83 0 0 0 OA 適応的なヒューリスティックとしての宗教の合理性
- 著者
- 中分 遥 石井 辰典
- 出版者
- 日本認知科学会
- 雑誌
- 認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.29, no.3, pp.433-445, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)
- 参考文献数
- 82
Religious belief has often been labelled as “irrational belief”; however, in The rationality of heuristic religious belief, Wood (2012) proposed that religion could be understood as a set of heuristic devices that brings sub-optimal solutions to a complex and uncertain world. Wood’s philosophical argument successfully reframed rationality from an adaptive perspective, evaluating whether or not such belief increase adaptability in a natural or social environment; however, since his arguments focused on philosophical issues, there is a need for further investigation with empirical studies and theoretical modeling. In the last few decades, studies in the cognitive and evolutionary science of religion have further accumulated findings to support the view of ‘religion as a set of adaptive heuristic devices.’ Here, we review both the empirical and theoretical literature on religion that could support the adaptive rationality of religious beliefs, specifically focusing on three topics: the adaptive aspects of superstitions, belief in supernatural agents, and rituals. Collectively, findings from these areas support Wood’s view that religion can be rational in a sense of adaptation to ecological and social environments. We also discuss ongoing debates over the replicability of findings in the field and encourage further studies to perform more robust tests of the hypothesis.
15 0 0 0 OA マルチラボ研究のすすめ:その意義と課題
- 著者
- 石井 辰典
- 出版者
- 日本認知科学会
- 雑誌
- 認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.30, no.2, pp.154-160, 2023-06-01 (Released:2023-06-15)
- 参考文献数
- 10
Recently, a multi-lab study has become increasingly popular. It’s one of the empirical study methods where researchers from various regions and cultures around the world conduct research at the same time using the same procedures. This paper discusses how to participate in a multi-lab study, the advantages of the participation, and the problems associated with the participation. First, any researchers can be involved in a multi-lab study and its process is not much different from that of traditional international collaborative studies. Next, it is highlighted that multi-lab studies have greater academic implications than meta-analyses and that providing Japanese data increases the significance of it. Finally, the paper points out that the financial and authorship issues associated with the participation in a multi-lab study should be overcome.
6 0 0 0 宗教的信念の形成・獲得に対する発達科学アプローチ
5 0 0 0 自己表象-他者表象間のリンク強度と他者の重要性の関連
- 著者
- 石井 辰典
- 出版者
- 日本社会心理学会
- 雑誌
- 社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.25, no.2, pp.133-142, 2009
This research examined the hypothesis that the strength of the linkage between self-representation and other-representation varies as a function of the significance of the other people involved in the linkage by analysis of the task facilitation paradigm (Klein et al., 1992) and analysis using an implicit effect of self-representation (Smith et al., 1999). An experiment using friends and fathers for the target persons was conducted with 51 participants. As a result, the strength of the linkage between self-with-father-representation and father-representation varied as a function of the degree of significance of the father. On the other hand, there was a strong linkage between self-with-friend-representation and friend-representation even though the degree of significance of the friend was low. It was thought that these results differ because the meaning of significance was different for father and friend. Moreover, we found a linkage between the father-representation and self-with-friend-representation. The results suggest that further examinations of the factors which determine self-other representation linkage are necessary.
4 0 0 0 OA 自己表象-他者表象間のリンク強度と他者の重要性の関連
- 著者
- 石井 辰典
- 出版者
- 日本社会心理学会
- 雑誌
- 社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.25, no.2, pp.133-142, 2009-11-30 (Released:2017-02-20)
This research examined the hypothesis that the strength of the linkage between self-representation and other-representation varies as a function of the significance of the other people involved in the linkage by analysis of the task facilitation paradigm (Klein et al., 1992) and analysis using an implicit effect of self-representation (Smith et al., 1999). An experiment using friends and fathers for the target persons was conducted with 51 participants. As a result, the strength of the linkage between self-with-father-representation and father-representation varied as a function of the degree of significance of the father. On the other hand, there was a strong linkage between self-with-friend-representation and friend-representation even though the degree of significance of the friend was low. It was thought that these results differ because the meaning of significance was different for father and friend. Moreover, we found a linkage between the father-representation and self-with-friend-representation. The results suggest that further examinations of the factors which determine self-other representation linkage are necessary.
3 0 0 0 OA 心的状態の推測方略:投影とステレオタイプ化
- 著者
- 石井 辰典 竹澤 正哲
- 出版者
- 日本社会心理学会
- 雑誌
- 社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.0941, (Released:2017-02-10)
- 参考文献数
- 24
It has been argued that people selectively use two strategies, projection and stereotyping, to infer the mental state of others. Through a series of studies, Ames (2004) confirmed the hypothesis that people project their own mental state to the other when the target person is perceived to be similar to oneself, while the stereotype of a group or category to which the target person belongs is used for mental state inferences when the target is perceived to be dissimilar. Four replication studies of Ames (2004), however, consistently provided counterevidence against this hypothesis. Participants employed projection consistently, regardless of the perceived similarity to the target person. This result suggests that further examination of conditions that trigger different mental state inference strategies is needed.
1 0 0 0 OA シャーデンフロイデと協力・利他主義傾向の関連についての進化心理学的研究
本研究の目的は、他者の不幸を喜ぶという感情経験;シャーデンフロイデが、不公正な人物への罰達成に伴う快感情に由来するという仮説を実証的に示すことであった。不公正者に罰を与える動機はサンクション行動傾向尺度(森本他, 2006)や応報信念尺度(Gerber & Jackson, 2013)などで多角的に測定し、そして様々な不幸場面(就職活動での失敗、傷害事件で懲役刑を受けるなど)を用いてシャーデンフロイデの測定を行った。その結果、社会正義を目指す動機ではなく、不公正者を苦しめようとする動機の高さが一貫してシャーデンフロイデを予測することが示された。
1 0 0 0 OA 宗教の認知科学とその文化普遍性・文化特異性日本の視座から基盤理論を問い直す
- 著者
- 石井 辰典 中分 遥 柳澤 田実 五十里 翔吾 藤井 修平 山中 由里子
- 出版者
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会
- 雑誌
- 日本心理学会大会発表論文集 日本心理学会第85回大会 (ISSN:24337609)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.SS-017, 2021 (Released:2022-03-30)
宗教は,人類史において私たちと切り離せないものであったと言える。宗教に関する学問は様々あるが,近年西洋圏で急速に発展してきたのが宗教認知科学,すなわち認知科学・進化科学の観点から,なぜ宗教が人間社会に普遍的に見られるのか,また世代を超えて受け継がれるのかを解明しようとする学際的分野である。ただその理論・仮説の文化普遍性は必ずしも検証が十分とは言えない。主に一神教世界の研究者たちが構築してきた理論を,非一神教世界の理解のために無批判に適用してよいのだろうか? そこには一神教的な自然観を前提とした文化的バイアスがかかっていないだろうか? これを問うために本シンポジウムでは,まず日本で宗教認知科学研究を進めてきた研究者に自身の研究を紹介してもらい知見を蓄積する。そして指定討論者には「超常認識」や「想像界の生きもの」の比較文化プロジェクトに携わり「人はなぜモンスターを想像するのか」について多くの論考をお持ちの山中由里子(専門:比較文学比較文化)を迎え,コメントをいただく。この異分野間の対話を通じて,宗教認知科学で問われる宗教的概念・信念の文化的相違点について議論を深めたい。
1 0 0 0 OA 重要他者の意味について ―自由記述回答の分類と整理―
- 著者
- 石井 辰典
- 出版者
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会
- 雑誌
- 日本心理学会大会発表論文集 日本心理学会第71回大会 (ISSN:24337609)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.3AM027, 2007-09-18 (Released:2018-08-15)
1 0 0 0 OA あなたの印象は1分で悪化する ―既読後の時間経過が印象評価に与える影響―
1 0 0 0 OA 気分が状態本来感に与える影響:動画による気分誘導を用いたオンライン実験
- 著者
- 嵯峨崎 天音 石井 辰典 渡邊 克巳
- 出版者
- 日本認知科学会
- 雑誌
- 認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.29, no.1, pp.85-99, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)
- 参考文献数
- 37
State authenticity is the subjective sense of being one’s true self in a particular situation (Lenton, Bruder, et al., 2013). Previous studies suggested that the current mood influenced state authenticity because the judgment of state authenticity was made heuristically via available information (i.e., mood). However, the results were not clear. We examined whether the mood manipulation with short movies would affect state authenticity. The results partially supported the hypotheses; participants in a positive mood reported a higher degree of true self and less self-alienation than those in a neutral mood. However, the negative mood had no consistent effect on state authenticity. These results suggest that the effect of mood on state authenticity is limited or more complex than previously thought and point to the necessity for further investigations.
