著者

立見 辰雄 菊池 徹 久野 久

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.1, pp.17-33, 1957-03-30 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

78

著者

宮島 幹之助

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.11, pp.647-652_1, 1900-11-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

被引用文献数

1

著者

原辰彦

出版者

東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.3, 2005

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.11, pp.814-814, 1913

著者

中田 高 堤 浩之 PUNONGBAYAN Raymundo S. RIMANDO Rolly E DALIGDIG Jessie DAAG Arturo

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, no.5, pp.515-532, 1990

被引用文献数

5 13

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The Philippine Earthquake (Ms=7.8) broke out in July 16, 1990 along the Philippine Fault in Central Luzon. The Philippine Fault is seismically very active and large earthquakes of M 7 class have occurred during this century along this fault. However large earthquakes have not taken place along the active traces of the fault in the Central Luzon during this century, while two large historical earthquakes occurred along its southern trace in 1645 and its northern trace in 1796. Therefore it is considered that the 1990 earthquake was caused by the surface faulting in the seismic (aseismic) gap along the Philippine Fault.<BR>The total length of the surface fault is over 120 km and the fault is divided into two segments by the major bend near Rizal. The surface fault is rather straight and linear and general orientation of the northern segment is N 25 W and the southern segment N40W. Left-lateral displacement is dominant along most of the fault traces and the maximum horizontal displacement is about 6 m in the 60-km-long northern segment and the maximum vertical displacement is 2.0 min the 50-km-long southern section. Sense of vertical displacement changes in places and is consistent with the sense of the displacement along the pre-existing active fault traces. Average displacement along the northern segment is 5-6 m, while 2-3 m along the southern segment.<BR>Along most of the surface fault, ruptures appear exactly along the pre-existing active fault traces. Offsets of roads, foot-pass, streams are common earthquake-induced features. Local extensional and compressional jog forms related to slight change in fault strike creates characteristic features such as depressions, trenches, mole tracks, bulges etc.<BR>The rupture propagated bilaterally northward and southward from hypocenter east of Bongabon near the major bend. The source process of the earthquake deduced from the slip distribution along the surface fault from the epicenter well coincides with that deduced seismologically from the source time function.

著者

尾留川 正平 山本 正三 佐々木 博 金藤 泰伸 朝野 洋一 高橋 伸夫 斎藤 功

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.5, pp.229-256, 1967-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

3

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Suburbanization is very phenomenal in the western suburbs of Tokyo, nevertheless a. sizable area is still devoted to agriculture and the agricultural output is quite large. The aim of this research is to survey the ecological aspects of human occupance of the land which is well characterized by the ever intensive urban as well as agricultural use and also to analyze operational structure of farm households that has strongly led the study area to such a suburbanized occupance pattern in terms of interviews of farmers and various statistical materials.Results : 1) Sale of agricultural land is quite limited because of rise of land price, resulting in the juxtaposition of built-up areas and farmlands. 2) Agriculture in these mostly built-up areas has the following characteristics : a) to increase labor productivity rather than land productivity, b) to increase household or personal income whether by specialization on arboriculture, lawn growing, specialized vegetable growing and chicken and pig raising, or by incorporating them in agricultural management so as to improve total agricultural productivity, or from other sources than farming such as management of filling stations, driving, schools, and public baths, and also as white color, c) to hold agricultural land as assets probably for a relatively long period, since the farmers here can get stable income from rent and apartment houses they have built recently, although increment of so-called socially fallow lands is to be seen frequently, and d) to ship out vegetables and eggs to nearby markets or to sell them directly at farmsteads. 3) It is urgently needed to conserve as much farmland as possible and also even to encourage farm management to a degree that the farmers are able to compete with ever-developing urban industries, otherwise the critical shortage of green open spaces in the metropolitanized regions will be further accelerated.

著者

平野 直人

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.2, pp.195-206, 2017-04-25 (Released:2017-06-12)

参考文献数

55

被引用文献数

2 5

---

Geoscientists, who previously had limited direct knowledge of the petrological/geochemical mantle below oceanic regions, were largely restricted to areas near mid-ocean ridges, back-arc spreading centers, and hotspots. Petit-spot lavas and xenoliths provide direct information on the asthenosphere and the lithosphere of subducting plates because the magma that erupts from petit-spot volcanoes originates from the asthenosphere and ascends along the concavely flexed zone prior to the outer-rise along the trench. Such volcanoes have been reported at subduction zones worldwide (e.g., the Japan, Chile, Java, and Tonga trenches). The isotopic composition of petit-spot lavas indicates a heterogeneous asthenosphere, and geobarometric analyses of xenoliths show a higher geothermal gradient in the lithosphere than that predicted previously by the GDH1 model, meaning that conventional theory about the subducting lithosphere needs to be revised in the light of recently obtained petit-spot data. Melt fractionation is thought to occur in the middle lithosphere, given that bulk compositions show fractionation trends in the absence of phenocrysts, in spite of raising lherzolitic xenoliths from ∼45 km depth. The most important indicators of petit-spot input to the lithosphere are high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in petit-spot magma, which might explain the low seismic velocity and high electrical conductivity of the oceanic asthenosphere just below the subducting oceanic plate. Because carbon-rich melt ascends through the lithosphere to the seafloor as a petit-spot, it is likely to metasomatize the lithosphere just prior to its subduction.

著者

佐藤

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.12, pp.847a-848, 1909

著者

藤井理行

出版者

東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.3, 2005

著者

菅原 正巳

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.4, pp.209-221, 1985-08-25 (Released:2010-12-22)

被引用文献数

3 4

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The tank model is very simple as shown in Fig. 1. We can consider that it corresponds to the zonal structure of groundwater as shown in Fig. 2. In spite of its simple outlook, the behaviour of the tank model is not so simple. Corresponding to various types of input rainfall, it shows various types of response as shown in Fig. 5 by its nonlinear structure caused by the positions of side outlets which are set somewhat higher than the level of the bottom.The tank model shown in Fig. 1 is used to calculate the daily discharge from the daily precipitation for Japanese river basins. For the flood analysis, data of short time unit are necessary and an appropriate time unit is suggested to be given asT.U.=0.05√A, where T.U. is the time unit (hour) and A is the catchment area (km2). Table 1 shows some examples of appropriate time unit for various catchment areas. For the flood analysis the tank model with two tanks shown in Fig. 6 is applicable.In Japan, the tank model without soil moisture structure can give fairly good results because it is always very humid in Japan. However, for most river basins, the tank model with soil moisture structure shown in Fig. 7 must be applied. The assumed soil moisture structure is composed of two parts, the primary and the secondary soil moisture storages. When the primary soil moisture storage is not saturated, the water is absorbed from the lower tank and there is water transfer between the primary and the secondary soil moisture storages. These two kinds of water transfer are given as shown in Fig. 7c.In regions with long dry season, there is no tree on mountain area or trees have no leave in dry season and vegitation covering can be found on plains or along rivers. In such regions, mountain areas become dry during the dry season, because water moves to lower part of the basin by gravitation. To simulate such a basin, the basin is divided into zones each of which is simulated by the tank model. The tank model of 4X4 type shown in Fig. 8 is derived under such a consideration. During the dry season, zones become dry from mountain side and no evapotranspiration occurs in dry zones. In this model real evapotranspiration from the basin decreases with time corresponding to the dry condition of zones, i.e. areal real evapotranspiration of the basin decreases automatically.The tank model is considered as a black box model without physical meaning by most hydrologists. However, we can ask ourselves, if it is a mere black box, how can such a simple tank model successfully simulate river discharge from high flood to low base flow? There must be some physical meaning in the tank model. Very recently, we were able to find the phenomenon to prove the existence of two kinds of water storage corresponding to the top and the second tank of the tank model by analysing the record of crustal tilt meters affected by rainfall (Fig. 9). The crust is some sort of spring balance which weighs' and so measures the groundwater storage (Fig. 10).

著者

佐渡 耕一郎 亀尾 浩司 小西 健二 結城 智也 辻 喜弘

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.2, pp.127-132, 1992-04-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

8 7

---

Three nannofossil datum planes of the Early Pleistocen e are identified in the cores from subsurface at Irabu Island, South Ryukyus. The result allows for the first time to date the initial sedimentation of the reef-related Riukiu Limestone there. It represents the age (1.2M a) turning from siliciclastics to shallow-water carbonate regime. Implication of this transition time is discussed briefly in relation with both local neotectonis m resulting in the birth of a backarc basin (Okinawa Trough) and regional to global reor ganization of paleoceanographic environments.

著者

脇水 鐵五郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.37-42_1, 1917-01-15 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

佐藤 大祐 澁谷 和樹

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.124, no.6, pp.965-977, 2015-12-25 (Released:2016-01-27)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

2 5

---

The development process and usage patterns of second-home areas at the foot of Mt. Fuji are clarified by analyzing their expansion process, capital, and owner behavior. After World War I, in 1929, Fuji Kyuko Company, profiting from a business boom, started to develop a second-home area south of Lake Yamanaka [Yamanaka Kohan Bessochi]. This approach, by which a private company borrowed a section of Imperial Gift Land from Yamanashi Prefecture and established a second-home area, served as a model for developments at the northern foot of Mt. Fuji. In the early 1960s, second-home areas were developed north of Lake Yamanaka and at Fujizakura Highland south of Lake Kawaguchi. With the opening of the Chuo and Tomei Expressways in 1969, there were large capital flows into the creation of up-scale second-home areas at Juriki Highland, Fujigamine Highland, and Asagiri Highland, as well as around Lake Kawaguchi from the late 1960s until the mid-1970s. Large railway, trading, and paper manufacturing companies, as well as local developers, started to create second-home areas throughout the high-growth period. These investors, therefore, competed for land at the foot of Mt. Fuji. As a result, speculative capital flowed into development projects in second-home areas. This speculation created the potential for massive environmental destruction. Consequently, local governments concluded agreements with second-home owners' associations to clarify management responsibilities. Owners are most frequently at their second homes on weekends and during summer vacations in the hot months from mid-July to mid-September when temperatures at the foot of Mt. Fuji are below 30°C. Owners also visit frequently at weekends and holidays in the spring and autumn. The second-home areas around Mt. Fuji, therefore, are both summer and weekend resorts, because they are located within a two-hour commute from Tokyo by car. The second-home areas, moreover, receive many migrants from urban areas, including aged persons, who seek an attractive natural environment at a relatively low price.

著者

井関 弘太郎

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.5, pp.247-264, 1975-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

52

被引用文献数

5 10

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Alluvial plains in the coastal regions of Japan are considered to have developed according to the following processes : during the last glacial stage when the sea level was lowered, rivers dissected their valleys downward to that level. After then, in consequence of the postglacial rise of the sea level, these valleys were drowned and were filled up with Flandrian deposits.The bottom floors of such buried valleys are mostly found at 30-80 meters below the present sea level. These bottom floors in many cases are covered with fluvial gravel beds about 10-20 meters thick. Such gravel beds are mostly overlaid with sediments of finer materials which deposited in the shallow sea during the late and post glacial transgression. They are called “Basal Gravel Beds” of the Recent deposits by the present author. They have probably been formed when the lowering of the sea level reached the limit during the last glacial stage. The huge accumulation of gravels as the Basal Gravel Beds might have been brought on by the overloaded streams which carried much detritus as the production of the strong physical weathering under glacial or periglacial conditions during the Ice Age. The author found that some of the Japanese alluvial fans of a large scale are formed by Recent Basal Gravel Beds.The maximum accumulation of the ice during the last glacial stage should be enough to cause a lowering of the sea level of about 80-15 meters below that of the present. In order to get a acceptable figure regarding the lowering of the sea level or the lowest sea level during the last glacial stage, the author, presuming the figures-100 and-140 meters as the postulated low sea level stand, examined the depth of these floors of buried valleys, respectively.Based on the results of borings which were carried out with 21 major buried valleys in Japan, the depth from the surface of present-day alluvial plain to the upper face of Basal Gravel Bed which covered bottom floor of buried valley was measured in each alluvial plain and then the relation between the depth of the deepest bore hole and the distance from the mouth of the old valley to that bore hole site was investigated (Fig. 3 and 4). The correlation coefficient between the depth and distance was also calculated.Fig. 3 indicates the case in which the sea level was presumed to be 100 meters below that of the present and Fig. 4 in the cases of-140 meters, respectively. Is is obvious from these two charts that the depth of the deepest bore hole negatively correlates with the distance from the mouth of buried valley to that bore hole site. So far as the correlation coefficients are concerned, being-0.870 and-0.890, respectively, the presumed figure of the latter seems to be more acceptable than that of the former. Therefore, judging from the depth of buried valley floors, the author is of the opinion that the figure-140 meters as the lowest sea level during the last glacial stage should be more acceptable than that of-100 meters.

著者

永田 武

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.1, pp.150, 1991-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

著者

池原 研

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.107, no.2, pp.234-257, 1998-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

134

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Marginal seas, such are located as Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, Japan Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea and Indonesian seas, locate along the western rim of the Pacific. They have only a small area but are regions of high biological productivity, and thus expected to play an important role on global environment. Each of them has an unique characteristics on bathymetry, water exchange between the adjacent marginal seas and/or open ocean, primary productivity and volumes of fresh water input and terrigeneous material supply. Because they connect each other and to the open ocean through the shallow straits, characteristics of water masses flowed into the marginal seas were highly influenced by global sea level fluctuations. Furthermore, climatic change affected the volume of terrigenous supply to the seas. Therefore, paleoenvironments of the marginal seas largely changed with long-term sea level changes and short-term climatic changes. Recent studies on paleoceanography of the Japan Sea and the South China Sea suggest the importance of Asian monsoon to control the oceanic environments of the marginal seas. Hemipelagic sediments with higher sedimentation rates in the marginal seas recorded paleoceanographic changes in high resolution. Multidisciplinary studies for large-diameter long piston cores from the East Asian marginal seas may provide good information for global climate changes in the late Quaternary.

著者

石川 有三

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.110, no.4, pp.592-601, 2001-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

4 5

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The shape of the Philippine Sea slab beneath southwest Japan was investigated using the hypocenter distribution and the fault plane solutions obtained by Japan Meteorological Agency. Two seismic belts were found in an equal depth section of the slab and these did not relate to the double seismic zone in the subducting slab. Then, the existence of a broken off piece of slab was proposed beneath Kii channel. This piece collided with Philippine Sea slab and created a high seismicity area at each side.Three events that were not located at a high seismic area in the slab were found. Two were considered to be the events that occurred at the near aseismic part of the slab. The other may have occurred at another broken off piece of the slab.

著者

山下 亜紀郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.122, no.6, pp.1039-1055, 2013-12-25 (Released:2014-01-16)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1 4

---

The purpose of this study is to review the history of urban water use in Tokyo focusing on two water sources: surface water and groundwater. First, the following four matters are picked up chronologically: expansion of metropolitan waterworks, enhancement of surface water resources, progress of land subsidence, and groundwater pumping. Second, the change of groundwater use and current conservation policies are clarified for some municipalities. Finally, sustainability of urban water use is discussed. Originally, the water source of metropolitan waterworks was surface water. With increased water demand, the waterworks developed surface water resources in areas remote from Tokyo. Despite increased water demand, groundwater pumping was restricted because of serious land subsidence. Industrial water shifted the water source from groundwater to surface water with the construction of industrial waterworks. On the other hand, groundwater use as residential water has been partially maintained in the Tama Region, western Tokyo. Municipalities in the Tama Region promote policies to maintain groundwater use and recharge. For sustainable urban water use, efforts both to avoid a further increase of water demand and to maintain local groundwater resources are necessary. Moreover, in terms of water security at the time of a disaster or water shortage, a sustainable urban water supply system should include both an extensive water supply system and a local system of water supply.

著者

菊地 俊夫 岩田 修二 渡辺 真人 松本 淳 小出 仁

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.5, pp.729-732, 2011-10-25 (Released:2012-01-17)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

7 6

著者

ダビターヤ F. F.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.3, pp.154-158, 1967

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自然は絶えず変化している。自然のままの状態では気候の変化が最も速やかに行なわれ, 植生や地形の変化は何世紀, 何十万年という速度で進行する。しかしいったん人為が加わるとそれぞれ変化の速度が異なってくる。人為の影響を受けやすいのは植生で, 気候はいちばん遅れて変化が現われるようになる。気候・植生・土壌などによる地域区分の境界線が一致しないのは, それぞれ変化の速度に違いがある以上当然だといえる。<BR>今世紀になってから人間の活動はますます活発になって, 森林の減少, 草原の砂漠化, 河川の汚染, 地たりの激化などが急速に進んでいるので, このままでは大きな弊害が生ずるであろう。影響を受けるのが遅いはずの気候でさえも人間の影響を無視できなくなってきている。Budykoの計算 (1962) によると年々太陽から得ている熱量は49kca1であるのに対して, 世界中の人間が出している熱量は0.02kcal/cm<SUP>2</SUP>/yrであるが, これが毎年10%ずつ増えているとすると100年以内に太陽からの熱量に匹敵する量になる。また, 人間活動によつて大気中の炭酸ガスの量が増加して気温が上昇することも考えられる。一方, 水蒸気量や雲量や塵埃量の変化がこれらの効果を強めたり弱めたりする。量的な研究はまだ進んでいない。<BR>最近50~100年間に気温の上昇が認められている。1940~50年から再び下降の傾向を示しているが, 上昇がもう終わってしまったのか, 一時的な変動であるのかは今のところわからない。気候の温暖化と氷河の後退との関係はなかなか複雑で一義的には決まらない。気候温暖化の主因は大気大循環にあると考えられているが, 地球全体が温暖化することを説明できない。炭酸ガス説も不十分である。人工発熱量も現在までのところ問題にならないくらい小さい。<BR>そこで気候温暖化の一因に大気中の塵埃量の増大が考えられる。ここに逆説的な観測事実が二つある。一つはコーカサスと中央アジア地方の高山で過去50~70年の間に, 降水量は同じか増加し, 気温は下降の傾向を示しているのに氷河が後退していること, もう一つは融けっっある氷の表面の温度が0度以上であることである。これらは最近大気中の塵埃量が増えてきていることで説明がっきそうである。<BR>大気中の塵埃は宇宙塵, 海成の塵埃, 火岸灰による塵埃, 風成の塵埃, 工業による塵埃などであるが, 最初の三つは少量で変化も小さい。大気中の全塵埃の70~75%を占める風成の塵埃は森林の伐採, 耕地の開拓などによつて近年急速に増加した。工業による塵埃も相当量にのぼる。ソ連各地の直達日射量の観測結果からも1920年ごろから塵埃量が著しく増加したことがわかる。<BR>このような最近の自然現象の変化の方向や強さを研究するためには, 全地球的規模の計画に従つて同時観測を実施することが必要である。そしてこのような観測の計画を樹てるためには世界各地の地理学者の協力がなければならない。