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2 0 0 0 OA 第2次世界大戦前後の国鉄技術文化 : 鉄道車両用台車振動研究史の再検討を通じて

著者: 佐藤靖
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.46, no.244, pp.209-219, 2007 (Released:2021-08-09)

After World War II, many former military engineers found employment at the Japanese National Railways, especially the Railway Technical Research Institute, and made significant contributions to the postwar development of railway technology. In particular, a contribution by a group of former Navy engineers led by Tadashi Matsudaira to the solution of vibration problems of rolling stocks has been dealt with repeatedly in historical narratives. According to those conventional narratives, Matsudaira and others successfully applied advanced theoretical expertise that he had acquired through wartime aeronautical research to the vibration problems, which had troubled empiricist railway engineers. This article reexamines how former aeronautical engineers and conventional railway engineers tackled the vibration problems. It argues that what actually characterized the research style of conventional railway engineers was conservatism, which did not encourage the fruit of academically oriented research to turn into actual changes in the design of rolling stocks. On the other hand, Matsudaira and other former Navy engineers had the research style characterized by practical orientation and creativity, which became a catalyst for change at the Japanese National Railways. This article thus compares the two different engineering cultures, examining engineers' practices and approaches as well as their social environments and social values. The changes in the engineering culture of the Japanese National Railways shown in this article implies the importance of discussing the continuities and discontinuities in other scenes of technological development from the prewar period to the postwar period.

2 0 0 0 OA 星野華水による"チャート式"の起源とその特徴

著者: 中村滋杉山滋郎
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.45, no.240, pp.209-219, 2006 (Released:2021-08-11)

HOSHINO Kasui (1885-1939), who graduated in mathematics from Tokyo Higher Normal School, wrote and published The Study of Geometry by the CHART System, a math study book for entrance exams, in 1929. Since then, the study books, which are named CHART System, have been published for over 75 years. Therefore, it can be said that the CHART System is an established method of study used in study books. However, there exists no previous research on the CHART System or its founder, HOSHINO Kasui. This paper clarifies the following two points: 1) Origin of the CHART System: The CHART System was developed by Hoshino Kasui in cooperation with his business involving the publication of a monthly magazine and several study books for entrance exams as well as through his managing and teaching experiences in a cramming school. 2) Features of the CHART System: The features of the CHART System become evident upon comparing the solution provided by Hoshino and that provided by a previous study book with regard to the same question. Hoshino led students to the solution by providing CHARTs, which were precepts based on solution scenarios that did not require dependence on rare inspiration. Hoshino's CHART System, which he extracted from numerous solution scenarios, was the first step in the compilation of solutions to questions in study books into a manual.

2 0 0 0 OA ヨハン・ベルヌーイの力学 : 衝突法則からの再評価

著者: 野澤聡
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.45, no.237, pp.1-10, 2006 (Released:2021-08-11)

While Johann Bernoulli's mathematical researches are well-known and highly appreciated, his researches on mechanics have been less studied. His researches on mechanics have been regarded as an inconsistent aggregation of Cartesian, Newtonian and Leibnizian physics; applying calculus to mehcanics as a Newtonian, advocating "vis viva " as a Lebnizian and adopting vortex theory as a Cartesian. The present paper is aiming at showing insufficiency of traditional researches, which arbitrarily selected examplars from Johann Bernoulli's texts and did not read them as such. The author has argued that Johann Bernoulli used common and consistent framework of "loix de la communication du mouvement " (laws of communication of motion) in his papers of 1724 and 1734. These "loix " embodies both conservation of quantity of motion and that of "vis viva ". In the former paper, he applied the law to collision of two bodies. He extended the explanation to the collisions of multiple bodies and to the motion in a resistent medium. In the latter paper, he introduced the mechanism of "torrent central " (central stream). He applied the same law to it and explained gravitation on the basis of the collisions of subtle matter. These above aspects of his original researches have been overlooked, because his texts were not interpreted properly. The author has also suggested that the "loix de la communication du mouvement " is a crucial concept to understand Johann Bernoulli's mature researches on mechanics consistently.

2 0 0 0 OA 世界の数記号(科学史入門)

著者: 伊東俊太郎
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.44, no.236, pp.225-231, 2005 (Released:2021-08-11)

2 0 0 0 OA 明治期日本の土木事業を支えた技術者集団とその特徴 : 経歴と社会的地位からの分析

著者: 恒川清爾
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.44, no.236, pp.177-190, 2005 (Released:2021-08-11)

The Meiji government started constructing a new country by hiring engineers from European countries. But soon trained Japanese engineers replaced them. This paper analyzes the characteristics and roles of these Japanese engineers in Meiji era, by looking at their social and educational backgrounds. At the beginning of Meiji era, a major group of the engineers were artisans and the people who received short term and practical training. They built railways and harbors and conducted waterworks by themselves. They gained a status equal to those of new graduates of college or university. But the workers and contractors of projects usually did not get a good public recogniton, though some of them had good civil engineering skills. After the middle of Meiji era,, graduates of colleges and universities took the managerial positions and became the supervisors of almost all civil engineering projects. This did not mean that the projects needed more higher level of technologies. The engineers who actually supported civil engineering projects were artisans and gishu or middle class engineering officers, who were mostly the graduates of short term training schools. Some graduates of foreign countries and constructors actually contributed to construction engineering, but did not receive fair recognition especially after a bureaucratic system was established. This was a major factor why Japan stayed far behind in the advancement of construction engineering.

2 0 0 0 OA 「科学技術の民主的コントロール」をめぐるいくつかの誤解について(科学史入門)

著者: 木原英逸
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.43, no.230, pp.111-114, 2004 (Released:2021-08-12)

2 0 0 0 OA Klein-仁科の公式導出の過程(Ⅱ) -理研の仁科資料を中心に-

著者: 矢崎裕二
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.31, no.183, pp.129-137, 1992 (Released:2021-03-25)

2 0 0 0 OA 科学史入門:原始技術史-原始時代の技術の歴史は文献なしで何に頼るか?

著者: 岩城正夫
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.31, no.181, pp.43-50, 1992 (Released:2021-04-07)

2 0 0 0 OA A. Horstmannによる解離平衡論の形成過程 ―19世紀後半における化学熱力学成立の端緒―

著者: 井上隆義
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.26, no.161, pp.1-12, 1987 (Released:2021-09-22)

August F. Horstmann is known to be the first chemist to have applied the second law of thermodynamics to chemical processes. He began to study the decomposition of substances by heat from the view-point of the kinetic theory of gases on one side (in 1868), and by the thermodynamical analogy with vaporizations on the other (in 1869). Next on th basis of the new thermodynamic formulation developed by Clausius in 1862, Horstmann promoted a better understanding with respect to the mutual relations between dissociation and thermodynamics. In 1871 he derived fundamental equations of dissociation equilibrium for substitution of watervapors with irons. A. Naumann criticized Horstmann's theory of dissociation, especially his application of a thermodynamic formula (so-called Clausius-Clapeyron's formula) to dissociation, from a standpoint of the molecular theory. Refuting Naumann's criticism, Horstmann showed that thermoclynamics and every formula deduced from it were not dependent upon any hypothesis on molecular processes, and therefore it was valid to apply thermodynamics to chemical changes Thus, in 1873 he attained a qualitatively high level of theory concerning dissociation equilibrium on the entropy maximization principle (formulated by Clausius in 1865). Then this new level of Horstmann's theory was established through his exact recognizing of the inner connection of chemical processes with the thermodynamic laws, and of the difference and the relation between microscopic processes and macroscopic ones.

2 0 0 0 OA 原爆開発初期におけるプルトニウム爆弾構想の推移

著者: 日野川静枝
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.25, no.160, pp.235-244, 1986 (Released:2021-09-22)

A plan of plutonium bomb was existed separately from a plan of uranium bomb at the beginning of the development of atomic bombs. The following is the transition of significance of the plan of plutonium bomb. In December 1940, the plan of plutonium bomb was posed in England and U.S.A. independently. In December 1941, the plan of plutonium bomb was not stated clearly, but it was interested in whether the fission chain reaction using uranium is feasible or not. Because, such reactions will produce the "94" (plutonium) which is material of plutonium bomb. In June 1942, the plan of plutonium bomb was stated clearly, and also it caused Army and Industries to be concerned in the development of atomic bomb in earnest. In December 1942, the chain reaction was proved. So the plan of plutonium bomb was changed from which to be for ending the war to which to be concerned with the atomic power policy of the post war.

2 0 0 0 OA atomの訳語の形成過程

著者: 菅原国香中村邦光板倉聖宣
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.25, no.157, pp.34-45, 1986 (Released:2021-04-05)

2 0 0 0 OA Descartesの円定理とSoddyの六球連鎖定理に関連して

著者: 道脇義正木村規子
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.22, no.147, pp.160-164, 1983 (Released:2021-09-24)

In our previous paper we have an invariable among the bends of the touching circles, and to show that the extension⁽¹⁰¹⁾. Later, we applied Wilkey's Theorem⁽¹⁶⁾ 一 which is an extension of the Decartes Circle Theorem⁽¹⁾一 to this result, we have an interesting theorem⁽¹⁰¹⁾. And we show that a part of this result corresponds to Sir Frederick Soddy's "The Hexlet⁽¹⁴⁾". The main object of this paper are as follows: (1) Wasan experts are haven't the notion of bends and (2) Considerations for the concerning literatures.