著者

矢田 俊文

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, no.3, pp.149-163, 1982-06-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

45

著者

村田 昌則 鈴木 毅彦 中山 俊雄 川島 眞一 川合 将文

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.2, pp.243-259, 2007-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

4 4

---

Four boring cores obtained by boring surveys conducted at Wadabori Park in Suginami Ward (core WDB), Kinuta Park (core KNT) in Setagaya Ward, Tamagawadai Park (core TMG) and Unoki (core UNK) in Ota Ward, southeast part of Musashino upland, Tokyo, were reexamined. Mineral assemblage, shapes of volcanic glass shard, refractive indices of volcanic glass, and heavy minerals and chemical composition of volcanic glass of several tephra layers from these cores were determined. As a result, it is revealed that six tephra layers are correlative with the key tephra layers in the Kazusa Group of the Boso Peninsula and Tama Hills in the Kanto district. The WDB-1 tephra from core WDB is identified as the Kd8 tephra in the upper part of the Kiwada Formation in the Kazusa Group. The KNT-4 tephra from core KNT, the TMG-7 tephra from core TMG and the UNK-1 tephra from core UNK are identified as the Kd16 tephra in the middle part of the Kiwada Formation. The TMG-18 tephra from core TMG and the UNK-8 tephra from core UNK are identified as the Kd18 tephra in the middle part of the Kiwada Formation. Based on the correlation among these tephras, the sediments of ca. 15 m above sea level (a.s.l.) at Wadabori Park is correlative with the upper part of the Kiwada Formation deposited at 1.21-1.27 Ma, and the sediments of ca.-2 m a.s.l. at the Kinuta Park, ca.-20 to-74 m a.s.l. at the Tamagawadai Park and ca.-9 to-44 m a.s.l. at Unoki are correlative with the Kiwada Formation in the Kazusa Group. The sedimentary ages of these sediments are between 1.27 and 1.45 Ma based on stratigraphic relations with the calcareous nannofossil datums.

著者

中尾 正義

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.6, pp.458-470, 1992-12-05 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

42

著者

菊地 俊夫

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.111, no.1, pp.81-99, 2002-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2 2

---

In this paper the author analyses agricultural land use changes in the urban shadow of the Sydney metropolitan region and clarifies their sustainability on a micro-scale using the example of Castlereagh area, Penrith City. Castlereagh area is situated around the western suburbs of Sydney city centre, and is characterised by competition between agricultural and urban land use. In this area, rural and agricultural land use has generally developed since the colonial period. Although definite changes from agricultural to urban land use are not apparent with the advancement of urbanization, some kinds of agricultural use have changed to others in terms of function and quality since the 1990s. This sustainability of agricultural land use changes based on land, climate, and historical conditions as a suitable region for agriculture, and accessibility to the urban market for agricultural products, and land use policy of city planning and land use zoning.In Castlereagh area dairy farming and sheep grazing have traditionally developed with advantageous land and climate conditions for grass production. In particular, suburban dairy farming was important for town milk production. Although there were a few trends of conversion from dairy farming to sheep grazing, because of a decreasing agricultural labour force, the framework of traditional pastoral farming still remained until the 1980s. Since the 1990s most aspects of pastoral farming have changed into horse raising, horticulture, and hobby farming with the enlargement of urban land use for residential and factory sites. Such farming has been most apparent among all kinds of land use in the 1990s.Under an environment of urban shadow, both horse raising and horticulture have developed due to their suitability for expanding urban land use and farmland subdivisions. Agricultural land use changes are supported by economic factors such as capital intensity and high profitability. On the other hand, hobby farming is less intensive and rather unprofitable, and is developed for the mental satisfaction of aged and the urban residents, rather than the advancement of urbanisation and land subdivision. Therefore, agricultural land use changes into hobby farming are supported by non-economic factors such as productive aging and mental satisfaction. On the whole, a series of agricultural land use changes are identified for their sustainability, and are supported by economic and non-economic factors. In particular, hobby farming plays an important role in holding back urban sprawl and maintaining agricultural land use.

著者

日本地学史資料調査委員会

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.3, pp.168-181, 1984-06-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

3 1

著者

加藤 丈典

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.2, pp.122-131, 1999-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

23

---

The relative intensities of Fe Lα1, 2 and Lβ1 X-ray emission peaks differ significantly with valance state and bond association. These X-ray emission peaks cannot be distinguished from each other using an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), because the difference in energy between these peaks is smaller than the spectral resolution of EDS (approximately 100-150 eV). However, these emission peaks can be distinguished from each other using a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (WDS). A crystal whose 2d value is about 60 A is considered to be suitable for analyzing the first order of Fe Lα1, 2 and L β1 X-ray emission peaks. The second order of these peaks can also be analyzed using lead stearate (STE : 2d=100.4 Å) crystal. Although it is difficult to use the ' peak seek' routine for a mapping analysis, the effects of chemical shifts can be suppressed by configuring the spectrometer. The interferences of high orders of Si and Na emission peaks can be suppressed by a pulse height analysis. Applying a mapping technique to measuring Fe Lα 1, 2 and Lβ1 emission peaks, Fe2+/Fe3+ mapping can be obtained using an electron probe microanalyzer.

著者

河本 大地

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.6, pp.Erratum6_2, 2011-12-25 (Released:2012-01-28)

被引用文献数

1 1

---

地学雑誌120巻5号(2011)掲載の河本大地著「ジオツーリズムと地理学発『地域多様性』概念―『ジオ』の視点を持続的地域社会づくりに生かすために―」(p.775-785)に誤りがありましたので,お詫びし訂正いたします。p.777 左段24行:(誤)尾形 → (正)尾方p.784 文献表:(誤)尾形 → (正)尾方

著者

松本 剛 宮下 純夫 荒井 章司 森下 知晃 前田 仁一郎 熊谷 英憲 大友 幸子 Henry J.B. DICK

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.5, pp.Plate3, 2003-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

著者

保柳 睦美

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.5, pp.273-284, 1977-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

---

In 1872 the Meiji Government adopted the solar calendar, the twenty-four hours system and the new date, and in 1886 decided the Japanese Standard Time based on the time of the meridian of 135°E., running through Akashi in Hyôgo Prefecture near Kobe. Since then, the date and the time have entirely changed from those of the Edo period when the lunar-solar calendar and many local times prevailed throughout Japan.The conversion of the old date into the new one is not so difficult task, but on the contrary, that of the old times into the new ones has complicated problems, because the old calendar system was different in many respects from the new one and also each clan adopted the local time derived from the time of each castle-town.Firstly, the structure of the old calendar, which was introduced from China, was basically different from the new one. The length of the hour-units of daytime and nighttime differed according to the twenty-four short seasonal unit days, including the day of autumnal equinox, of vernal equinox, of summer solstice and of winter solstice. The beginning hours of daytime and nighttime were partly improved by the astronomers of the Tokugawa Government ; in the early part of the Edo period they were the times of sunrise and sunset of the castle-towns, and later they were more improved.However, in 1797 TAKAHASHI-Yoshitoki, a young but an excellent astronomer, who studied the Western astronomy through the books edited by the European missionaries stationed in China and brought up INÔ-Tadataka, the greatest land-surveyor in the Edo period with the aid of astronomical observation, decided the times scientifically. He got the accurate position of the sun by spherical trigonometrical calculation, and cleared up the beginning and the end of twilight by the angle of depression of the center of the sun on the days of autumnal and vernal equinox at Kyoto the result was 7°21′40″. The new definition had been used until 1871.This paper deals with some ways of conversion of the old times into the new ones, and illustrated, taking outstanding examples of castle-towns in the Edo period, how the converted times were different from one another throughout Japan in accordance with the latitudes and the longitudes of the towns.

著者

鈴木 眞静

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.5, pp.370-375, 1910-05-15 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

望月 公廣

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.2, pp.207-221, 2017-04-25 (Released:2017-06-12)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Seismicity accompanying subduction of one plate under the other is active in subduction zones. This seismicity is not uniformly distributed along strike; aseismic regions may be identified in a band of active seismicity. Such an uneven distribution may be attributed to the heterogeneity of frictional properties along the plate interface. Variations in the physical properties of the top-most layer over the subducting plate and rough topography along the plate interface are considered to be factors determining frictional properties. Recent active-source seismic surveys have revealed characteristics of the plate interface in detail and provide an understanding of how regional seismicity and slip distributions of major earthquakes are controlled. Seismicity around the northern limit of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake shows a good correlation with seismic reflectivity along the plate interface, and suggests that the water content and/or the amount of clay minerals in a thin layer over the top of the subducting plate is a major factor. A subducting seamount was identified from a seismic survey around the southern limit of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake off Ibaraki Prefecture. Repeating M 7 earthquakes share the same source at the subduction front of the seamount, while the source area of the largest aftershock of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake lies next to it. The fault slip of these earthquakes, once initiated at the base of the seamount, did not propagate over the seamount. The same relationship between fault slip and subducted seamount is identified for a large slow slip at the Hikurangi margin. Physical or structural properties controlling seismicity or fault slip along the plate interface appear to be characteristics of the subducting plate. The importance of geophysical surveys of the incoming plate can now be further emphasized to provide a better understanding of seismicity along the plate interface.

著者

池田 菜穂 小野 有五

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.2, pp.294-311, 2004-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

5 2

---

This study examines migration patterns of livestock herds in mobile pastoralism of yak/yak-cattle hybrid in two areas in eastern Nepal Himalaya : the Bharku Village, Langtang National Park, and the Ghunsa Valley, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area. The migration patterns were mapped in detail, identifying every household of herders in the research areas (six households in the Bharku, and eleven households in the Ghunsa Valley), and those patterns were analyzed in terms of natural resource use and influence of mountain tourism. Both field observations and interviews with herders revealed that the summer pastures were concentrated at the highest grazing areas, mostly spreading in the alpine belt, regardless of livestock type (yak and yak hybrid), while the winter pastures ranged widely in altitude even among households keeping a same type of livestock (yak). Measuring milk production indicated that the period of stay in the alpine pastures corresponded to that of high milk production. Migration of herds to the alpine pastures occurred simultaneously in herders' groups under the control of their organizations. On the other hand, the diversity of herd migration patterns in winter suggested dependence of those patterns on households' livelihood strategies. Herders of Tibetan refugees showed a migration pattern, which was different from the local one, staying in the alpine area throughout the year. Also, some herders changed their migration patterns and returned to higher pastures in the fall in the Ghunsa Valley to earn some money by providing accommodations to trekkers, who visit the area mostly in that period of the year to avoid the monsoon rain since the recent opening of the Ghunsa Valley to foreigners. On the other hand, herders in the Bharku changed their summer pastures to avoid a mass of pilgrims, a traditional type of mountain tourism in Himalaya, who visit Gosainkunda, a famous sacred place located above the herders' grazing area, on the occasion of a festival called Janai Purnima. These facts suggest the flexibility of migration patterns in mobile pastoralism of yak/yak-hybrids under the influence of newcomers and mountain tourism. Both natural and social influences caused by these recent changes of migration pattern need to be monitored in view of environmental management of higher Himalaya.

著者

小野 重明

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.109, no.4, pp.564-575, 2000-08-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

3 3

---

The presence of water can dramatically influence the chemical and physical properties of minerals that comprise the Earth's mantle. In order to understand these effects itis important to identify the phases in which water may exist under mantle conditions. High-pressure experiments on the stability of hydrous minerals likely to be present in the Earth's mantle provide constraints on the distribution of water in the mantle. In this article, the significance of hydrated subducting slab is evaluated as a water carrier, transporting water from the earth's surface into the subduction zone, where it isreleased to the overlying mantle wedge through the breakdown of hydrous minerals. The capacityt store and transport water in the hydrated part of the subducted slab is controlledby the pressure-temperature stability of hydrous phase assemblages in bulk compositions of peridotite, sediment, basalt, and harzburgite.

著者

青木 隆浩

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.109, no.5, pp.680-702, 2000-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

86

---

The sake brewers in advanced regions such as Hyogo, Aichi, and Saitama prefectures began innovations in brewing techniques to improve quality from 1890's. In contrast, the peripheral regions such as the Tohoku Area have long maintained traditional brewing techniques in order not to increase the cost of production. Therefore, the disparity in technological levels between regions expanded.Under these circumstances, the national government established the Brewing Research Laboratory to research and develop brewing techniques, which played very important roles in supporting sake brewers, as well as in promoting the introduction of new techniques to so-called peripheral regions in 1900's. They were adopted by many sake brewers in peripheral regions to make the production process easier than in the advanced region's. The interregional disparity diminished. Accordingly, the advanced regions lost their superiority in brewing technique.National sake competitions have been held since 1907. The brands produced in advanced regions lost prizes, while those in the peripheral regions won the event every year. The prizewinner was sweet, however, the others were pungent in flavor. Sweet sake was regarded as having high quality in the events.However, sweet sake has not become popular in the consumer market. Therefore, brewers in the peripheral regions could not expand their market shares. In addition, sake brewers in the advanced regions often held their own local sake competitions, and enhanced the infiltration of their brands into the markets. Taking sake brewers in Saitama Prefecture as an example, by producing sake with a somewhat light alcohol content, they could expand their market share.If sake's qualities were homogenized within a region, they could be easily differentiated from another region's sake. In the Kanto Region, the sake brewers in Saitama Prefecture homogenized the qualities of their brands; however, in Tochigi Prefecture the quality was so diverse that they could not be differentiated from other region's sake. As a consequence, sake brewers in Saitama gained more shares than Tochigi in the sake market.

著者

王 天天

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.1, pp.1-19, 2020-02-25 (Released:2020-03-17)

参考文献数

61

---

During the past few decades, China has experienced several institutional changes, which have provided a distinctive background for its urban spaces to restructure. In the planned economic era, despite the strong influence of the USSR, the unique “Danwei” system was created to reflect the state of affairs of the country. A Danwei or work unit is not only a place of employment, but also provides welfare benefits such as housing, education, and health care for employees and their families. Workplace, housing, and facilities needed for daily life are usually built inside one gated enclosure, a Danwei compound, which became the basic spatial unit of urban China. Such proximity between workplace and residence indicates that a clear suburban residential area in the Western sense had not existed during the pre-reform era. Thus, urban spaces were formed to a unique cellular structure, which distinguishes itself from not only models considered in Western cities, but also socialist cities in Eastern Europe. Following reforms and opening-up, the land market started to develop from the late 1980s. Spatial differences in land prices led to a massive shift in land use, including the relocation of low-profit factories away from city centers, and the emergence of central business districts in big cities. In the late 1990s, the commercialization of housing was promoted. Welfare housing allocated by Danwei has been converted into private ownership, and suburban areas started to spring up with the new construction of commoditized housing. Under this process, a separation between home and work started to take place in urban China. Thus, suburban residential areas in the Western sense, with residents commuting long distances to a city center, have finally come into existence. However, due to government regulations on the development of low-density detached housing, this emerging suburban growth is dominated by mid- to high-density collective housing developments. In this sense, it is inaccurate to claim that residents of suburban China changed their ways of living to the distinctive suburban lifestyles found in “typical” Western or Japanese suburbs.

著者

金尾 宗平

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.4, pp.213-218, 1927

著者

北村 修

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, no.6, pp.594-601, 1990-12-05 (Released:2010-02-25)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

3 3

著者

金光 玄樹 下條 将徳 平田 岳史 横山 隆臣 大藤 茂

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.6, pp.889-909, 2011-12-25 (Released:2012-03-05)

参考文献数

65

被引用文献数

4

---

We measured the LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age distribution of detrital zircons in three psammitic schist samples of Hitachi and Nishidohira medium P/T metamorphic rocks from the southern part of Abukuma Belt, Northeast Japan. It has been proposed that these medium P/T metamorphic rocks mark the eastern extension of the Triassic collisional suture between the North China and South China blocks. Therefore, we aim to obtain the age of sedimentation, stratigraphy, and provenance of their protolith from the measurements, and evaluate the above proposition. The psammitic schist sample (DIO-9) of Hitachi Metamorphic Rocks, originating from quartzose sandstone at the lowest part of the Daioin Formation, contains detrital zircons of the youngest age clustered around 410 Ma and the youngest zircon at 395 ± 20 Ma (206Pb/238U age; 2σ). Considering that the upper part of the Daioin Formation contains Visean (Lower Carboniferous) corals and that the formation intercalates abundant felsic tuff layers, the lowest part of the Daioin Formation is likely to be correlated with Devonian Nakasato or Lower Carboniferous Hikoroichi Formation of South Kitakami Belt, Northeast Japan. Nishidohira Metamorphic Rocks lie beneath ultramafic rocks along the base of Hitachi Metamorphic Rocks, and consist of mafic, siliceous, calcareous, pelitic, and psammitic schists or gneisses. Because the siliceous schist of Nishidohira Metamorphic Rocks is meta-pelagic chert, the metamorphic rocks presumably originated from an accretionary complex. The ages of detrital zircons in two psammitic schist samples (ND-12 and -13) of Nishidohira Metamorphic Rocks mostly fall between ca. 300 Ma and 200 Ma, with the youngest two zircons at 154 ± 6 Ma (ND-12) and 175 ± 3 Ma (ND-13) (206Pb/238U age, 2σ). The protolith age of the psammitic schists must be ca. 154 ± 6 Ma (Kimmeridgian of Late Jurassic) and ca. 175 ± 3 Ma (Aalenian of Middle Jurassic) or younger, suggesting that Nishidohira Metamorphic Rocks originated from a Jurassic accretionary complex. In the Hitachi area three tectonostratigraphic units superpose, i.e., in ascending order, (1) the Jurassic accretionary complex of Nishidohira Metamorphic Rocks, (2) ultramafic rocks, and (3) Hitachi Metamorphic Rocks that are at least partly correlated with the Paleozoic sequence of South Kitakami Belt. The tectonostratigraphy is similar to that of non-metamorphic rocks of Kitakami Mountains, Northeast Japan, where (1) the Jurassic accretionary complex of North Kitakami Belt is overlain by (2) the Hayachine mafic–ultramafic complex, which in turn is overlain by (3) the Paleo–Mesozoic succession of South Kitakami Belt.

著者

吉野 正敏

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.6, pp.891-909, 1991-12-05 (Released:2010-02-25)

参考文献数

87

被引用文献数

3 3

著者

三上 岳彦 財城 真寿美 平野 淳平 森島 済

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.127, no.4, pp.443-446, 2018-08-25 (Released:2018-10-05)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1