著者
早川 由紀夫 由井 将雄
出版者
Japan Association for Quaternary Research
雑誌
第四紀研究 (ISSN:04182642)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.1, pp.1-17, 1989-05-31 (Released:2009-08-21)
参考文献数
23
被引用文献数
22 23

The eruptive history of the Kusatsu Shirane volcano is well described by means of 14 beds of key tephra and intercalating loess soil. Three eruptive stages are recognized. During early or middle Pleistocene the Matsuozawa volcano was formed; this is the first stage. The second stage was initiated by effusion of the Horaguchi lava, which was followed by eruptions of the Oshi pyroclastic flow, older lava flows, 3P pumice fall, and Yazawahara pyroclastic flow. Brown loess soil about 10m thick covering these deposits indicates that a dormant period of more than 100, 000 years followed this stage. The summit area upheaved about 400m or more against the foot of the volcano during this period, as is suggested by the extraordinarily steep (6.1°-3.0°) surface of the Oshi ignimbrite plateau. The third stage, which started about 14, 000 years ago, is the formation of three pyroclastic cones on the summit and contemporaneous effusion of the younger lava flows, e. g. the Kagusa lava of 7, 000 years ago and the Sessyo lava of 3, 000 years ago. In historic times, phreatic explosions have frequently occurred on the summit crater, Yugama. This means that the present belongs to the third stage. It is unlikely that eruptions of the third stage are caused by cooling of the magma chamber which was active in the second stage. The activity of the third stage seems to denote arrival of a new magma chamber at shallow depth.
著者
早川 由紀夫 野村 正弘
出版者
群馬大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2011-04-28

福島第一原発の2011年3月事故によって大気中に放出された放射性物質は、短軸5km程度の楕円形をした霧のひとかたまりとして、地表から数十mまでの高さを速さ2~6m/sでゆっくり移動した。放射性物質の大量放出は大きく分けて3回あった(3月12日、15日、20-21日)。放射性物質はグローバルに広がったが、その6割が日本列島上に降り注いだ。大気中に放出されたセシウム総量は1京1000兆ベクレル。チェルノブイリ原発事故の1/12だった。原発事故に際して、以上の地学的知見をインターネットを利用してツイッターやブログですみやかに発信し、広く情報共有した。
著者
小山 真人 早川 由紀夫
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.105, no.2, pp.133-162, 1996-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)
参考文献数
50
被引用文献数
17 17

We reveal the detailed syn-and post-caldera eruptive history of Izu Oshima Volcano, Japan, by tephra and loess stratigraphy. Twenty-four tephra layers, which overlie the slope outside the caldera, show that 24 eruptions occurred since the formation of the caldera (about 1, 450 years ago). These eruptions are separated by 10-200 years clear dormant periods, which can be identified by eolian dust (loess) interbedded with tephra layers. The 24 eruptions can be classified into three types : 1) eruption with scoria and ash falls (12 eruptions), 2) eruption only with scoria falls (7 eruptions), and 3) eruption only with ash falls (5 eruptions). While tephra discharge mass of the type 1 is generally large (1.5×1010 to 7×1011 kg), that of the type 2 or 3 is small (0.6 ×109 to 1 ×1011 kg). The 1986 eruption is classified into the type 2. Debris avalanches, which occurred just before the caldera formation and covered almost all of the Izu Oshima island, demonstrate that the present caldera wall was formed by slope failure of an old edifice. The tephra-discharge stepdiagram, which shows a relationship between time and cumulative discharge volume / mass of magma, shows : 1) the average tephra-discharge rate is constant (92 kg/ s before the N1.0 eruption and 25 kg/s after the N1.0 eruption), showing an abrupt decrease of the rate at about the time of the N1.0 eruption, which occurred about 900 years ago and was the most voluminous eruption for the past 1, 450 years, 2) both before and after the N1.0 eruption, the type 1 eruption shows volume-predictability, that is, the discharge volume / mass of a next type 1 eruption can be predicted, 3) a type 1 eruption should occur sometime in the future again, and when it occurs, the discharge mass of tephra should attain to as much as 2×1011 kg or more.
著者
早川 由紀夫
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会
雑誌
火山 (ISSN:04534360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, no.3, pp.177-190, 1995
参考文献数
47
被引用文献数
24

Loam is an international scientific term, however, it has been used in a peculiar way in Japan. Japanese loam is a massive, brown, weathered rock unit composed of silt, clay, sand and occasional lapilli. It extensively covers coastal terraces, river terraces, ignimbrite plateaus and other uplands around volcanoes. Loam is not a product of soil forming process operated beneath the earth surface against rock bodies ; but it is a sediment accumulated slowly on the earth surface. Small-magnitude volcanic eruptions play a very minor role for the sedimentation. An eolian reworking process of pre-existing fine-grained deposits by the wind plays a major role. This is proved by following facts : 1) loam has accumulated even during the time when no ash-fall was observed ; 2) a volcano infrequently erupts explosively and the intensity of ash fallout is far lower than the sedimentation rate of loam ; it is about 0.1 mm/year ; 3) loam is hardly thickening toward a volcano. Very small particles carried from continental China by the westerlies at a high altitude are contained in loam, however, in the area around volcanoes their contribution is little for the formation of loam compared with eolian dust carried from nearby bare grounds by local winds at a low altitude. Loam does not accumulate all the year round. Just before and during fresh verdure, occasional strong winds pick up fine particles into the air from a bare ground which is dried up by a high-angle sunlight and high-temperatures. Eventually fine particles will settle down in vegetation. The most favorable season for loam deposition is April to May, in which more than half of an annual amount is achieved. It is convenient and practical to define a single eruption by a tephra layer which is not interbedded with loam. The thickness of loam can be used for the quantitative measurement of geologic time intervals, in years to thousands years, on certain conditions. Lithology of Japanese loam and the mechanism of sedimentation are identical to those of loess in other areas, such as China, northern Europe, northern America and New Zealand. There is no reason to hesitate to designate Japanese loam loess.
著者
早川 由紀夫 古田 貴久 小山 真人
出版者
群馬大学
雑誌
特定領域研究
巻号頁・発行日
2003

当初は、CDなどのメディアで配布して学校内LANで使う火山教材を作成しようとしたが、回線やマシンスペックの性能向上が予想したより早く、インターネット上にコンテンツを置いて学校や家庭からユーザーにアクセスしてもらっても私たちの目的を十分達成することができるようになった。そのため予定を変更して、ユーザーにとって使いやすく、私たちにとって配布と更新が容易なポータルサイト「火山の教室」を作成した。http://vulcania.jp/school/ポータルサイトには、「子どものページ」への入り口と「先生のページ」への入り口がある。「子どものページ」は、「ニュース」「火山の学習」「火山がいっぱい」「電子掲示板」「リンク」からなる。「先生のページ」は、「ニュース」「授業素材」「研究レポート」「電子掲示板」「リンク」からなる。児童生徒と教諭はそれぞれのページを利用する。ただし他方のページを開くことを禁じてはいない。教諭は、授業で使う教材をここから選び出す。インターネットに接続して使っても良いし、手元に保存しておいてオフラインで使っても良い。児童生徒は、調べ学習などに利用する。作成したコンテンツのおもなものは、次のとおりである。・ウェブ紙芝居(おはなし編):「マグマのしんちゃん(鳥海山)」、「赤い岩のかけら(浅間山)」・ウェブ紙芝居(立体地形編):浅間山、阿蘇カルデラ、富士山・弁当パックで立体模型:各地の火山と震源分布・地震波シミュレーション:地震波形、縦波と横波、地震観測シミュレーション・生きている火山:噴火動画とライブカメラ・フィールド火山学:火山と噴火の体系的写真解説・見学案内:浅間山、草津白根山、富士山、伊豆大島
著者
早川 由紀夫
出版者
Tokyo Geographical Society
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.104, no.4, pp.561-571, 1995-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)
参考文献数
11
被引用文献数
7 6
著者
早川 由紀夫
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会
雑誌
火山.第2集 (ISSN:24330590)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.1, pp.25-40, 1983-04-01 (Released:2018-01-15)

The Hachinohe ash is a widespread pyroclastic-fall deposit erupted from the Towada caldera about 13, 000 years B. P. Along the dispersal axis, the thickness is 150cm 50km away from source, and the estimated volume is 14km3 It is composed of alternating beds of fine ash (65%) and pumice lapilli (35%). No erosional break is observed and the contacts between beds are gradational. The fine ash beds have two components : a dominate component of grain-supported accretionary lapilli and a subordinate component of fine ash-coated pumice; an ash matrix is lacking. The maximum grain size of accretionary lapilli does not decrease systematically away from source. The size population of constituent ash particles shows a small degree of fractionation with distance from source; the grain size class 1mm to 1/4mm increases while the class finer than 1/16mm decreases. Pumice beds are composed primarily of sub-angular to sub-rounded pumice fragments coated with fine ash and a subordinate amount of lithic fragments and accretionary lapilli. Maximum pumice size and maximum lithic size systematically decrease away from source. The beds show bimodal grain size distributions and contain more than 10 weight percent fine ash. An individual fine ash particle has too low a terminal velocity to fall out as a separate grain near the source area. It is certain that, throughout the Hachinohe ash eruption, fine ash continued to fall in the form of accretionary lapilli and/or attached to pumice fragments. The fine grained nature and wide dispersal indicate that the Hachinohe ash is representative of the phreatoplinian deposit formed by the interaction of water and silicic magma during explosive eruptions. At times when the proportion of erupted magma to lake water gaining access to the vent became sufficiently high, violet eruptions took place and deposited pumice fragments and accretionary lapilli simultaneously at the same place. Examples of phreatoplinian deposits are also reported from the Kutcharo and Hakone calderas, in addition to two other deposits from the Towada caldera. Such deposits are used as a possible indicator of source environment.
著者
早川 由紀夫
出版者
東京大学地震研究所
雑誌
東京大学地震研究所彙報 (ISSN:00408972)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.4, pp.507-592, 1986-03-31

The eruptive activity of Towada Volcano is documented by the tephrostratigraphic study. More than 20 eruptive episodes are described in detail with isopach maps and isograde maps of maximum pumice size, maximum lithic size, and median diameter for the individual fallout deposits. The activity of the volcano started about 200,000 years ago along the NE-SW trending line crossing the present lake Towadako and relatively small-scale volcanoes were formed. A caldera 11km×11km wide was formed as a result of several eruptive episodes during the period about 55,000 to 13,000 years ago, three of which included voluminous pyroclastic flow eruptions. The post-caldera activity occured at a rate of one eruptive episode every 1,000 to 2,000 years and a stratovolcano and two lava domes were formed in the caldera. The latest eruptive episode was dated 1,250 y B. P. by the radiocarbon method. Rocks of Towada Volcano cover a wide range from basaltic andesite to rhyodacite (SiO2 : 51-70wt.%) with phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite, hypersthene, and magnetite with occasional olivine. Horn-blende is characteristically found in the pyroclastic deposits of 13,000 years old and in some earlier deposits. Volumes, V, of two plinian deposits are determined by the crystal method : 6.7km3 for the Chuseri deposit and 2.2km3 for the Nambu deposit. Then an empirical formula, V=12.2 TS, is obtained for the practical volume estimation, where T is the thickness of an isopach and S is the area enclosed by the isopach. Application of the formula to the fallout deposits of Towada Volcano suggests that the total magma erupted during the past 55,000 years amounts to 1.5×1017g. This corresponds to the discharge rate of dense rock equivalent to 1.1km3 per thousand years. The cross-wind range, Rc, of the pyroclasts of a given size may be a good indicator of the maximum height reached by the pyroclasts in the eruption column. It is found that the Rc is relatively large for those deposits whose erupted masses are relatively large. The dispersal of a fallout deposit is also seriously affected by winds. A plausible solution of the eruption condition for the Nambu deposit is that 4mm size lithic fragments reached the maximum height of 15km in the eruption column, then they were detached from the column and displaced by winds having an average velocity of 30m/s. After a 20 min flight, they fell upon the ground 48km east of the source. Whole-deposit grain size populations are determined for the Chuseri and Nambu plinian deposits. The Chuseri population is similar to the New Zealand examples. However, the Nambu population is distinctly coarser than the others.
著者
早川 由紀夫
出版者
Japan Association for Quaternary Research
雑誌
第四紀研究 (ISSN:04182642)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, no.5, pp.391-398, 1991-12-25 (Released:2009-08-21)
参考文献数
24
被引用文献数
11 6

Tephra provide extremely useful sedimentary beds for Quaternary research because they are highly reliable time markers. Tephra studies in Japan have advanced primarily on this basis. Because tephra themselves are products of volcanic eruptions it is quite possible to study explosive eruptions using tephra beds. The thickness of the beds tells us the magnitude of the eruption, while the dispersal pattern of the tephra tells us the intensity of the eruption. The mode of eruption is known by the grain-size characteristics of the tephra deposits. The life history of a volcano can be revealed by alternations of tephra and loess beds.
著者
早川 由紀夫
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会
雑誌
火山 (ISSN:04534360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, no.3, pp.357-370, 1991-10-15 (Released:2017-03-20)
被引用文献数
2

The recent progress of physical volcanology is reviewed focusing on studies on volcaniclastic flows and their deposits. Pyroclastic flows are high-particle-concentration, laminar currents with gas as a continuous phase. Pyroclastic surges are low-particle-concentration, turbulent currents with gas as a continuous phase. Lahars are flows of debris with liquid water as a continuous phase. Debris avalanches are catastrophic landslides in which a continuous phase is absent or plays no role for the motion. Owing to the upward gas flow, fluidization processes operate in pyroclastic flows. Flow behavior and resultant deposits are remarkably different depending the degree of fluidization, because it effectively reduces the yield strength of the flow. However, the distance traveled is slightly affected by the degree of fluidization. It is determined mainly by the mass incorporated at the source or by the velocity acquired when it wes initiated.
著者
早川 由紀夫
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会
雑誌
火山 (ISSN:04534360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, no.3, pp.177-190, 1995-07-31 (Released:2017-03-20)
参考文献数
47
被引用文献数
13

Loam is an international scientific term, however, it has been used in a peculiar way in Japan. Japanese loam is a massive, brown, weathered rock unit composed of silt, clay, sand and occasional lapilli. It extensively covers coastal terraces, river terraces, ignimbrite plateaus and other uplands around volcanoes. Loam is not a product of soil forming process operated beneath the earth surface against rock bodies ; but it is a sediment accumulated slowly on the earth surface. Small-magnitude volcanic eruptions play a very minor role for the sedimentation. An eolian reworking process of pre-existing fine-grained deposits by the wind plays a major role. This is proved by following facts : 1) loam has accumulated even during the time when no ash-fall was observed ; 2) a volcano infrequently erupts explosively and the intensity of ash fallout is far lower than the sedimentation rate of loam ; it is about 0.1 mm/year ; 3) loam is hardly thickening toward a volcano. Very small particles carried from continental China by the westerlies at a high altitude are contained in loam, however, in the area around volcanoes their contribution is little for the formation of loam compared with eolian dust carried from nearby bare grounds by local winds at a low altitude. Loam does not accumulate all the year round. Just before and during fresh verdure, occasional strong winds pick up fine particles into the air from a bare ground which is dried up by a high-angle sunlight and high-temperatures. Eventually fine particles will settle down in vegetation. The most favorable season for loam deposition is April to May, in which more than half of an annual amount is achieved. It is convenient and practical to define a single eruption by a tephra layer which is not interbedded with loam. The thickness of loam can be used for the quantitative measurement of geologic time intervals, in years to thousands years, on certain conditions. Lithology of Japanese loam and the mechanism of sedimentation are identical to those of loess in other areas, such as China, northern Europe, northern America and New Zealand. There is no reason to hesitate to designate Japanese loam loess.
著者
小山 真人 早川 由紀夫
出版者
日本地球惑星科学連合
雑誌
JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017
巻号頁・発行日
2017-03-10

1986年噴火は、地層として残る降下スコリアをカルデラ外に降らせたこと、カルデラ外で側噴火を起こしたこと、の2点で過去の伊豆大島の「大噴火」(Nakamura,1964,地震研彙報)と類似し、1986年と同程度の噴出量であった1912〜14年噴火や1950〜51年噴火とは異なっている。しかしながら、数年間にわたって継続的に火山灰を降らせる時期(火山灰期)がないこと、総噴出量が大噴火にしては小さいこと、の2点で過去の大噴火と異なっていたため、これらの欠損条件を満たすためにやがて火山灰期が始まると当初は予想された。ところが1987年11月18日の噴火をきっかけに火口直下のマグマはマグマ溜りに戻り(井田ほか,1988,地震研彙報)、 火山灰期は訪れなかった。1986年噴火は、カルデラ形成以降の過去1500年間に一度も起きたことのない特殊な噴火だったのか、それとも前提となる大噴火の概念に問題があるのか、の疑問が残された。その後、伊豆大島のカルデラ外に地層として確認できるテフラとそれを挟む噴火休止期堆積物の層序と分布を注意深く検討した小山・早川(1996,地学雑誌)は、明瞭な噴火休止期間に隔てられた24回の中〜大規模噴火を識別した上で、降下スコリアと降下火山灰の両方をともなう12噴火(Type 1)、降下スコリアのみをともなう7噴火(Type 2)、降下火山灰のみをともなう5噴火(Type 3)、の3類型に分類した。Type 1には噴出量1億トン以上の大規模な噴火が多く、1986年噴火はType 2のひとつである。また、Nakamura (1964)の提唱した降下スコリア→溶岩流出→火山灰期の噴火サイクルを厳密に満たす噴火は、Type 1の12噴火中の7つにすぎないこともわかった。こうして1986年噴火が伊豆大島の噴火史上とりたてて特殊な噴火でないことが明らかとなったが、肝心の噴火類型の成因は未解明のままであった。また、先述した1912〜14年噴火や1950〜51年噴火などの非爆発的な小〜中規模噴火の位置づけも十分できていなかった。中村 (1978,岩波新書)は、1)噴火末期に主火道内のマグマ頭位が低下すると、火道壁の崩落などでマグマ頭部のガス抜けが阻害されるために爆発的噴火が繰り返して火山灰を放出する火山灰期となり、2)さらにマグマ頭位が低下する場合には、火道内に地下水が浸入して水蒸気マグマ噴火が起きると考えた。噴火末期にマグマ頭位が中途半端に低下したまま停滞する場合には火山灰期が訪れるだろうが、すみやかに地下深部へ低下してしまえば火山灰期がないまま噴火が終了するだろう。主火道のマグマ頭位をすみやかに低下させる原因としては、側方へのマグマ貫入が考えやすい。貫入から約1年のタイムラグはあったが、実際にそれが起きたのが1986-87年噴火と考えることができる。三宅島2000年噴火でも、マグマの側方貫入によって主火道のマグマ頭位が約2ヶ月間かけて低下し、その後8月18日や29日の爆発的噴火が生じたが、火山灰期に相当する噴火は起きずに噴火が終了した。一方、カルデラ外に堆積物が確認できない1876年から1974年までの伊豆大島の一連の小〜中規模噴火は、全般的にマグマ頭位が高かった期間(火道内の赤熱したマグマ頭部が断続的に目視された期間)に発生した。この視点にもとづいて、カルデラ外に堆積物を残さなかった小規模噴火も含む伊豆大島の噴火の特徴とその成因を、統一的に次の5類型に再分類することができる。すなわち、(1)マグマ頭位が高い時期に生じた非爆発的な小〜中規模噴火(1974年、1950-51年など:旧類型の対象外)、(2)マグマの側方貫入が起きず、マグマ頭位低下が緩慢かつ限定的であったため短い火山灰期が生じた5つの中規模噴火(Y0.8、Y3.8、N3.0など:旧類型のType 3)、(3)マグマの側方貫入が起きてマグマ頭位低下がすみやかに進行したため火山灰期が生じなかった7つの中規模噴火(1986年、Y5.2、N3.2など:旧類型のType 2)、(4)マグマの側方貫入が起きたが、何らかの原因でマグマ頭位が中途半端に低下したまま停滞して長い火山灰期が生じた9つの中〜大規模噴火(1777-78年=Y1.0、Y4.0、N4.0など:旧類型のType 1)、(5)マグマの側方貫入が起きたが、何らかの原因でマグマ頭位が中途半端に地下水位付近で停滞し、大量の地下水浸入にともなう水蒸気マグマ爆発や岩屑なだれが生じた3つの中〜大規模噴火(S1.0、S1.5、S2.0:旧類型のType 1)。
著者
小林 哲夫 早川 由紀夫 荒牧 重雄
出版者
特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会
雑誌
火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.2, pp.129-139, 1983-07-01
被引用文献数
6

大隅降下軽石堆積物は, 約22, 000年前に鹿児島湾最奥部で起こった一連の巨大噴火の最初期のプリニアン噴火の産物である.灰白色の軽石と遊離結晶および少量の石質岩片からなる本堆積物は, 全層にわたってほぼ均質な見かけを呈するが, 多くの場合, 上方に向かって粒径がやや大きくなる逆級化層理を示す.層厚分布図(Fig.3)と3種の粒径分布図(軽石の平均最大粒径・石質岩片の平均最大粒径・堆積物の中央粒径;Figs.5, 6, 7)は, いずれも本堆積物の噴出火口が姶良カルデラの南縁, 現在桜島火山の位置する地点付近にあったことを示している.分布軸は火口からN120°E方向に伸びるが, 分布軸から60 km以上離れた地点にも厚く堆積している.又, 堆積物は分布軸の逆方向すなわち風上側にも20 km以上追跡できる.分布軸上で火口から30 km離れた地点での層厚は10 mに達するが, 40 km地点より遠方は海域のため層厚値は得られない.そのため噴出量の見積もりには多くの困難が伴うが, すでに知られている他のプリニアン軽石堆積物の層厚-面積曲線(Fig.4)にあてはめて計算すると, 総体積98 km^3(総重量7×10^<16>g)が得られ, 本堆積物は支笏-1軽石堆積物(116 km^3)に次ぐ最大規模のプリニアン軽石堆積物であることがわかる.3種の粒径分布図から得られる粒径-面積曲線(Fig.8)は, 噴出速度・噴煙柱の高さ・噴出率などで示される噴火の「強さ」を比較する上で有効である.それにより, 大隅降下軽石噴火の「強さ」はけっして例外的なものではなく, プリニアン噴火の平均あるいはそれをやや上回る程度であったことが判明した.
著者
早川 由紀夫
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会
雑誌
火山 (ISSN:04534360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.38, no.6, pp.223-226, 1993-12-20 (Released:2017-03-20)
参考文献数
7
被引用文献数
1
著者
早川 由紀夫
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.108, no.4, pp.472-488, 1999-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)
参考文献数
94
被引用文献数
3 9