著者

山川 宏

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.170-177, 2009 (Released:2009-01-06)

参考文献数

16

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For decision by majority, each voter often exercises his right by delegating to trustable other voters. Multi-step delegates rule allows indirect delegating through more than one voter, and this helps each voter finding his delegate voters. In this paper, we propose powerful voter selection method depending on the multi-step delegate rule. This method sequentially selects voters who is most delegated indirectly. Multi-agent simulation demonstrate that we can achieve highly fair poll results from small number of vote by using proposed method. Here, fairness is prediction accuracy to sum of all voters preferences for choices. In simulation, each voter selects choices arranged on one dimensional preference axis for voting. Acquaintance relationships among voters were generated as a random network, and each voter delegates some of his acquaintances who has similar preferences. We obtained simulation results from various acquaintance networks, and then averaged these results. Firstly, if each voter has enough acquaintances in average, proposed method can help predicting sum of all voters' preferences of choices from small number of vote. Secondly, if the number of each voter's acquaintances increases corresponding to an increase in the number of voters, prediction accuracy (fairness) from small number of vote can be kept in appropriate level.

著者

石田 雄大 秋山 英三

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.5, pp.AG21-J_1-8, 2021-09-01 (Released:2021-09-01)

参考文献数

18

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Though modern organization theory views organizational decision making from a very rational perspective, it is known that actual organizational decision-makings are often done through organized anarchy with “many autonomous actors operating with bounded rationality in an environment with ambiguous goals, an unclear link, between cause and effect, and fluid participation with the activities and subgroups of the organization”, which is well-described by so-called “the garbage can model.” In this study, we investigate how much the introduction of time constraints into the decision of garbage cans (opportunities) can improve the problems arised from organized anarchy. The analyses show that the introduction of time constraints can decrease the number of unsolved problems and also that the number of solved problems is maximized at some length of time constraints in specific organizational structures. These results as a whole indicate the mere introduciton of deadline may improve problems caused by organized anarchy.

著者

高本 綺架 小原 佑斗 吉田 光男 梅村 恭司

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.A-M71_1-15, 2023-01-01 (Released:2023-01-01)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2

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Compression-based Dissimilarity Measure (CDM) is reported to work well in classifying strings without clues. However, CDM depends on the compression program, and its theoretical background is unclear. In this paper, we propose to replace CDM with the computation of information quantity. Since CDM only uses compressed size, our approach uses the value of information quantity of maximum probability partitioning of string instead of file size. We find this approach is more effective. Then, CDM and the proposed method were applied to publicly available time series data. In addition to the careful implementation of computation using suffix arrays, we also find this approach more efficient.

著者

坂井 明日香 丸橋 弘明 羽室 行信 笹嶋 宗彦 加藤 直樹 宇野 毅明

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.WI2-I_1-12, 2021-01-01 (Released:2021-01-01)

参考文献数

12

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Recently, data-driven sales management is widely recognized and sales at the real super-market is not the exception. For designing such strategies, first of all, we have to analyze consumers’ behavior. However, such an analysis is difficult, especially for the managers of the real shops, since they only have customers’ data of their own shops. Generally, the customers buy things not only from the managers’ shops but also other shops. The goal of this research is to develop a general method to transfer sales promotion strategy, derived from analysis on wide area, to local real shop. The authors analyzed such consumers’ characteristics who buy olive oils in Kansai region. For the analysis, we used QPR(Quick Purchase Report system, developed and managed by MACROMILL, Inc). Firstly, we divided the consumers on the QPR into five clusters, according to the simultaneous buying pattern. Then, we analyzed each of the clusters and found some emerging patterns of the purchasing behavior. Observing the patterns, we designed a marketing strategy for the real shop in Hyogo prefecture belonging Kansai district. Finally, we carried out an experiment at the shop to evaluate whether the strategy promotes the sales of the olive oil or not for six weeks. The result of the experiment showed that the marketing strategy is effective in one view. At the same time, we learned many lessons from the research, especially difficulty of the evaluation at the real shop.

著者

定延 利之

出版者

The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.353-363, 2015

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper, the author argues that mimetics are not morphological, syntactic, semantic phenomena by nature. Rather, they are a pragmatic behavior, spoken isolated from other sentential elements. This pragmatic behavior is characteristically performative (cf. Austin 1962). The performative characteristic of mimetics is utilized in the context of human play. This paper provides observations on this fact, and using the results of a questionnaire, it presents the possibility that machines may collaborate with humans by using mimetics in the manner of humans. More specifically, the following four points are examined: (i) The morphological, syntactic, semantic patterns often seen in mimetics, in which they are joined with other words in the sentence, such as an adjective noun, verb stem, or adverb, to illustrate or embellish descriptions more vividly, is not a characteristic of mimetics as they can be seen in other classifications of Japanese words, i.e. Yamato, Chinese, and foreign loan words, as well; (ii) In cases where mimetics are not joined with other words, they are spoken isolated from other sententil elements. This pragmatic behavior is hardly seen in other Yamato, Chinese, or foreign loan words and can be called a characteristic of mimetics. This pattern of verbal behavior in mimetics is performative (Austin 1962) on two points: first, if mimetics are not verbalized, the situation will not be apparent during the verbalization, and second, if mimetics are verbalized, this alone will make the situation apparent during the verbalization; (iii) This performative characteristic of mimetics is something that people utilize. One of the independent utterances of mimetics is used in the context of play, when acting as if some internal action had occurred in the speaker, although in fact no such action exists; (iv) There is the possibility that machines may collaborate with humans by using mimetics in the manner of humans. In other words, having machines use mimetics would evoke the context of play in the users; in that context, the machine would be able to act as if some internal action, as well as some physical action, had occurred, although in fact no such actions exist. This will cause the machine to give a cuter, more human, impression. A questionnaire survey conducted on 125 university students lends support to this idea.

著者

福原 知宏 中島 正人 三輪 洋靖 濱崎 雅弘 西村 拓一

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.6, pp.468-479, 2013-11-01 (Released:2013-10-11)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

6 4

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A handover support system that supports care workers to share information and knowledge on patients and nursing-care work based on information recommendation is described. A handover is time consuming work because it takes much time to write and retrieve information on patients. We investigated the handover work in a nursing home, and found that about 25% of the work time was spent for sharing information among care workers. The aim of this study is to support care workers to share handover information efficiently.For this aim, we propose a novel handover support system called DANCE (Dynamic Action and kNowledge assistant for Collaborative sErvice fields) that supports care workers to share information and knowledge on patients and nursing-care work based on information recommendation. The system has following functions; (1) a function for recommending handover information based on attribute names and their values, (2) a function for recommending free-text contents of handover information, and (3) a function for sharing multimedia information. We had experiments for evaluating effectiveness of the system, and confirmed that the system can reduce the time for sharing handover information through a day compared to the time based on a notebook. We compared the work time for sharing two types of handover infomation between the system and notebook conditions; (a) information on patients and nursing-care work which is stored as pairs of attribute names and their values, (b) free-text contents on patients. Results of experiments revealed that the system can reduce the time for the former type of information as 55.2% (64.0s) per person a day compared to the notebook condition, and 59.0% (200s) for the latter type of information. An overview of the system and results of experiments are described.

著者

河本 哲 秋光 淳生 浅井 紀久夫

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.3, pp.D-M51_1-14, 2023-05-01 (Released:2023-05-01)

参考文献数

31

---

In Internet advertising, text information is added to increase the appeal of the ad to the viewers. However, some of the advertising documents contain inappropriate expressions. Wording or expressions that exaggerate the efficacy of a product or that recommend a product by a medical professional may violate the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law and the Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations. Therefore, a system that can effectively and quickly detect problematic advertisements is required. Some advertisements cannot be properly classified based on word statistics alone. Therefore, information other than word statistics must be embedded in the document vector. The advertising documents targeted in this study have characteristics such as “biases in the word positions of specific words” and “periodic occurrence of specific words.” Frequently appearing words in problematic documents (especially in cosmetics advertisements) have strong biases in their word positions, resulting in a complex multimodal distribution of position of occurrence. Therefore, embedding word order information and word period information in document vectors is considered very effective for identifying problematic advertising documents.In recent years, the effectiveness of the BERT model has been recognized in various natural language processing tasks. However, it is also true that faster models are required for application on the Internet advertising. Therefore, as a means of achieving both inference speed and discrimination performance, we propose a document feature based on the discrete Fourier transform(DFT) of word vectors weighted by an index previously proposed in a study that attempted to categorize Chinese Internet advertisements. In addition, we employed the Complex-valued Support Vector Machines as discriminative models that can handle complex numbers and have high generalization performance even with small amounts of data.Although the discrimination performance of the proposed model is inferior to that of ALBERT and BERT to some extent, it is higher than that of DistilBERT, XGBoost, and LightGBM. The inference speed of the proposed model is somewhat slower than XGBoost and LightGBM and needs improvement, but is faster than DistilBERT. Those results indicate that the proposed model is promising when applied on the Internet. In addition, we found that when the index proposed in the previous study (which attempted to categorize Chinese advertisements) was applied to Japanese advertisements, that index emphasized the word vectors of specific nouns and verbs.

著者

曽我 真人 松田 憲幸 瀧 寛和

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.3, pp.96-104, 2008 (Released:2008-02-21)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

2 9

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Skill, such as arts, sports and crafts, is regarded as a cycle that consists of the following three steps: recognition of objects, selection of appropriate action series and execution of the action. In arts and crafts, people produce works as a result of this cycle. Skill-learning environment should involve diagnosis-function providing appropriate advice for each step. This paper describes technique that is providing advice in real time when a learner learns recognition of drawing. To assist learners' recognition, we developed the sketch-area-dependent advising system that presents advice with voice for learners' drawing. The effectiveness of advice was confirmed through an experiment evaluating proposed technique.

著者

箕輪 峻 狩野 芳伸

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.DSI-F_1-13, 2020-01-01 (Released:2020-01-01)

参考文献数

17

---

Recently, end-to-end learning is frequently used to implement dialogue systems. However, existing systems still suffer from issues to handle complex dialogues. In this paper, we target on the conversation game “Mafia”, which requires players to make consistent and complex communications. We propose a middle language expression and a converter from natural language input. We implemented our dialogue system to play the Mafia game with humans and other automatic agents. Our evaluation on the play shows that our middle language increases conversion coverage.

著者

野田 恭平 高橋 久尚 津田 宏治 廣島 雅人

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.E-M93_1-11, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-01)

参考文献数

18

---

Due to the increase in material databases in recent years, there has been a lot of research regarding deep learning models which use large sizes of datasets and are aimed at the prediction of the material properties of inorganic compounds. Particularly, prediction models with Self-Attention structures, such as Roost and CrabNet, have garnered attention because of two reasons: (1) input variables are confined to the chemical composition of each formula and (2) Self-Attention enables models to learn individual element representations based on their chemical environment. However, the existing Self- Attention model yields low prediction accuracy when predicting structure-dependent material properties, such as the magnetic moment, for lack of structural information of compounds as input. In this research, based on the existing Self- Attention model, we set both elemental and structural information, especially the space group number and lattice constant, as input information and successfully construct a prediction model that is more versatile than existing methods. Furthermore, we visualized lists of promising materials by adopting Bayesian optimization. As a result, we have developed a system to propose desired materials for materials researchers.

著者

関根 由可里 中島 敬祐 大竹 景子 瀧沢 岳 杉山 淳一 向井 大誠 柿澤 恭史 倉橋 節也

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.B-MA6_1-11, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-01)

参考文献数

32

---

With the spread of COVID-19, the risk of droplet infection has been studied through interdisciplinary research. However, there is little information on the spread of the pathogen through human contact behavior. In this paper, we focus on the home, which is the private space of people, and propose a model to visualize the risk of contact infection to a family when people return home by combining calculation of contact behavior after returning home and study of virus transfer efficiency. First, from the contact behavior data for the first 30 minutes after returning home, we calculated the probability of flow line, the distribution of the number of contacts, the probability of initial action and the probability of contact behavior transmission. Next, we obtained the transfer efficiency between the substrate representing the household goods surface and the model skin, and the rate of change of the viral transfer efficiency when people continuously contact the household goods surface. According to these probabilities, we reproduced the state in which the virus attached to the hand or household goods surface by probabilistically performing the agent’s movement and contact behavior after returning home. This result shows that when agents return home with viruses attached to their hands, the viruses are widely confirmed on household goods surfaces. Furthermore, by simulating the combination and timing of hygienic actions such as handwashing and disinfection, it was possible to visualize their effects on the risk of re-contact and care effects.

著者

弘中 大介 横田 将生

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.5, pp.233-244, 2003 (Released:2003-06-10)

参考文献数

28

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In general, it is not always easy for people to communicate each other comprehensively by limited information media. In such a case, employment of another information medium is very helpful and therefore cross-media translation is very important during such a communication. This paper presents the method and experiment of cross-media translation based on MIDST(Mental Image Directed Semantic Theory), where natural language texts about static positional relations of physical objects are systematically interpreted into 2-D pictures.

著者

岡留 有哉 阿多 健史郎 石黒 浩 中村 泰

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.6, pp.B-M43_1-13, 2022-11-01 (Released:2022-11-01)

参考文献数

30

---

Developing a communication agent that can mutually interact with a human has been expected. To realize the agent, real-time situation recognition and motion generation are necessary. The human-human interaction data is utilized to develop the recognition and the generation model. However, a cost of giving a certain label to the data is expensive, i.e., the number of labeled data becomes small. To cope with the small dataset problem, one of the approaches is to obtain the pre-trained weight by self-supervised learning. In this research, we propose estimating the amount of time-shift by “lag operation” as a task for self-supervised learning. The observed data is not isolated during the interaction between two people, and using both observed information from two people makes an estimation model reduce the uncertainty of situation detection. By exploiting these properties of interaction data, the time index of data of one person is shifted, i.e., the entrainment of two data is broken. This operation is called a “lag operation”, and estimating the amount of time-shift is defined as the pre-training task. We apply this pre-training to the prediction experiment that estimates near-future laughing during a conversation. The result shows the accuracy of the laughing prediction is improved by 1.3 points, and the lag operation is an effect for predicting the change of interaction situation.

著者

加藤 大貴 平山 高嗣 道満 恵介 井手 一郎 川西 康友 出口 大輔 村瀬 洋

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.5, pp.D-KC7_1-10, 2021-09-01 (Released:2021-09-01)

参考文献数

18

---

The Japanese language is known to have a rich vocabulary of mimetic words, which have the property of sound symbolism; Phonemes that compose the mimetic words are strongly related to the impression of various phenomena. Especially, human gait is one of the most commonly represented phenomena by mimetic words expressing its visually dynamic state. Sound symbolism is useful for modeling the relation between gaits and mimetic words intuitively, but there has been no study on their intuitive generation. Most previous gait generation methods set specific class labels such as “elderly” but have not considered the intuitiveness of the generation model. Thus, in this paper, we propose a framework to generate gaits from a mimetic word based on sound symbolism. This framework enables us to generate gaits from one or more mimetic words. It leads to the construction of a generation model represented in a continuous feature space, which is similar to human intuition. Concretely, we train an encoder-decoder model conditioned by a “phonetic vector”, a quantitive representation of mimetic words, with an adaptive instance normalization module inspired by style transfer. The phonetic vector is a dense description of the intuitive impression of a corresponding gait and is calculated from many mimetic words in the HOYO dataset, which includes gait motion data and corresponding mimetic word annotations. Through experiments, we confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

著者

宮本 友樹 磐下 大樹 遠藤 水紀 永井 望 片上 大輔

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.5, pp.AG21-I_1-14, 2021-09-01 (Released:2021-09-01)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

3

---

In this paper, we investigate the acceptability of a non-task-oriented dialogue system that uses utterances to get closer psychologically. We defined utterances to get closer psychologically as “utterances that express intimacy with the other person or a favorable feeling toward the other person, such as joking, sympathy, compliment, or non-honorifics utterances (like a friend)”. Conventional research has reported that jokes, non-honorifics utterances, and compliments are useful for building a smooth relationship between a dialogue system and a user. On the other hand, individual differences in acceptability to utterances to get closer psychologically are considered to be large. In particular, we believe that the personality characteristics of the user affect the acceptability of utterances to get closer psychologically. So, we set research question 1: “How do user personality traits affect the acceptability of a non-task-oriented dialogue system with utterances get closer psychologically?” Also, utterances get closer psychologically has the risk of making the interlocutor uncomfortable. Therefore, in considering the implementation of utterances gets closer psychologically in a dialogue system, it is useful to examine how different strategies of utterances get closer psychologically affect the acceptability of a chatting dialogue system. So, we set research question 2: “How do different utterance strategies to get closer psychologically affect the acceptability of chatting dialogue systems?” To discuss these research questions, we conducted a dialogue experiment using a rule-based non-task-oriented dialogue system (n = 82). The results showed that for RQ1, among the five personality characteristics targeted in this experiment, the user’s diligence was related to the evaluation of the non-task-oriented dialogue system for utterance strategies to get closer psychologically used in this experiment in the subjective index, and extroversion, neurotic tendency, and openness in the objective index (likability based on user utterances). For research question 2, the experimental results showed that the acceptability between utterance strategies to get closer psychologically was significantly different in the viewpoint of the subjective index. These findings contribute to the design of a non-task-oriented dialogue system.

著者

Kei Wakabayashi Johane Takeuchi Mikio Nakano

出版者

The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.IDS-E_1-12, 2022-05-01 (Released:2022-05-01)

参考文献数

39

---

In language understanding for dialog systems, slot filling is a fundamental task usually formulated as a sequence labeling problem and solved using discriminative models such as conditional random fields and neural networks. One of the weak points of the discriminative approach is in the robustness against incomplete annotations, which are often generated in practice when we attempt to build large-scale training data. For making the slot filling algorithm more robust against the incompleteness of annotation, this paper leverages an overlooked property of slot filling tasks: Non-slot parts of utterance follow a specific pattern depending on the user’s intent. To reflect this idea, we propose a nonparametric Bayesian model that induces the grammatical role of the non-slot parts using a segmentation-based formulation of slot filling tasks. The proposed method can naturally deal with training data that includes incomplete annotations as a partially supervised grammar induction problem. The experimental result demonstrates that the proposed method estimates the slot information more accurately in a situation that the training data includes incomplete annotations in comparison to the BiLSTM-CRF and HMM.We also show that the proposed model has an advantage in the interpretability of the result of training and prediction by visualizing the parameters and the estimated labeled segmentations with a state transition diagram.

著者

森 大河 伝 康晴

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.IDS-H_1-12, 2022-05-01 (Released:2022-05-01)

参考文献数

38

---

In human-human interactions, a listener uses both verbal tokens and head nods for responding signals, and they frequently co-occur. When humanoid robots and anthropomorphic agents response to a user using verbal tokens and head nods simultaneously, they must be generated in proper timing to each other and have consistent features. In this paper, we propose models to predict co-occurrence and physical features of head nods based on prosodic and syntactic features of verbal response tokens. We used, as predictive variables, the forms, positions, durations, averages/standard deviations of fundamental frequency and loudness of response tokens and head positions at the beginning of response tokens. In addition, considering participation framework, we also used speaker's gaze and listener's gaze at the beginning of response tokens, and applied generalized mixed models to predict the co-occurrence, type, range, repetition and velocity of head nods. The results confirmed that proposed models can predict these outcomes effectively.

著者

三野 星弥 吉川 雄一郎 伴 碧 石黒 浩

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.IDS-I_1-14, 2022-05-01 (Released:2022-05-01)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

2

---

The goal of this study is to realize a non-task-oriented dialogue agent that is accepted by people in the long term. One approach is using a dialogue strategy in which an agent shares information about other users who are not participating in the current dialogue. This study aims to develop a chatbot that is capable of sharing information about others and to examine its usefulness as well as its problems such as privacy concerns using a long-term empirical experiment in a real-world environment. The result of a 14-day experiment with 120 participants suggested that the usefulness of this dialogue strategy lies in its ability to maintain users’ motivation to interact with the agent and prevent them from having the impression that the agent is mechanical. However, irrespective of the presence of this dialogue strategy, it was suggested that the users were concerned about their privacy to the agent that collected their information on a daily basis. Based on these results, we discussed the relationship between the interestingness of the shared information and the users’ privacy concerns.

著者

薛 強 滝口 哲也 有木 康雄

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.IDS-C_1-9, 2022-05-01 (Released:2022-05-01)

参考文献数

16

---

Generation-base dialogue system tends to produce generic response sentences. In order to improve the diversity of response sentences by the generation-base dialogue system, the response text retrieved by the retrieval-base model can be input to the generation-base model as reference response text, so that the generation-base model can generate highly diverse response sentences. However, the prior works show that the generation-base dialogue system often ignores the reference response text, resulting in the response sentences that is unrelated to the reference response text. In this work, we propose the Dialogue-Filling method, which can utilize 100% of the reference response text by masking the response sentences with a text-filling technique. We built variants of Dialogue-Filling method with DialoGPT model. Experiments on the DailyDialog Dataset demonstrate that our Dialogue-Filling method outperforms the baseline method on the dialogue generation task.

著者

宮本 友樹 永井 望 満田 雄斗 磐下 大樹 遠藤 水紀 鈴木 章弘 片上 大輔

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.IDS-G_1-16, 2022-05-01 (Released:2022-05-01)

参考文献数

37

---

In this paper, we propose the “Risky Politeness Strategy (RPS)” as a framework of utterance strategy focusing on risk-taking in dialogue systems. In previous research, it has been reported that it is useful to implement politeness strategies that have risks such as jokes and compliments in dialogue systems. On the other hand, a design theory for effectively implementing risk-taking utterance strategies in dialogue systems has not been established. Against this background, we defined RPS with reference to politeness/impoliteness research in the fields of linguistics. In addition, we developed a rule-based dialogue system and an example-based dialogue system to implement the RPS in a non-task-oriented dialogue. User evaluations were conducted through the preliminary rounds of the Dialogue System Live Competition 2 and 3. The results of the user evaluations showed that the rule-based and example-based RPS-speaking non-task-oriented dialogue systems were able to engage in dialogue that was evaluated by the user as having humanity. Therefore, the usefulness of implementing RPS in non-task-oriented dialogue systems has been shown at a certain level.