著者

中村 祥子 Shoko Nakamura 桃山学院大学文学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

英米評論 (ISSN:09170200)

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.133-163, 2005-02

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The short story, "The Doom of the Griffiths" was written by Elizabeth Gaskell in 1857, more than one year after her former fictional creation, "The Poor Clare". The story presents a conflict between two types of landlords ; a landlord who may prosper and one who may not. This is the author's first treatment of an issue that becomes a major theme in her later works. "The Doom of the Griffiths" is a tale about the fall of the Griffiths family, people of the landlord class. At the beginning of the story is an explanation of why the Griffiths were doomed to fall. When Owen Glendower, a Welsh hero in the Middle Ages, rebelled against Henry IV, an ancestor of the Griffiths named Rhys ap Gryfydd betrayed Owen, who believed in him. It means that Rhys ap Gryfydd was shrewd, and that he tried to side with those most likely to be victorious. In great anger, Owen, who was said to be able to use magic, cursed the traitor and his descendants. As a result, members of the Griffiths family were doomed by Owen to fail and disappear after nine generations. Owen prophesied that at that time a son should slay his father, the ninth Griffiths. After this brief explanation the main plot begins. Two generations are described ; the ninth named Robert Griffiths and his son, Owen Griffiths. They are father and son, but are quite different in manners. Robert is the second son and inherits the estate of the Griffiths as a result of his elder brother's death. He is gifted and able to create his own future. On the other hand, Owen is the only son who is an heir to the estate from the moment of his birth. He has no choice but to succeed his father. Therefore, he is passive and does not try to take a step forward, even though he becomes under the necessity of earning a living. Their attitudes toward marriage also differ. The father gets married to a rich attorney's daughter after he inherited his family's estate. And after his first wife, who is Owen's mother, died, he marrys again a beautiful young widow with a little boy named Robert, who, coincidentally, has his stepfather's name. The son, on the other hand, secretly gets married to the beautiful daughter of a man who works as a half farmer and half fisherman. The girl's name is Nest. They have a baby named Owen. Because the young couple cannot make a living, the wife and their baby live with her father in his cottage. Owen frequently and surreptitiously comes to the house from his father's manor house. The wife's father, who is a tenant of the Griffiths estate, endures this irregular situation, believing that his daughter will be Lady Griffiths in the future. Robert's new wife schemes to drive Owen out of the mansion and make her child Robert inherit the family's estate. As a result of her scheming, her husband becomes estranged from his son and begins to favor his stepson. One day she tries to irreparably break the relationship between Robert and his biological son to make sure of her biological son's inheritance, and she exposes Owen's secret marriage to her husband, lying and insinuating that Nest is a prostitute. The angry father goes to his son's secret home to require him to separate from his wife, and snatches the little Owen from Owen's arms to throw the baby back at Nest. As a result, the baby falls to the floor and dies. At last, Owen decides to leave his father's mansion for ever to live with his wife in a big city, earning his bread. It is, however, too late. After some troubles, the father moves into action. He and his son are placed in a situation in which they struggle on the edge of a precipice. A push of the son to escape from the father's grip causes the father to fall off the cliff, to hit his head against the edge of a boat, and to die. Though it seems that this is a fulfillment of the prophecy, the author denies the supernatural element, emphasizing that the father's death is accidental. As a squire, Robert, a person who is shrewd and selfish like his ancestor Rhys ap Gryfydd, prospers, but he is also very cruel, while Owen, a passive liberal, is disqualified as a landlord. Through the story, the author is critical of the father. The last of the story deals with Owen, his wife, and her father, who should leave the country before the dead body of the squire is found. They venture out on a stormy sea to disappear into the night. The author partly suggests that the three are shipwrecked and die. She, however, leaves room for another interpretation. The three might safely arrive in Liverpool, where Owen could "gain a livelihood by his own exertions." The author accepts Owen's way of living when he leaves the status of a landlord. That is the reason that Owen is the younger of the two central characters. It is important that the name of the second son Roger in Wives and Daughters, who is Robert's successor, has the initial "R", and that of the elder son Osborne in the same novel, who is Owen's successor, has also the initial "O". It means that "The Doom of the Griffiths" developed into Wives and Daughters.

著者

東京帝国大学文学部史料編纂所 編

出版者

東京帝国大学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.第4編之5,

著者

伊藤 貞基 Sadamoto Ito 桃山学院大学文学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

英米評論 = ENGLISH REVIEW (ISSN:09170200)

巻号頁・発行日

no.20, pp.3-55, 2006-03-20

著者

国崎 敬一 Keiichi Kunisaki 松山大学人文学部 Matsuyama UniversityCollege of Humanities

雑誌

松山大学論集 = Matsuyama University review (ISSN:09163298)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.3, pp.139-163, 2007-08-01

著者

曽根 誠一 Seiichi SONE 花園大学文学部 THE FACULTY OF LETTERS HANAZONO UNIVERSITY

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, pp.1-16,

著者

小林 信彦 Nouhiko Kobayashi 桃山学院大学文学部

雑誌

桃山学院大学人間科学 = HUMAN SCIENCES REVIEW, St. Andrew's University (ISSN:09170227)

巻号頁・発行日

no.28, pp.19-62, 2004-12-10

著者

関西大学文学部考古学研究室編集

出版者

関西大学

巻号頁・発行日

1993

著者

岡田 章子 Akiko OKADA 桃山学院大学文学部

雑誌

英米評論 = ENGLISH REVIEW (ISSN:09170200)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.139-159, 1994-12-20

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Contemporary women novelists are interesting to me as my fellow travellers in the present-day society. Anita Brookner is particularly familiar and attractive because her novels deal with women who work in the universities and libraries. They seem to be my colleagues. Besides, the streets, the parks, and the shops which I saw in my recent visit to London are vividly described in her novels. These things stimulate me to imagine what England is and what British women are. Brookner's attractive appearance in her photograph also draws me into her world. Brookner's biography is not very well known. She withholds talking about herself and has stopped giving interviews because of the misunderstanding and defamation she had suffered. But in her novels, especially the first three, her life and character are living. Brookner's novels are permeated with profound loneliness. The first book, A Start in Life, is the most autobiographical. It opens with the striking sentence: "Dr. Weiss, at forty, knew that her life had been ruined by literature." Then she looks back at her unhappy life from childhood through her professional career. Meanwhile, the loneliness Ruth Weiss suffers is minutely expressed: how she hates to go home, how she sits alone at a coffee bar on the station platform, and how she stays up in the library until nine o'clock. This loneliness makes her devote herself excessively to her lover when she falls in love. She borrows a flat so that she can invite her lover to dinner at home. She prepares an elaborate dinner for him, which turns out to be meaningless, because he arrives hours late for a trivial reason. She marries her father's exmistress's nephew for convenience, but after six months he is killed in a traffic accident. This brief, loveless marriage gives her momentary security, which, Brookner says, all women need. In the end, she gets a position in a college and looks after her old father. The next novel, Providence, has autobiographical overlays and also reveals a lonely heroine. Kitty Maule is a visiting lecturer in a university. She falls in love with Maurice, her colleague. She, like Ruth, devotes herself entirely to him. Though she is an excellent teacher, her job is significant not for its own sake but for Maurice's sake. Staff meetings are great occasions to her, as she can see him there. She knows that "a man gets tired of a woman if she sacrifices everything for him," but she cannot get rid of her obsession because of loneliness. The description of the minutes waiting for her lover's message in a hotel is almost tragic. She has waited so keenly that when he appears, she is absent-minded. This love ends unfruitfully; after the lecture which she has to give to be promoted to a formal staff position, she finds that Maurice is going to marry one of her students, not very bright. Though she succeeds in getting the promotion, she is thrown into deeper solitude. The third novel, Look at Me, shows a slightly different approach. This time Francis Hinton tells her story in the first person. She works at a reference library in a medical research institute. Her daily life is lonely, especially on holidays. To herself, she names the melancholy feeling on holidays as the "Public Holiday Syndrome." To alleviate the feeling, she writes; she has already published two stories in an American journal. Francis is, in a way, a contrast to Ruth and Kitty; she has a lover named James for whom she does not have to wait. She knows when she can see him next time; she spends relaxing time with him. She does not write on these happy days. But the tragedy comes from her girlfriend whom she trusts. Her love is interfered with by the friend, and James falls in love with Maria, a flippant girl. Francis, in her unhappiness, starts to write again; the story ends with "I pick up my pen. I start writing." This is highly autobiographical, as Brookner says in an interview that she writes to remedy her neurosis. To Brookner, women cannot be happy with professional success; rather it is an outlet for frustrated feelings. She skillfully represents the solitude and the intimate thought processes of intellectual women. Generally they are old-fashioned and hardly seem to be the twentieth century's women. Brookner wants to say that women's loneliness, especially that of single women, cannot be changed, however the society changes. She does not write of men's solitude. Probably she writes only through her feelings.

著者

米山 喜晟 Yoshiaki Yoneyama 桃山学院大学文学部(元)

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

国際文化論集 = INTERCULTURAL STUDIES (ISSN:09170219)

巻号頁・発行日

no.42, pp.1-90, 2010-10-20

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In the introduction, I point out that the good effects of defeat are too much underestimated. To account for this fault, I extend the concept of the Montaperti Phenomenon (M. P.), and define it as a phenomenon which brings favorable results to the majority of the losers of a war or their adherents. In chapter 1, I treat cases in which the M. P. happened singly, and give as the first example the effects of the defeat of the navy of Wakoku (old Japan) at Baeg-chong-gang in Korea (663). After the defeat, Wakoku construcked a defense system, and prepared for attack by Tang and Silla. Besides, there took place the rebellion of Jinshin, and the new Emperor Temmu reformed the constitution of Wakoku drastically, changing Wakoku into Nippon (new Japan). Thus the defeat in Korea brought good effects to the history of Japan. I also show several other examples of this type of M. P. In chapter 2, I treat cases in which the M. P. happened doubly. First I choose the case of Siena after the defeat at Colle di Val'Elsa. This defeat changed Siena drastically and brought about the Goverment of the Nine, which governed the city very well and developed it into one of the most charming cities in the world. The M. P. in Siena followed that of medieval Firenze, about which I have written several times. In chapter 3, I suggest that when a closed area is conquered by a strong power, if the power chooses a policy of endurance, there occurrs often the M. P. To test this hypothesis, I show the examples of the Edo Bakufu and the Mongol Empire. Thus, I prove the importance of the good effects of defeats, which were sometimes indispensable for the building of civilizations.

著者

素民喜 阳子 スミンキー 陽子 沖縄大学人文学部

出版者

沖縄大学人文学部

雑誌

沖縄大学人文学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (ISSN:13458523)

巻号頁・発行日

no.13, pp.41-48, 2011-03-31

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本论文通过中国的女作家安妮宝贝的短篇小说《告别薇安》作为研究对象。这部短篇小说是这位女作家第一次出版的第一部小说集里面收集的第一部作品。小说以"人际关系中的接纳与被接纳"的关系及"生活在现代混沌中,人普遍感覚到的孤独与困惑"作为核心题材。安妮宝贝是通过网络时代塑造的新时代作家,笔者认为她作品里"日常生活中的非日常故事"等题材和其中的人际关系-接纳与被接纳、人的混沌而矛盾的心理可以值得研究。这点就是笔者关注研究她最初的出发点,也是研究动机之一.本论文根据主要人物间的人际关系以及语言運运用上的特点,探讨而试论人的心理和情感。アニーベイビーはネット作家として彗星のごとく中国の文壇に現れた,まさにIT時代が生み出したニュージェネレーションの新進気鋭の作家である。本稿でとりあげる『さよならビビアン』は,作者が初めて出版した同名小説集に収められたデビュー作である。作者は「人間関係における授受及び被授受」そして「混沌とした社会に生きる人々がもつ孤独と困感」を重要なテーマに掲げている。本稿ではアニーベイビーのデビュー作,及びその他の著作に共通して作者が描き続ける「日常生活の中にある非日常的なストーリー」に着日し,『さよならビビアン』における人間関係,言語運用の角度から登場人物の心理に焦点を当てて論を進める。

著者

東京帝国大学文学部史料編纂所 編

出版者

東京帝国大学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.家わけ八ノ四, 1924

著者

沖浦 和光 Kazuteru OKIURA 桃山学院大学文学部

雑誌

国際文化論集 = INTERCULTURAL STUDIES (ISSN:09170219)

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, pp.173-199, 1996-09-30

著者

米山 喜晟 Yoshiaki YONEYAMA 桃山学院大学文学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

国際文化論集 = INTERCULTURAL STUDIES (ISSN:09170219)

巻号頁・発行日

no.25, pp.21-48, 2001-12-20

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In the 16th century the epicenter of the Italian Novella removed to Veneto from Toscana. But the writers born in Venice were not so many, and S. Erizzo (1525-85) was one of the most important writers among them. He belonged to the Venetian aristocracy and experienced some important goverment posts. He used a frame to bind his works as Boccaccio, but the frame he used (consisted with six students-tellers) was more simple and monotonous. Among the total 36 works, 19 works were told on the stages of the ancient world, especially 14 works (39%) of in the ancient Greek world. The places of the stage were very various (from Peru and England to Persia), but Greece (11+2) and Italy (7+2) occupied 61,11% of all. The 80.35% of the main characters belonged to the noble class, and this percentage is ecceptionally high among the Italian Novella. Erizzo got hints for his 22 works (61,11%) from the works of Valerius Maximus (by the translation of Giogio Dati), but the works of Valerius themselves were too fragmental and brief, therefore most of his cases, he got only suggestions not so important to narrate his own tales which he believed appropriate to educate the morality of the noble young men of Venice.

著者

赤松 紀彦 金 文京 小松 謙 佐藤 晴彦 荀 春生 高橋 繁樹 高橋 文治 竹内 誠 土屋 育子 松浦 恆雄 アカマツ ノリヒコ コマツ ケン サトウ ハルヒコ タカハシ シゲキ タカハシ ブンジ タケノウチ マコト ツチヤ イクコ マツウラ ツネオ Akamatsu Norihiko Kin Bunkyo Komatsu Ken Sato Haruhiko Xun Chunsheng Takahashi Shigeki Takahashi Bunji Takenouchi Makoto Tsuchiya Ikuko Matsuura Tsuneo 京都大学高等教育開発推進センター 京都大学人文科学研究所 京都府立大学文学部 神戸外国語大学外国語学部 摂南大学外国語学部 摂南大学外国語学部 大阪大学文学研究科 京都外国語大学外国語学部 佐賀大学文化教育学部 大阪市立大学文学研究科

出版者

佐賀大学文化教育学部

雑誌

佐賀大学文化教育学部研究論文集 (ISSN:13479601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.338-318, 2009-08

著者

明治学院大学文学部芸術学科

出版者

明治学院大学文学部芸術学科共同研究室

巻号頁・発行日

2015-06

著者

国崎 敬一 Keiichi Kunisaki 松山大学人文学部 Matsuyama UniversityFaculty of Humanities

雑誌

松山大学論集 = Matsuyama University review (ISSN:09163298)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.6, pp.127-158, 2013-02-01

著者

東京帝国大学文学部史料編纂所 編

出版者

朝陽会

巻号頁・発行日

vol.巻6, 1933

著者

佐藤昇編 神戸大学文学部史学講座著

出版者

山川出版社

巻号頁・発行日

2018

著者

大城 和也 廣瀬 孝 Oshiro Kazuya Hirose Takashi 琉球銀行 琉球大学法文学部

出版者

沖縄地理学会

雑誌

沖縄地理 (ISSN:09166084)

巻号頁・発行日

no.15, pp.27-46, 2015-06

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本研究では,沖縄島に分布する年代や岩相の異なる2 種類の石灰岩地域の湧水地点において約半年間にわたり水文観測を行なった.その結果,多孔質な第四紀琉球石灰岩地域にある志喜屋の湧泉と緻密な古期石灰岩地域にある具志堅大川との間には,降雨流出特性や水質に違いがみられた.基底時における単位面積あたりの流量は,古期石灰岩地域のほうが多く,カルシウムイオン濃度は琉球石灰岩のほうが高かった.また,降雨イベント時の流量変化をみると,具志堅大川では,台風接近時の300 mm を超えるような,暴風雨時にのみ流量に大きな変化が現われ,一方,志喜屋の湧泉では,数10 mm から数100 mm にいたるほとんどの降雨イベントにおいて降雨に速やかに対応した流量の増加がみられた.また,降雨イベント時における流量の減衰は,具志堅大川では,1 日程度と速やかであるのに対し,喜屋の湧泉では,定常時の流量に戻る期間は数日から数週間を要し,ピーク流量の値が大きいほどその時間は長かった.このような違いは,具志堅大川では,岩体の割れ目だけが主な水の通り道となっているのに対し,志喜屋の湧水では,琉球石灰岩自体の透水性が高いために,割れ目だけではなく岩体自体が風化層のような役割をしたためであるとともに,地質構造の違いによる地下水システムの違いによると考えられた.

著者

小林 信彦 Nobuhiko Kobayashi 桃山学院大学文学部(元)

雑誌

桃山学院大学人間科学 = HUMAN SCIENCES REVIEW, St. Andrew's University (ISSN:09170227)

巻号頁・発行日

no.33, pp.1-47, 2007-06-08

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According to the Buddhist tradition, a buddha called Bhaisajyaguru has resolved that he would make everyone a buddha. But the world where people live is full of obstacles to their progress toward buddhahood. He devotes himself to remove such obstacles as sicknesses, famines, disasters, wars, and wicked governments. Thus he works hard to help people prepare for the ultimate goal. Among the manifold activities of Bhaisajyaguru, the Chinese are interested only in medicine. Called Yaoshi (藥師) in Chinese, this fo (佛) is worshipped as the almighty physician in China. Unlike Bhaisajyaguru, Yaoshi is capable of preventing the sick from dying and he is even able to revive the dead. It is just like the Chinese, who yearn for eternal life, to expect him to carry out the function of resuscitation. It is most characteristic of the Japanese Yakusi (藥師) to hold a medicine pot in the palm of his left hand. As the most reliable physician, he shares a basic function with his Chinese counterpart. Making a sharp contrast with Yaoshi, however, Yakusi does not demand repentance. The Japanese implore him for relief without repenting, and their wishes are granted at once. Since the mythological age, the Japanese have worshipped Ohonamuti (大己貴) and Sukunahikona (少彦名) , who are kami (神) competent in medicine. Like other kami, they do not care whether their devotees feel repentant, and they grant wishes if only implored. Naturalized in Japan, Yakusi is identified with them. Fostered in Japanese culture, he is a Japanese object of worship, quite independent of Yaoshi.