著者

埴淵 知哉

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.7, pp.571-590, 2008-09-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

93

被引用文献数

4

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本稿の目的は, 世界都市システムをめぐる近年の研究動向を整理し, 今後の研究の課題と方向性を示すことである. 近年の世界都市システム研究は, GaWCという研究グループを中心に進められてきた. 多様な理論背景を持っ世界都市システム研究の問題意識には, 世界都市―世界都市関係と, 世界都市―領域国家関係という二つの側面があり, 世界都市システムをメタ地理学的イメージとして提示することが意図されている. グローバル・サービス企業を中心とした分析から, GaWCは世界都市システムの姿を具体的に描き出してきた. しかし, そこで想定する組織形態が不明瞭な点や, グローバル・サービス企業中心のモデル化といった点に, 大きな課題がある. 本稿ではこれに対して, 組織論的視点の明示的な導入と, NGOを対象としたオルタナティブな研究を提案し, 企業組織中心の世界都市システム概念を相対化することの必要性を指摘した.

著者

中條 曉仁

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.7, pp.551-570, 2008-09-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

7 6

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本稿は, 広島県三次市を事例に中山間地域の高齢者を取りまくサポート源に対するニーズ (サポートニーズ) を検討し, 既存のサポート源の機能的有効性と住民参加の地域福祉活動の活用可能性を考察した. 中山間地域の高齢者は同居家族や別居子といった家族からサポートを得られにくい状況にあるが, それを補完するために近隣者に対してサポートニーズを高めていることが判明した. しかし, 近隣者に対するそれは集落間で差異があることなどから, サポートニーズが近隣者の減少と高齢化によって必ずしも充足されていないことが示された. 住民参加の地域福祉活動は, このような既存のサポート源の空洞化を補完する新しいサポート源として期待される. ただし, それは近隣者に対するサポートニーズを充足する機能を有しているが, 運営ジステムや空間的活動範囲から生じる制約により部分的な補完にとどまる. 集落の限界化が進む中で地域福祉活動を活用しつつ, 高齢者の日常生活に近接するようサポート源を配置することが課題である.

著者

古関 喜之

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.6, pp.449-469, 2008-07-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1 1

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2002年にWTOに加盟した台湾は, 国際競争力を持っ輸出型産業としての農業の体質強化を図っている. 本稿では, 日本への輸出拡大を図っているマンゴーの重要な生産地域である台南県玉井郷を対象として, 経済のグローバル化に伴って, 台湾のマンゴー栽培がどのような条件のもとで行われているのかを明らかにし, マンゴー輸出の発展の可能性とその課題にっいて検討した. 生産面では, 生産者の高齢化, 後継者不足, 臨時雇用への依存, 市場価格の低迷などの問題を抱えている. また, 流通面では, 価格や労働の面で生産者の利益を守ることができる農会による共同販売が十分な役割を果たしていないことが明らかになった. 農家がマンゴー栽培を継続するためには, 安定した収入が確保できる販路を確立することが必要である. しかし, 現在台湾が最も重視する日本市場との関係をみると, 生産と輸送のコストが高いため, 市場での厳しい価格競争にさらされている. 台湾が日本市場ヘマンゴーの輸出を続け, 発展させていくためには, 日本の輸入業者から求められているトレーサビリティーへの対応と, 安定供給のための保証価格や栽培契約を導入するなどの取組みが必要である. 他国との厳しい競合の中で, 安全性や品質による差別化が不可欠である.

著者

Kazuhiro NOZAWA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.5, pp.404-417, 2008-05-31 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

47

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The biotechnology industry is one of the representative industries of a knowledge-based economy. Many biotechnology clusters have been growing in the world. The Scottish biotechnology cluster has been rapidly growing. It is likely to endogenously develop based on the utilisation of the local universities' knowledge, and a number of indigenous biotechnology-related companies are established in terms of interaction between local actors, such as government, university and companies. One of the characteristics of the Scottish biotechnology industry cluster is to be created by government initiative rather than by market mechanisms. The Scottish government has aggressively induced foreign direct investment into the biotechnology sector due to limitation of local resources. Consequently, a large number of foreign pharmaceutical companies have invested heavily in local biotechnology firms and universities in Scotland. As described in the two case studies, there are a number of collaborative researches between indigenous institutes and external foreign companies in the Scottish biotechnology sector. In the biotechnology sector, innovation is likely to be generated at the nexus of the local and global networks. Thus, the competitive advantage of the region might not be determined by solely local conditions, but global factors also seem to contribute to the enhancement of the local industry. The result provides some lessons to the Japanese industrial cluster plan which has been strongly promoted by government bodies. In addition, policy makers should reconsider the role of FDI as a learning opportunity.

著者

Naoto YABE

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.5, pp.384-403, 2008-05-31 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

3

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This study examined the relationship between land price changes and the Japanese Real Estate Investment Trust (J-REIT) in the inner city of Tokyo by using global and local regression techniques. In the beginning of the 21st century, as a reaction to economic depression, the Japanese Government implemented policies that encouraged structural reforms. These policies included real estate securitization that primarily intended to solve the issue of massive bad loans held by financial institutions. With the support of the Bank of Japan in terms of the easing of money supply, affluent liquidities flew into the real estate market through real estate securitization. The J-REIT is the only scheme of real estate securitization that offers shares to the public. A total of 64% of all the properties invested by the J-REIT are located in the inner city of Tokyo. Conventional multivariate regression analysis revealed that the J-REIT had a significant influence on land price changes every year. Affluent liquidities invested through the J-REIT have made positive impacts on the deflation of land prices. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis was applied to clarify whether or not the relationship between land price changes and the J-REIT varied in the study area. The results of the GWR analysis indicated that the relationship between land price changes and the J-REIT showed a significant, spatial non-stationarity. Areas that benefited from the positive impacts of the J-REIT were limited to business districts such as Hibiya, Shinjuku, and Shibuya.

著者

Keiichiro YOSHIDA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.5, pp.375-383, 2008-05-31 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

85

被引用文献数

1 2

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Vegetation science, the study of vegetation patterns and processes, is a relatively minor sub-field of geography in Japan. I summarize the major research on vegetation science by Japanese geographers with reference to similar studies conducted by plant ecologists, focusing on vegetation-environmental relationships. In a few decades, the studies on vegetation by Japanese geographers have generally adopted descriptive approaches that examined the spatial associations between vegetation patterns and environmental factors. However, these studies only demonstrated the covariation of environmental factors with vegetation patterns, whereas theoretical and empirical studies of the mechanistic aspects of the relationships between vegetation patterns and environmental factors were undertaken in plant ecology over a few decades. Thus, to better understand the relationships between vegetation and environment factors and enhance predictions of vegetation change in response to environmental change, I recommend that collaborative approaches to plant ecology, involving plant physiology, should be promoted in geographical studies of vegetation science in Japan.

著者

Keisuke MATSUI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.5, pp.311-322, 2008-05-31 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

86

被引用文献数

2 1

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This study examines the recent trends in the geography of religion by Japanese geographers since the 1990s. The geographers of religion in Japan mainly analyze and interpret the distribution or diffusion of religious phenomena including religious experience or practice, spatial structure of religion, and religious landscape. I was able to summarize the studies in this field into the following four types. The studies of the first type focus on how certain religions have been practiced in urban or rural areas. The studies of the second type examine the influences, roles and changes of religions in urban and rural communities and their landscape. The studies of the third category encompass achievements of religious ecology and relationship between religions and natural environment. The forth type of studies are historical geography of pilgrimage which have revealed socioeconomic network produced by religion. Three directions of future studies are suggested. First, the geography of religion should contribute more to the elucidation of the religion. Second, achievements of this study field are requested to correspond to the religious situations of contemporary Japan. Third, studies taking the religious characteristics of Japan into consideration are needed.

著者

Taro OISHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.5, pp.303-310, 2008-05-31 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

85

被引用文献数

2 2

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This study explores recent trends in ethnic geography in Japan. Although ethnicity was not an important theme of research for geographers in post-war Japan, ethnic geography has developed since the 1980s. Initially, Japanese migrants and spatial segregation were major themes, and very few articles on ethnic minorities in Japan appeared in selected geographical journals published in Japan. However, since the mid-1990s, the number of the case studies on ethnic minorities in Japan, both oldcomers and newcomers, has increased rapidly. Recently, humanistic and radical approaches have been added to the domain in which Japanese ethnic geographers have been interested, although traditional approaches still seem to be useful. Furthermore, geographers' contributions are expected in interdisciplinary ethnic studies. Thus, many frontiers still remain for Japanese ethnic geographers.

著者

三木 理史

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.4, pp.197-214, 2008-05-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

154

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本稿は, 日本において日本語で公にされた樺太 (サハリン) に関する単行本・雑誌記事を「樺太論」と総称し, その20世紀の変容過程を考察した. その考察では, (1) サハリン島と大陸との関係および島南部の樺太と北海道の関係, (2) 一島単位の地域観の消長と政治的領域性との関係, (3) 樺太の日本領編入をめぐる領有観と回復観の関係, の3点を論点とした. まず, 領域性との関係から第二次世界大戦終戦を一つの転換点と見て, それ以前では領有直後, シベリア出兵期, 昭和戦前期に, 以後では1990年代に樺太論の画期を, おのおの見出した. その結果, 領有当初は北海道との関係が, シベリア出兵期には北サハリンを含めて一島単位で南北の地理的連続性に基づき大陸への連続性が強調された. また, 昭和戦前期には自然科学的に埋蔵資源への関心が高まったが, 地域観は南北で分断していた. 1990年代には一島統合的ロシア領サハリン観が卓越したことがわかった.

著者

森田 匡俊

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.4, pp.179-196, 2008-05-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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私たちが道路ネットワークデータを取り扱うとき, 高速道路や国道などの主要道路のみを整備したもの, 主要道路に県道や市道を含めて整備したものといった具合に, 同じ地域でも詳しさの違うデータがある場合が多い. 詳しさが違うと, 道路ネットワークの総延長距離が異なったり, 道路ネットワーク上の任意の2点間の最短経路が異なったりする. 本稿では, このネットワークの詳しさを詳細度と呼び, その違いが空間分析に与える影響を考えた. 具体的には, 空間分析法の中でもネットワークK関数法を取り上げ, ネットワークの詳細度によってその分析結果が異なってしまう問題を検討した. まず, ネットワークK関数値の振る舞いを放射ネットワークについてモデル化して, ネットワークの詳細度との関係を検討した. 次いで, 実際の道路ネットワークを利用して, ネットワークK関数値の振る舞いとネットワークの詳細度との関係を明らかにした. その結果, ネットワークK関数値にはネットワークの詳細度によらない下限値のあることがわかり, その下限値を利用すればネットワークの詳細度によらず分析結果を一意に解釈できる場合のあることがわかった.

著者

小原 丈明

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.4, pp.242-244, 2008-05-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

著者

野上 道男

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.3, pp.121-126, 2008-03-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 1

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河川の縦断形が凹形であることの理由として, 礫径の下流への指数的減少が原因であるとの説が妥当である. 野上 (1981) は拡散係数を距離の指数関数とすることで, 平野 (1972) と同じように定常解が指数関数となるモデルを提案した. これら二つのモデルは局所的に, 砂礫流量の入出力の差が地形変化となるという保存則を満足しない. 流量レベルにおける質量欠損は凹形縦断形の発現と維持のための不可欠な条件である. そこで野上 (1981) のモデルを次のように解釈することにした. 礫径は下流へ指数関数的に減少し, 拡散係数はそれに比例して増大する. 一方, 上流からある区間に供給される砂礫流量から摩耗による欠損を除いた分が入力となり, それと拡散係数と勾配の積で表される出力との差がその区間の標高変化 (地形変化) となる. これがこの小論で提出したモデルである. したがってこのモデルの有効性は礫床河川に限定される.

著者

植木 岳雪

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.1, pp.25-40, 2008-01-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

1

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徳島県西部, 那賀川上流部では, 本流には10面, 支流の海川谷川および南川にはそれぞれ5面および2面の段丘が分布している. 2.6~2.9万年前の姶良Tnテフラ (AT) と約7,300年前の鬼界アカホヤテフラ (K-Ah) との関係, 構成層の風化の程度を露頭観察, およびボーリング掘削調査によって検討した結果, 段丘の多くは酸素同位体ステージ (MIS) 2~4に形成され, MIS6 あるいはそれ以前に形成された可能性を有する段丘があることが判明した. また, 四国山地東部における第四紀後期の平均隆起速度は, 0.45mm/年以上であることは確実であり, 最大では09~1.0mm/年に達することが明らかになった.

著者

成瀬 厚

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.14, pp.942-944, 2007-12-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

2

著者

Wataru NOJIRI Xu JIANG

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.12, pp.804-820, 2007-10-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

1

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Various statistical analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between economic indicators for Chinese provinces and railway freight volume. The results indicated that southeastern coastal areas such as Shanghai and Guangzhou received foreign capital and experienced rapid economic growth in secondary and tertiary industries. On the one hand, railway freight transport is centered on coal production regions like Dongbei and Huabei. In addition, a cluster analysis was performed on the distribution ratio classified by destination province for the railway freight volume from each province. The results indicate that China as a whole can be divided into seven railway freight transport zones such that the freight distribution ratios for destination provinces are similar for neighboring provinces.

著者

Moses Murimi NGIGI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.12, pp.789-803, 2007-10-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2 2 6

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Globally, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rates have been higher in the urban areas. The cities, especially in fast urbanizing Sub-Saharan Africa, present conditions that influence the spatial characteristics of health including that of HIV/AIDS. Comprised of migrants from varying socio-cultural backgrounds, and having spatially diverse socio-economic characteristics, the cities are bound to have spatial patterns of the HIV/AIDS epidemic that are as heterogeneous as those at the global, continental, and country levels. This paper reports an endeavour to understand the spatial characteristics of the epidemic through a case study of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Nairobi, Kenya. The study, through a questionnaire survey on PLWHA, established that the AIDS pandemic within the city of Nairobi is spatially heterogeneous. Most of the PLWHA in the study resided in the densely populated administrative locations of the city. These locations are also characterised by high density of people living below the urban poverty line, unhygienic environment, and insecurity. However, the availability of affordable basic living necessities, and the presence of medical, financial and social support, among other reasons, makes these areas the only feasible residential option for most of the PLWHA. Besides these factors, family reunion (and separations due to HIV/AIDS), job-search, HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination, among other factors, are influencing the spatial distribution of PLWHA through intra-city residential movement and in-migration to Nairobi. The research suggests that addressing economic as well as medical infrastructure would be very important if other mitigation efforts in the spread of HIV are to gain sustainable effects.

著者

Charles N. MUNDIA Masamu ANIYA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.12, pp.777-788, 2007-10-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

5 10 7

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Urban population is increasing in Africa's major cities at a much faster rate than in the rest of the world, leading to dramatic sprawl with associated undesirable environmental and social consequences. Using Nairobi as an example of a major African city, we studied urban growth and addressed the need for urban management tools that can provide perspective scenarios of urban growth. This paper describes land use/cover changes and urban growth modeling for predicting the urban growth of Nairobi city using Cellular Automata (CA), which integrates biophysical factors with dynamic spatial modeling. The model was calibrated and tested using time series of urbanized areas derived from remote sensing imageries, and future growth projected out to 2030.The results show that Nairobi city is experiencing fast spatial expansion with simulated urban land taking up most of the available land within the city and the immediate surroundings. The predicated rapid growth of urban areas has led to an unsustainable sprawled urban growth that has caused major changes to the landscape and loss of vital resource lands. The results show the capability of urban growth modeling in addressing regional planning issues.

著者

Dai WANG

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.12, pp.758-776, 2007-10-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1 2 2

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The purpose of this study was to clarify changes in agricultural production, especially medicinal crop production in Zhengzhang Village, located in the urban shadow of Beijing Metropolis under agricultural structure adjustment. In addition, an analysis is carried out of the reasons that have caused these changes. Through this study, prospects of the developmental trends of agricultural production and farm management in farm households in the urban shadow of Beijing Metropolis are discussed. The P. R. of China (China) started to implement agricultural structure adjustment in 1999. Especially, to face the effects brought by China's entry to the WTO, the Chinese government strengthened the quality control of some agricultural products, which constitute part of China's agricultural structure adjustment. Zhengzhang Village has a tradition of medicinal crop production. Since the introduction of the Reform and Opening Policy, in order to gain more income, farm households have actively developed the business of cultivating and processing medicinal crops. But since 1999, due to the lack of capital to improve processing circumstances, some farm households had to abandon the medicinal crop processing business. Almost simultaneously, some farm households short of agricultural labor abandoned medicinal crop cultivation and transferred to food crop cultivation which provided low but stable income. As a result, in Zhengzhang Village under agricultural structure adjustment, medicinal crop production is diminishing, and income polarization among farm households is becoming obvious. These changes can be mainly attributed to government policy adjustments. Other factors, such as market force, social situation and globalization, also played important roles. This study carried out a detailed field survey of land use and farm management in farm households.

著者

Azusa IGUCHI Akira TABAYASHI Tom WALDICHUK Pengfei WANG

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.12, pp.732-757, 2007-10-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

3

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This study examines the rejuvenation of greenhouse horticulture on the Kujukuri Plain in Chiba Prefecture, about 60km from Tokyo. Greenhouse horticulture has gone through many changes since the 1990s, and the management of greenhouse operation, in particular, has changed with the introduction of advanced hydroponics and large agricultural subsidies. The study is based on interviews conducted with farmers, employees of agricultural co-operatives and local government officials in 2005 and 2006, and a land-use survey conducted in 2004. We emphasize actors and their linkages in maintaining horticulture, and examine the formation of the following linkages among actors: the linkages among individual farmers voluntarily involved in farm groups, the linkages among groups of farmers, and those between farmers and agricultural co-operatives, farm equipment manufacturers and local governments. The formation of five hydroponic organizations in Shirako Town is studied by examining several factors that help to maintain and develop greenhouse horticulture. These factors are favourable climate, rich soil, the proximity to large markets, accumulated horticultural technology, advanced infrastructure, the increase in profits and the rationalization of farming owing to the innovations adopted by individual farms, and the improvement in farm working conditions. Among various actors, the leaders of each hydroponic organization and the Shirako Hydroponic Association have played an important role and have been a driving force to develop hydroponic horticulture in Shirako Town. Hydroponic farmers have maintained individual farm management while they have created farm associations that take advantage of working in groups. Moreover, these five hydroponic organizations have improved co-operation with agricultural co-operatives, local government, seedling companies and hydroponic equipment manufacturers.

著者

Takaaki KAWASUMI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.12, pp.716-731, 2007-10-01 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

3 2 2

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Glacial fluctuations controlled by volcanic events on the Tateyama Volcano (about 2, 670m a. s. l.) in the Hida Range, central Japan, during the last glacial period were reconstructed on the basis of glacial sediments, landforms, volcanic ejecta and their stratigraphic relationships. On Mt. Tateyama (3, 015m a. s. l.) comprising granitic bedrock, glaciers became less extensive depending on the climate change from Murodo Stades I (just before 70ka) and II (just after 70ka) through Tateyama Stades I (just before 29 cal ka), II (18-20ka) and III (10-11ka). In contrast, glaciers on the Tateyama Volcano adjacent to Mt. Tateyama became more expansive from Murodo Stades I and II through Tateyama Stade I, because the successive emergence of lava peaks progressively widened the accumulation area. In addition, a glacier rich in basal water may have surged from a lava peak in Murodo Stade II, due to high geothermal flow. However, it has not been confirmed whether or not the glacier snout descended most in Tateyama Stade I. In Tateyama Stade I, the repeated collapse of caldera walls decreased the accumulation area on the lava peaks, which resulted in intermittent glacial retreat on the volcano. In Tateyama Stades II and III, the glaciers on the volcano advanced to lesser extent depending on the climate change, because the Tateyama Volcano maintained its height and size.