著者

稲葉 武彦 村田 暹

出版者

一般社団法人 ターボ機械協会

雑誌

ターボ機械 (ISSN:03858839)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.4, pp.221-227, 1984-04-10 (Released:2011-07-11)

参考文献数

22

著者

Zarko ROKSANDIC 南川 雅男 赤澤 威

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.96, no.4, pp.391-404, 1988 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

13 23

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古人骨の安定同位体による食性復原の可能性を検討するために,三貫地,伊川津,羽島3貝塚で発見された縄文人骨の炭素同位体比を測定した.また分析結果のもつ意味を比較検討するために樺太,北海道の近世アイヌ墓地で発見された古人骨についても同様に炭素同位体比を測定した.炭素同位体比の測定は, ROKSANDIC がオーストラリア国立大学の Research School of Biological Sciences にある質量分析計を用いて行い,その結果の吟味,人類学的意味の検討については主として南川と赤澤が担当した。炭素同位体比は人骨中のゼラチンとアパタイト(hydroxyapatite)を試料として測定した.その結果,アパタイト中の同位体比は遺跡間,集団間でほぼ同じ分布範囲を示すが,ゼラチン中の同位体比は縄文グループと近世アイヌグループの間で違いが認められた.すなわち,近世アイヌ人骨のゼラチン中の炭素同位体比は縄文グループよりも13C 濃度が高く,サケあるいは海獣を主食とする北米太平洋沿岸の先史および近世の漁撈採集民に近い値を示した.しかし,今回分析した縄文グループの同位体比は,以上のような集団とヨーロッパ農民の中間に近い値を示したのである.以上の結果は,今回分析した縄文グループが近世アイヌと異なった食生活をしていたことを強く示唆している.縄文人とアイヌのゼラチンとアパタイト中の炭素同位体比の間には一定の相関が認められた.また過去の研究で,草食獣ではアパタイトの炭素同位体比がゼラチンのそれより約7‰高く,肉食獣ではそれが約3‰高いことが指摘されている.そこで今回の結果からそれぞれのグループの食性の肉食依存度を推定することを試みた.今回の測定結果では,アパタイトとゼラチン中の炭素同位体比の差(△)は,羽島グループ6.3‰,三貫地グループ5.5‰,伊川津5.5‰,そして北方の近世アイヌグループが2.7‰であった.典型的な肉食性人類の△値は解っていないので,肉食動物の値(△=3‰)を使って計算を行った.得られた各グループの肉食度はそれぞれ18%,38%,38%,108%となり,近世アイヌが高い肉食依存度を示すのに対して,縄文グループの肉食度は比較的低いという結果が得られた.この結果は,今回の仮定に基づく誤差をそれぞれ20%程度含んでいると考えられるが,それでも別に行われた15N-13C法による縄文人の食性分析の結果と比較的良く一致した.縄文人の食性は,今までは主として遺跡堆積物の特徴と民族考古学的手法により得られた結果を基にして論じられてきた.本研究では縄文人骨の同位体比を用いて,より直接的に彼らの食性を復原するという新しい方法を検討した.結果として,縄文人は近世アイヌとは著しく異なった食性を持って生活していたことが示唆された.その特徴は今回分析した縄文人については,水産物に加えて,植物から多くのエネルギーを摂取していたという点である.

著者

Kamila Mortka Przemysław Lisiński

出版者

理学療法科学学会

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.10, pp.3303-3307, 2015 (Released:2015-10-30)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2 16

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[Purpose] Hallux valgus is one of the most common deformations of the human foot, and it causes great difficulties for the patients. The aim of this paper was to review available medical literature in search of evidence which would justify implementation of physiotherapy, based on its effectiveness for patients with hallux valgus. [Subjects and Methods] The following databases were searched for applicable papers: PubMed, Google Scholar, Clinical Key and UpToDate. Full-text articles from the last 15 years were subjected to a review, which ultimately selected seven papers about hallux valgus therapy published over the past 12 years. These studies were grouped according to their design and level of evidence and classified depending on whether they concerned physiotherapy as postoperative therapy or as the only treatment. [Results] The studies included in the present analysis used the following interventions for patients with hallux valgus: exercise, manual therapy, gait training, taping and orthosis. All the studies showed beneficial effects and the most frequently observed results were reductions in pain and improvements in function. [Conclusion] The evidence found in the reviewed materials clearly indicates that patients with hallux valgus should not only be subject to surgical procedures but also undergo physiotherapeutic treatment.

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ゴム協会

雑誌

日本ゴム協会誌 (ISSN:0029022X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.2, pp.40-44, 2010 (Released:2010-08-25)

参考文献数

5

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ゴム協会

雑誌

日本ゴム協会誌 (ISSN:0029022X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.3, pp.77-85, 2010 (Released:2010-08-25)

著者

編集委員会

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ゴム協会

雑誌

日本ゴム協会誌 (ISSN:0029022X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.4, pp.117-121, 2010 (Released:2010-08-25)

参考文献数

5

著者

編集委員会

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ゴム協会

雑誌

日本ゴム協会誌 (ISSN:0029022X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.12, pp.527-532, 2009 (Released:2010-08-25)

参考文献数

4

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

編集委員会

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ゴム協会

雑誌

日本ゴム協会誌 (ISSN:0029022X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.1, pp.25-31, 2007-01-15 (Released:2010-03-12)

著者

編集委員会

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ゴム協会

雑誌

日本ゴム協会誌 (ISSN:0029022X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.11, pp.486-493, 2008-11-15 (Released:2010-03-25)

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ゴム協会

雑誌

日本ゴム協会誌 (ISSN:0029022X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.4, pp.185-190, 2009 (Released:2010-04-12)

参考文献数

8

著者

編集委員会

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ゴム協会

雑誌

日本ゴム協会誌 (ISSN:0029022X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.12, pp.475-482, 2007-12-15 (Released:2010-03-12)

著者

編集委員会

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ゴム協会

雑誌

日本ゴム協会誌 (ISSN:0029022X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.4, pp.128-134, 2008-04-15 (Released:2010-03-25)

参考文献数

4

著者

Sebastian Böcker

出版者

一般社団法人 情報処理学会

雑誌

Journal of Information Processing (ISSN:18826652)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.3, pp.258-264, 2015 (Released:2015-05-15)

参考文献数

13

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We consider the following simple game: We are given a table with ten slots indexed one to ten. In each of the ten rounds of the game, three dice are rolled and the numbers are added. We then put this number into any free slot. For each slot, we multiply the slot index with the number in this slot, and add up the products. The goal of the game is to maximize this score. In more detail, we play the game many times, and try to maximize the sum of scores or, equivalently, the expected score. We present a strategy to optimally play this game with respect to the expected score. We then modify our strategy so that we need only polynomial time and space. Finally, we show that knowing all ten rolls in advance, results in a relatively small increase in score. Although the game has a random component and requires a non-trivial strategy to be solved optimally, this strategy needs only polynomial time and space.

著者

Moeko KOHYAMA Naomi TADA Hiroko MITSUI Hitomi TOMIOKA Toshihiko TSUTSUI Akira YABUKI Mohammad Mahbubur RAHMAN Kazuya KUSHIDA Keijiro MIZUKAMI Osamu YAMATO

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15-0279, (Released:2015-11-06)

被引用文献数

1 11

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Canine progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD) is a middle- to late-onset, autosomal recessive, inherited retinal disorder caused by a substitution (c.5G>A) in the canine PRCD gene that has been identified in 29 or more purebred dogs. In the present study, a TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR assay was developed and evaluated for rapid genotyping and large-scale screening of the mutation. Furthermore, a genotyping survey was carried out in a population of the three most popular breeds in Japan (Toy Poodles, Chihuahuas and Miniature Dachshunds) to determine the current mutant allele frequency. The assay separated all the genotypes of canine PRCD rapidly, indicating its suitability for large-scale surveys. The results of the survey showed that the mutant allele frequency in Toy Poodles was high enough (approximately 0.09) to allow the establishment of measures for the prevention and control of this disorder in breeding kennels. The mutant allele was detected in Chihuahuas for the first time, but the frequency was lower (approximately 0.02) than that in Toy Poodles. The mutant allele was not detected in Miniature Dachshunds. This assay will allow the selective breeding of dogs from the two most popular breeds (Toy Poodle and Chihuahua) in Japan and effective prevention or control of the disorder.

著者

Yasuharu Tokuda Tomoya Okubo Haruo Yanai Nobutaka Doba Michael K. Paasche-Orlow

出版者

日本疫学会

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.319-328, 2010-07-05 (Released:2010-07-05)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

11 10

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Background: Health literacy affects the acquisition of health knowledge and is thus linked to health outcomes. However, few scales have been developed to assess the level of health knowledge among the general public.Methods: The 15-item Japanese Health Knowledge Test (J-HKT) was developed by using item response theory to score an item pool. We examined the construct validity of the J-HKT in relation to health literacy items, and analyzed the sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with poor health knowledge.Results: We enrolled 1040 adult participants (mean age, 57 years; women, 52%). The 15 items that best identified people with poor health knowledge were selected. For all items on the J-HKT, the information function curves had a peak in the negative spectrum of the latent trait. As compared with participants reporting high levels of income, educational attainment, and literacy, those with low levels of income, education, and literacy had a lower total score on the J-HKT. As compared with non/light drinkers, moderate and heavy drinkers had lower total scores on the J-HKT.Conclusions: The J-HKT may prove useful in measuring health knowledge among the general public, and in identifying and characterizing those with poor health knowledge.

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

一般財団法人 アジア政経学会

雑誌

アジア研究 (ISSN:00449237)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.51-86, 1982 (Released:2014-09-15)

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1983, no.74, pp.134-153,L13, 1983-08-31 (Released:2010-09-01)

参考文献数

19

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An information processing system to simulate the decision-making process of China's international conflict behavior is presented. This system, called CHINA-WATCHER, is designed to represent different models of Chinese cognitive process. Different models are specified in terms of the frame of reference (realist or revolutionary), the evaluation strategy (“dove”, “dawk”, or “hawk”), the support-side decision strategy (“dove” or “hawk”), and the involvement decision strategy (“dove” or “hawk”).No matter how different models are specified in terms of the above criteria, CHINA-WATCHER has key procedures applied in any model. Essentially, CHINA-WATCHER “understands” an inputted case (international conflict, crisis, etc.) and “decides” what China would do. To “understand” the current case, CHINA-WATCHER updates the “world amity-enmity map” showing who are China's friends and who are China's enemies. Then, it detemines the relations of the parties in the current case, i. e. whether the case is a confrontation between friends and enemies, a confrontation between friends and friends, etc.In addition, CHINA-WATCHER determines the contexts in which the current case is put. There are two contexts always to be determined no matter which model is specified; they are the narrative context and the precedential context. The narrative context is the preceding cases which constitute a longer, unfolding “stort, ” with the current case as its most recent episode. Setting the precedential context is the most important feature of the CHINA-WATCHER system. The essential, idea is to derive instructions for current action from an analysis of cases in memory that are similar to the current one in certain key respects. In other words, the decision-makers are assumed to understand the current case in part through the analogy of the past precedents.The second essential operation of CHINA-WATCHER is to decide what to do in the current case. CHINA-WATCHER decides (1) which side in the case to support and (2) to what extent China involves itself. The latter involvement decision consists of verbal involvement and physical involvement. The support-side decision is made essentially from the examination of the party configuration of the current case. The involvement decision is made through the analysis of the precedential context.As stated above, different models are specified in terms of the frame of reference, the evaluation strategy, the support-side decision strategy, and the involvement decision strategy. The frame of reference suggests the criteria of friends and enemies. to China and the criteria to determine the precedential context. The evaluation strategy is used to cope with uncertainty of friend-enemy evaluation. The support-side decision strategy is used to decide which side to support and the involvement decision strategy is used to decide the level of involvement based on the precedential context.We examine how CHINA-WATCHER with different models process information on each of the 385 cases of Chinese international conflict behavior from 1949 to 1978 and predict the decision to be taken by the PRC in each of them. It is found that the model with the revolutionary framework and the evaluation strategy of a “dove” performed better in the periods from 1949 to 1953, from 1957 to 1958, from 1968 to 1969, and from 1974 to 1976. Also found is that the model with the realist framework and the evaluation strategy of a “dawk” performed better in the periods from 1954 to 1956, from 1959 to 1967, from 1970 to 1973, and from 1977 to 1978. But it was found that the Chinese were consistent in the “hawkish” strategy for taking sides and in their “dovish” involvement decision strategy.

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1990, no.95, pp.16-29,L6, 1990-10-20 (Released:2010-09-01)

参考文献数

17

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Based on the ideas of cognitive balance developed mainly by F. Heider, R. P. Abelson and others, a framework to represent a relationship characterized by amity and enmity is presented; essential points of this framework include (1) your enemy's enemy is your friend, (2) if A has both friendly and hostile relations with B, A and B have “ambivalent” relations, and (3) if there are no “ambivalent” relationship within a system of actors, this system is “balanced”. This framework then is applied to a triangular relationship among three actors and eight possible types of trialgular relationships are derived.To derve possible directions of transition among these eight types, two assumptions and four transition rules are introduced. The assumptions are:(1) three actors differ in their influence; and (2) A weaker actor is more sensitive to imbalance in the system. The four rules are: (1) changes of relationship take place sequentially, i. e., one at a time; (2) actors change their relationships to make the system “balanced”; (3) in an unbalanced system, the relationship between the two weakest actors tends to change; and (4) among the four balanced systems, three can change to become unbalanced (for the precise rule, see the text.)With these four rules, possible directions of transitions among these eight types are derived; this derivation represents a theory to explain how a triangular relationship might possibly evolve (Table 9). To examine the validity of this theory, an analysis of the history of U. S. -U. S. S. R. -China triangular relationships in the postwar period is made (Table 10). Except for the deterioration of U. S. -U. S. S. R. relations in 1960 after the U-2 inicident, the isolation of the Soviet Union in the late 1970s, and the deterioration of Sino-American relations immediately after the Tiananmen Square incident in 1989, the theory explains the historical transitions in the triangle very well.

著者

浦野 起央 田中 明彦

出版者

一般財団法人 アジア政経学会

雑誌

アジア研究 (ISSN:00449237)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.71-102, 1990 (Released:2014-09-15)

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2000, no.124, pp.1-10,L5, 2000-05-12 (Released:2010-09-01)

参考文献数

21

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International Relations Theory is in need of reconstruction. The end of the cold War is usually invoked to justify such need. But other factors are also relevant. First, the objects of IR studies are undergoing rapid changes: trends of globalization as well as those of anti-globalization, democratization and human rights protection, increasing activities of multinational organizations and NGOs, problems of “failed states” and persistance of civil wars, prospects of non-proliferation, traditional security as well as “human security, ” and so on. IR studies need theoretical frameworks to deal with such diverse phenomena. Second, academic debates conducted over the last two decades, mostly in North America, now appear to enter into a new, more productive phase of incorporating diverse ontological and epistemological approaches. The field could explore increasingly more diverse objects of study as discussed above with more open-mined viewpoints than in the 1980s when a narrow academic debates between “neo-realism” and “neo-liberalism” dominated the field. Third, theorybuilding activities in Japan is also in need of reconstruction mainly because theoretical gaps between Japanese IR studies and North American ones have been widened over the last two decades. While North American scholars were engulfed completely with the debates between neo-realism and neo-liberals and are now being challenged by the rise of constructivism, most theoretically inclined Japanese scholars paid relatively little attention to either trends of North American IR studies; their concerns were more to do with world systems dynamics and implications of decline of American hegemony. It is about time to narrow the gaps of academic concerns and start joint activities to reconstruct IR Theory. The following ten articles are all attempts to respond to such challenges.