calls and feeding sounds were recorded by the acoustic observation. The increase of the dugong feeding trails coincided with the feeding sounds. Therefore, the visual-acoustic combined observation method is effective in monitoring feeding behavior of dugongs. This method has technical benefits not to impact both on the dugongs and the seagrass beds.

著者

仮野 忠男

出版者

経済界

雑誌

経済界

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.10, pp.84-85, 2006-05-23

著者

宮城 晴美

出版者

全国保険医団体連合会

雑誌

月刊保団連 (ISSN:02885093)

巻号頁・発行日

no.907, pp.14-17, 2006-08

著者

稲木 建郎

出版者

全国保険医団体連合会

雑誌

月刊保団連 (ISSN:02885093)

巻号頁・発行日

no.907, pp.30-33, 2006-08

著者

大西 照雄

出版者

全国保険医団体連合会

雑誌

月刊保団連 (ISSN:02885093)

巻号頁・発行日

no.907, pp.34-38, 2006-08

著者

花輪 伸一

出版者

エヌ・ティー・エス

雑誌

遺伝 (ISSN:03870022)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.5, pp.76-79, 2007-09

著者

浦島 悦子

出版者

金曜日

雑誌

金曜日

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.33, pp.27-31, 2007-09-07

著者

岡松 暁子

出版者

有斐閣

雑誌

環境法研究 (ISSN:02893401)

巻号頁・発行日

no.32, pp.179-185, 2007-10

著者

関根 孝道

出版者

関西学院大学

雑誌

総合政策研究 (ISSN:1341996X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.205-242, 2008-03

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The day of January 23, 2008, turned out to be a memorable day for Okinawa dugongs. On this day, the Judge Marilyn Hall Patel, U.S. District Court Judge Northern District of California, ruled in favor of Okinawa dugongs in the case that was brought by 3 Okinawa individual residents and 6 Japan/U.S. environmental organizations against the U.S. Department of Defense (hereinafter "DOD") for the purpose of preserving Okinawa dugongs as a Japanese national monument and their habitats in Henoko areas. The court opinion begins with a comprehensive summary of the factual background, a description of the procedural history of the case, and an explanation of the statutes under which plaintiffs bring the case, that is, the National Historic Preservation Act (hereinafter "NHPA") and the Administrative Procedures Act (hereinafter "APA"). The judge then turns to the legal arguments. The legal issues here are divided into three sections: DOD's jurisdictional arguments; applicability of the NHPA; and the merits of the plaintiffs' NHPA claim. First, as for the DOD's jurisdictional arguments, they consist of five distinctive assertions; (1) final agency action, (2) standing, (3) ripeness, (4) act of state, (5) necessary and indispensable party. The judge addresses each of the five arguments that DOD presents for barring the court's review and strikes down all of them with detailed persuasive reasons. Secondly, regarding the applicability of the NHPA to the case, the NHPA imposes on DOD the obligation to "take into account" under sec.402 of the statute. This DOD's obligation is triggered when and where there is a federal undertaking outside the U.S., which may directly and adversely affect a property on the applicable country's equivalent of the National Register. These are issues of first impression for the courts in the context of extraterritorial provision of sec.402. Having decided in support of plaintiffs' arguments with regard to these legal issues, the court concluded that the NHPA is applicable to this case. Finally, the judge examines whether DOD has complied with its obligation under the NHPA to "take into account" the impacts on the dugongs. According to the court, the "take into account" process, at a minimum, must include (1) identification of protected property, (2) generation, collection, consideration, and weighing of information pertaining to how the undertaking will affect the historic property, (3) a determination as to whether there will be adverse effects or not adverse effects, and (4) if necessary, development and evaluation of alternatives or modifications to the undertaking that could avoid or mitigate the adverse effects. As a conclusion, the judge holds: "In sum, the current record reflects a failure by the DOD to comply with NHPA section 402. This failure constitutes agency action that is unreasonably delayed and unlawfully withheld as provided by the APA. Defendants have failed to produce, gather, and consider information necessary for taking into account the effects of the Futenma Replacement Facilities on the Okinawa dugong and for determining whether mitigation or avoidance measures are necessary and possible." Therefore, the court's "CONCLUSION", on the last page of its judgment is as follows: 1. Defendants have failed to comply with the requirements of the NHPA section 402, 16 U.S.C. sec.470a-2, and this failure to comply is agency action that is unreasonably delayed and unlawfully withheld, 5 U.S.C. sec. 706 (1). 2. Defendants are ordered to comply with NHPA section 402 and this case is held in abeyance until the information necessary for evaluating the effects of the FRF on the dugong is generated, and until defendants take the information into account for the purpose of avoiding or mitigate adverse effects to the dugong. 3. Defendants are ordered, within ninety (90) days of the date of this order, to submit to the court documentation describing what additional information is necessary to evaluate the impacts of the FRF on the dugong; from what sources, including relevant individuals, organizations, and government agencies, the information will be derived; what is currently known or anticipated regarding the nature and scope of Japan's environmental assessment and whether that assessment will be sufficient for meeting defendants' obligations under the NHPA; and identifying the DOD officials with authorization and responsibility for reviewing and considering the information for purposes of mitigation. 4. If plaintiffs desire to respond to this submission, they shall file their response within forty-five (45) days of the defendants' filing. At the end of this summary, it is worth noting the following warning which the court dared to make clear: "Satisfaction of defendants' obligation under section 402, therefore cannot be postponed until the eve of construction when defendants have made irreversible commitments making additional review futile or consideration of alternatives impossible." This is exactly why the NHPA requires the take into account process "prior to approval of an undertaking," at the time early in the planning stages of a federal undertaking when there is still a meaningful opportunity to consider adverse impact and mitigation measures.

著者

新垣 勉

出版者

軍縮市民の会・軍縮研究室

雑誌

軍縮問題資料 (ISSN:02870177)

巻号頁・発行日

no.330, pp.60-69, 2008-05

出版者

海洋理工学会

雑誌

海洋理工学会誌 (ISSN:13412752)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.中扉2p,35-87, 2009

著者

天本 奈々子 市川 光太郎 荒井 修亮

出版者

海洋理工学会

雑誌

海洋理工学会誌 (ISSN:13412752)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.149-157, 2009