16 0 0 0 OA 結社と民主政治

著者
早川 誠
出版者
JAPANESE POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.1, pp.1_61-1_81, 2008 (Released:2012-12-28)

The role of voluntary associations is a focus of current democratic theories including civil society argument, radical democracy, and deliberative democracy. Though it is certain that associations often perform democratic functions, they also disturb democracy by demanding narrow group interests, suppressing the opinions of group members, and lacking the interest in coordination and compromise. Whereas the associationalism developed in the United States depends on voluntary associations excessively; the one in the United Kingdom has been paying a close attention to the inadequacy of associational effects. The legacy of the pluralist theory of the state is especially important in this regard. Comparing two strands of associationalism, it is clear that something is necessary to strike an appropriate balance between the democratic and undemocratic functions of associations. The key to the problem is the new understanding of representative democracy. Contrary to the idea that associatiomalism will eventually replace the state-centered politics, a strong but flexible state which can accommodate and coordinate a variety of associations is required. Without taking such a state into consideration, associationalism would not be able to realize stabilized and impartial democratic politics.
著者
上川 龍之進
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.2, pp.2_134-2_155, 2012 (Released:2016-02-24)
参考文献数
16

It is generally thought that large companies have a more powerful influence on policy making than citizens’ groups in contemporary Japan. In 2006, however, it was decided that the maximum interest rate should be lowered, which the groups aiding victims of consumer lending asked for but which the consumer loan companies strongly opposed. How did ‘weak’ citizens’ groups win against ‘strong’ large firms? Through analyzing this case, this article examines the political influence of large corporations and citizens’ groups.   This article is organized as follows. To begin with, it traces the history of regulations on the maximum interest rate. Next, it depicts the political process of abolishing the ‘gray-zone’ interest rates in 2006. Finally, it examines the resources of the consumer loan companies and the success factors of the groups aiding victims of consumer lending by comparing this case with the case of ‘defective cars problem’ analyzed by Hideo Otake.
著者
前田 幸男
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.64, no.1, pp.1_215-1_235, 2013 (Released:2016-07-01)
参考文献数
44

This paper provides a long overdue update on changes in the ways major news organizations conduct and report on public opinion polls. Scholars argue that cabinet approval ratings are far more politically significant than in the past as a consequence of the electoral and administrative reforms in the 1990s. It is now a widely shared premise that public opinion polling results exercise a large influence on the behavior of public officials and legislators. However, while many pollsters and academics debate the role of public opinion polling in public affairs, very few substantiate their claims with basic facts such as the number of opinion polls conducted by major news agencies and how reporting on polls has changed over time. Compiling data from news stories on polling from Asahi Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun, I argue that changes in polling practices and reporting are partly responsible for the increasing influence of public opinion polling on government.
著者
月村 太郎
出版者
JAPANESE POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.2, pp.2_31-2_49, 2009 (Released:2013-02-07)

Ethnic Cleansing (EC) became a widely used expression during the Civil War in Bosnia in 1992-1995. But EC has a long history, and we can find examples of EC wherever violent conflicts happen on a large scale.   We may have various kinds of images regarding EC. For example, when we received information about EC in the case of Rwanda, we may have imagined a situation where “soldiers” carried out various atrocities, and ordinary people fanatically killed others. In the case of the Holocaust carried out by the Nazis, we may have quite a different image, for example that EC was dispassionately carried out under the direction of political or military leaders.   Why do we have such diverse images of EC? Firstly, EC is typically carried out by three different kinds of participants: (i)ethnonationalistic politicians, senior civil officials and military officers; (ii)individuals with lower status in the military, police, and paramilitary forces; (iii)ordinary people. Secondly, participants take part in EC for their own motive(s). Lastly, collective mentality has an influence upon the acts of participants.

13 0 0 0 OA 法と暴力

著者
杉田 敦
出版者
JAPANESE POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.2, pp.2_166-2_181, 2008 (Released:2012-12-28)
参考文献数
15

In the 1920's Germany, Waiter Benjamin probed into the conglutination of the law and violence, and expected for the so-called “pure violence” to transcend the coercive order depending on the law-violence. In response to this argument, Carl Schmitt tried to consolidate a system of the sovereignty where everything was to be solved within legal contexts, even in the state of emergency.   Giorgio Agamben has successfully elucidated this “polemic” between the two thinkers. But his argument that the state of emergency has already been normalized may lead to an expectation of an escape from the present situation, like in the theory of Benjamin.   In the 60's, in his theory on partisans, Schmitt warned about the risk of the erosion of a legal system by the “irregularity” of partisans. But Hannah Arendt's beloved “space of appearance” is actually rather similar to the “space of irregularity” of partisans. Seen in this way; the seriously dissenting thinkers coincide in setting a boundary between a desirable realm and an undesirable realm.   However, this kind of boundary setting may not be necessary for the politics. What is needed is a continuous and endless negotiation between the dichotomous categories.
著者
山口 晃人
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.2, pp.2_100-2_124, 2020 (Released:2021-12-15)
参考文献数
32

政治哲学において、政党は長らく注目されてこなかった。政党が民主主義論の研究対象として前景化されたのは、ここ十年ほどのことである。本稿では、近年の政治哲学における政党研究の主要な議論を再検討することで、立法過程における議会政党の存在意義を明らかにすることを試みる。その結果明らかになるのは、政党は情報提供者として立法過程に不可欠であるが、最終的な意思決定者であるべき積極的な理由を持たず、むしろ政党が最終的な意思決定者になるべきではない一応の理由が存在するということである。その上で、既存の選挙制議院 (選挙院) に加え、無作為抽出された一般市民からなる抽選制議院 (籤院) を設置する選挙院・籤院構想を提示し、それによって政党が意思決定者となることに伴う問題を回避できることを示す。
著者
善教 将大
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.67, no.2, pp.2_163-2_184, 2016 (Released:2019-12-10)
参考文献数
47

本稿の目的は, 政党支持の規定性, 具体的には長期的党派性の投票行動に対する影響を検証することである。政党支持の規定性は, これまで多くの研究者が議論してきた安定性とは対照的に, ほとんどその妥当性に関する検証作業が行われていない。本稿では実験的手法を用いて, 行動意欲とは異なる長期的党派性は, 政党ラベルや候補者要因が投票行動に与える効果をどの程度条件付けるのかを分析することで, 政党支持の規定性の検証を試みる。大阪市および近畿圏在住の有権者を対象とするサーベイ実験の結果, 長期的党派性は政党ラベルの因果効果を常に高めるわけではないことが明らかとなった。この知見は, 政党支持は規定的であるという通説的見解に疑義を投げかけるものであると同時に, 有権者における政党支持の 「揺らぎ」 を示唆するものでもある。
著者
山本 圭
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
日本政治學會年報政治學 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.2, pp.2_267-2_287, 2012

This paper aims to re - think the relationship between populism and democracy, and clarify that populism can hold some advantages for democratic societies. In order to do this I shall, first of all, make a survey of some arguments that have dealt with this relationship, and show that they face a difficult antinomy. I will then argue that the primary reason for this dilemma resides in "two strand theory" in the concept of modern democracy. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;Secondly, this paper focuses on theories of "radical democracy" to indicate how and why recent democratic theories move closer to populism. After reviewing some representative theories of radical democracy, I shall pick up Ernesto Laclau's political theory on populism, as his thought provides an appropriate example of the encounter between democracy and populism. Finally, through these considerations, I will attempt to clarify "the democratic utilities of populism."
著者
鈴木 一人
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.1, pp.1_56-1_75, 2019 (Released:2020-06-21)
参考文献数
21

主権国家システムと資本主義システムは近代のシステムの両輪として発達した。しかし、ニクソンショックによって変動相場制へと移行したことで自由な資本移動が可能となり、それが主権国家の自律的な経済財政政策を困難にさせるようになってきた。開放経済の下では資本移動の自由と安定した為替と自律的な金融政策の三つが同時に成立しないトリレンマが起こるが、ニクソンショックを契機に加速するグローバルな資本移動が所与のものとなり、不安定な為替に耐えられない多くの国は実質的な自律性を失っていく。また深刻な債務危機に陥った国家はIMFによるコンディショナリティによっても自律性を失っていく。自律性を失いながらも法的な主権を維持し続ける国家は、自らの自律性を回復させる運動として、他国に対する排他的な政策、すなわち保護主義的ないしポピュリスト的な政策を取るようになる。しかし、そうした排他的な政策もそれを実行する能力の有無によって不平等な状況が生まれ、法的な平等性は維持されながらも実質的な自律的統治能力の不平等性が生まれる状況になっている。
著者
木村 正俊
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.2, pp.2_50-2_69, 2009 (Released:2013-02-07)

Between the 1950s and 1970s the world politics was dominated by revolutionary movements in the Third World and the hero of the age was Che Guevara. The Palestinian liberation movement emerged in that era. This article analyzes the evolution and devolution of the Palestinian liberation movement by regarding it as one of the revolutionary movements in the Third World.   After discussing general arguments over revolutions in the World Politics, this article treats the development of the Palestinian liberation movement and the change in its attitude toward armed struggle. Armed struggle by the Palestinian national movement and regional politics in the Middle East influenced each other. Armed struggle by Palestinian guerrilla groups stimulated the 1967 War, which resulted in changes in their attitude toward armed struggle and the shift in the agent of liberation.   The Palestinian Revolution encouraged the Lebanese Civil War. The coalition group between the Palestinian liberation movement and Lebanese progressive groups was opposed to the Lebanese conservative groups. The 1982 War had a crucial effect on the fate of the Palestinian Revolution.
著者
板倉 孝信
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.67, no.2, pp.2_285-2_311, 2016 (Released:2019-12-10)
参考文献数
32

本稿は政治・社会史的なアプローチから, 英国の所得税廃止論争の再検討を試みたものである。1815年にナポレオン戦争が終結すると, 翌16年には英国議会で戦時所得税の存廃をめぐる激しい論争が展開された。これに際して, 所得税廃止を要求する大規模な請願運動が行われた結果, 与党トーリーが多数を占める下院で, 政府提出の所得税延長法案は否決された。本稿では, 従来看過されてきた他税種との関連性を重視することで, 先行研究とは異なる角度から所得税廃止論争を分析した。まず筆者は, この論争が所得税延長への反対だけでなく, 対仏戦争中に強化された多くの戦時増税への不満から生じた点に着目した。その上で, 請願運動における言説を分析し, 戦争中から蓄積されてきた納税者の不満が, 終戦後に一挙に表面化する過程を追跡した。さらに筆者は, 所得税廃止を主張する富裕層と麦芽税廃止を主張する中間層以下が, 減税要求に関して緊密に連携した点に注目した。その上で, 以前は別々に展開されてきた両者の請願運動が融合したため, 減税要求が激化したことを指摘した。