著者

水谷 誠 北川 啓介 内藤 拓也 森川 祐喜

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.656, pp.2335-2342, 2010-10-30 (Released:2011-02-16)

参考文献数

27

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Architectural space is composed by the interrelationship of three elements; relationship between interior space and exterior space which created the space by putting the wall, relationship between interior space and interior space which is based on arrangement and expanse of room and wall and human being who enjoy two relationships and move in it. So to speak, the architectural design is pursuit of the interrelationship of three elements, and what were created by the behavior are the outline, zone, and path. On this research, we define three kind of factor, outline which expanse to exterior space, zone, which means continuity of rooms and path which means positioning of various buildings. Furthermore, we analyze by comparison of those factors and consider the interrelationship of three elements.

著者

中村 優花 岡﨑 甚幸

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.754, pp.2441-2451, 2018 (Released:2018-12-30)

参考文献数

88

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This study is to analyze the types of spatial composition within Buddhist shrines. The focus was on the spatial composition, the plan forms and the arrangement of worship objects (stupas and Buddhist statues). This research is based on 55 documented Buddhist temples in Central Asia. The shrine architectures have been divided into 4 types based on spatial compositions. The meanings of spatial composition also have been discussed by conjecturing how worship acts were performed in shrine architectures. For the purpose of this study, Central Asia is defined as: northern Pakistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Xinjiang Uyghur (Fig. 1). The plan forms were divided into the following types: single chamber, two-celled chamber which has main chamber and ante-chamber (having wing walls and without wing walls type), and the corridor type (a main chamber enclosed by a single wall/ two-celled chamber enclosed by a single wall) (Fig. 2). According to the classification of plan forms, the arrangement of worship objects was classified as I, II, III, and IV. The spatial compositions were analyzed based on the schemas. The shrine architectures have been divided into 4 types as the follows (Fig. 3): I. Worshippers face worship object inside or outside the chamber: Worshippers do not enter inside, and face to the worship object directly; Worshippers enter inside directly without wing walls, judging from its large scale; Worshippers enter inside through wing walls, judging from its large scale and the spatial composition. II. Shrine with axiality: the worship object is located at the further end of the shrine (in some cases, center of the shrine). There is the symbolic direction to the worship object. Worshippers face the worship object. III. Shrine with circumambulatory: the worship object is housed in the center of the main chamber. Accordingly, pradak?i?a (Buddhist devotional practice) is performed. IV. Shrine with centrality: the worship objects are placed on three sides or four sides of the main chamber. The plan forms of shrines are centralized plan such as a square and a cruciform. Axiality is a common characteristic in many shrine architectures. Axiality is necessarily component in the case of the two-celled chamber type shrines. In addition, it became clear that there is the shrine architecture includes some characteristics of spatial composition: axiality + circumambulatory, and axiality + circumambulatory + centrality. Over a long period of time, circumambulatory design was adopted for wide areas because it indicated the circumambulation ritual from left to right of the worship object. On the other hand, there were few examples of shrine architectures with centrality. It has been conjectured that centrality was a determinate factor judging from the aspect of geographical distribution. Based on the analysis, the meaning of the spatial compositions was considered. The conclusions are as follows: - Shrines with axiality means that the Buddhist world continues forward. - Shrines with circumambulatory were held for service of the cosmological Buddha. - Shrines with centrality had worshippers enclosed by the Buddhist world. It could be considered that “circumambulatory” and “centrality” is contrasting characteristics of spatial composition and suggests a change of meaning in the shrine architecture.

著者

本間 健太郎 今井 公太郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.759, pp.1113-1122, 2019 (Released:2019-05-30)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

1

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The objective of this paper is to quantify the room shape in terms of visibility of a visual target within the room, thus finally to obtain the optimal room shape. A wide variety of visual targets are envisaged, such as a blackboard within a classroom, a stage in a theater, or a painting in a gallery. Their common point is that they are so important that their visibility impacts the room shape. In order to obtain planning guidelines of various rooms with various visual targets, the visibility theory is developed in both a unified and a deductive way. In concrete terms, (i) A reasonable function for expressing “point-visibility” is proposed from an arbitrary viewpoint. The proposed formula not only is understandable intuitively and operational, but represents generalization of approximation equation for the solid angle of the visual target. (ii) Next, a reasonable method of aggregating point-visibility is proposed. Therefore “area-visibility” as a value for evaluating the space as a whole is derived, doubly integrating the p-th power of point-visibility. Area-visibility can be used to evaluate both classrooms that need equality among students by focusing bad view areas, and galleries where the visitor can determine the viewing position by focusing good view areas. (iii) Finally, the optimal room shape is derived in which area-visibility is maximized. Here, we obtain the optimal aspect ratio of a rectangular plan room where the visual target is on one wall. Through the process described above, this paper is successful in clearly describing area-visibility as the formula containing three parameters and obtaining the relationship between these values and optimal room shapes. These three consist of the two parameters derived from the point-visibility function(negative impact α when viewing the target at an angle, and negative impact β when viewing the target far away), and one parameter introduced when aggregating point-visibility (degree of inequality p in the visibility distribution). This means that “α and β representing human eyesight” and “p depending on rooms’ usage” can be directly linked to an “evaluation value of room shape known as area-visibility”, and thus the “optimal shape of the room”. In other words, once the preconditions are determined, we can obtain information immediately that is useful for planning and design. In consequence, this is considered to be valid knowledge that allows the visibility evaluation that previously was carried out based on experience to be performed objectively.

著者

市川 紘司

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.805, pp.1103-1112, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-01)

参考文献数

11

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By focusing on Uzo Nishiyama's exchange activities with China prior to 1972, this study reveals two things.1. Nishiyama, an architectural scholar influenced by Marxism, had his first opportunity to visit China in 1956, but was not realized because the government did not issue him a passport. However, in 1960, he could stay China for a month, inspecting new buildings and having a relationship with architects such as Liang Sicheng.2. After returning to Japan, Nishiyama published his experiences in many journals, and also established the Japan-China Center for Architectural Exchange, exchanging magazines and sending reporter to Beijing Conference.

著者

小沢 直 本杉 省三

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.558, pp.121-128, 2002-08-30 (Released:2017-02-04)

被引用文献数

1

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This paper investigates the singularity of the amount of work and a work schedule of a drama performance in a temporary theater. making the stage and audience seating including technical fascilities in itrequires a big amount of work and long production schedule. It brings also positive activity for all member of drama company.

著者

宮谷 慶一

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.663, pp.1003-1010, 2011-05-30 (Released:2011-11-15)

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the brick industry of major prefectures in modern Japan by statistical data. Main results of this study are as follows. 1. The major prefectures of brick production were Osaka, Tokyo and Saitama in the Meiji and Taisho eras. 2. In these prefectures, the scale of factories was larger than national data, but productivity was not. 3. The ratio of large scale factories and spread of engines were higher than national data. 4. The working days of a year were depended on the production facilities. Large scale factories owned grinding and drying facilities; therefore they made it possible to operate throughout the year.

著者

亀谷 義浩

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.804, pp.436-445, 2023-02-01 (Released:2023-02-01)

参考文献数

9

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Since the outbreak of the Corona virus in 2020, many supermarkets have installed hand sanitizers at their entrance and exit. Because many people touch goods, shopping carts and baskets there, they are possible to be infected with the virus. Alcohol disinfectants can reduce the risk of infection. However, it is not clear whether the customers are using it and actual usage rate when entering and leaving. In this study, we investigated the use of disinfectant at entrance and exit of the supermarkets, and clarified the relationship between the amounts, the location, the using method of the disinfectant, and customers’ behavior.

著者

藤沢 彰

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.506, pp.149-154, 1998-04-30 (Released:2017-02-02)

参考文献数

25

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I propose a reconstructed model of the main sanctuary at Izumo-Taisha Shrine in the Keicho period. It was 5 ken (35 shaku, approximately 10.605 meters) wide, 5 ken deep, a ken was equivalent to 7 shaku, and 6 jo 5 shaku 4 sun (approximately 19.816 meters) high. I presume that it didn't have a pillar that supports the ridge beam directly (manamoti-bashira), and it had a roof construction system based on one slightly curved beam (koryo) and principal rafter with king-strut (inoko-sasu).

著者

渡邉 健太郎 遠藤 涼平 岩田 伸一郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.800, pp.1900-1909, 2022-10-01 (Released:2022-10-01)

参考文献数

9

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This study clarified the train user’s tendency of smartphone use while walking from the station’s ticket gate. The walkers who had a smartphone in hand at the ticket gate and had waited over 40 seconds at the stoplight tend to do the act. The presence of other walkers in personal space is the continuation factor of the act, but not the starting factor. The act occurs easily at the places which are within 200m from stay place, because smartphone users can’t stop promptly the operation which was started at the stay place and they can find guides easily.

著者

大森 正登 今川 望 平手 小太郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.456, pp.63-73, 1994-02-28 (Released:2017-01-27)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1 1

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About the space that a designer planned, we developed the system for simplified forecast of comfort on post occupancy environment. This is the system which designer and building-owner are able to get support in case of planning to improve comfort in the office space. In this system, user describes the space which they want to evaluate comfort in terms of component's grade. After user select early frequency distribution equivalent for component's grade, this system does output frequency distribution forecast of comfort on post occupancy environment with method of exchange by varoius weighting coefficients. As a result, the distribution actually measured by test closely matched the distribution forecasted by above procedure. We could verify that this system is potentially capable of doing "Ante Occupancy Evaluation" on office environment, and that the assumption which was introduced in the middle of forecasting distribution is not greatly beside from the process of comfort-judgement by human subjects.

著者

藤木 亮介 秋山 哲一

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.635, pp.223-231, 2009-01-30 (Released:2009-11-02)

参考文献数

3

被引用文献数

2 2

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This study analyzes the difference of maintenance cost of individual building of the complex of condominiums. As a result of the analysis, the following items were clarified. •In the complex of condominiums of the similar shape, the large difference of the maintenance cost is caused in the renewal of the incidental hardware of the buildings. •In the complex of condominiums of the different shape, the large difference of the maintenance cost is caused by the difference of the construction area.These results show that it is necessary to manage the maintenance cost of each building separately.

著者

高橋 之 真田 靖士 尹 ロク現 設樂 朋代

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.804, pp.559-567, 2023-02-01 (Released:2023-02-01)

参考文献数

18

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Seismic retrofit for buildings have been proved effective to survive the past earthquakes in Japan. It will be effective in other countries whereas seismic retrofit is not popular in many developing countries. In this study, a strategy to cost-effectively progress seismic retrofit is proposed so as to be applicable in developing countries. The proposed strategy is numerically investigated by using a database on 582 RC buildings in Dhaka. The major result shows that the proposed strategy can identify buildings to be retrofitted and determine the increment of strength in terms of cost-effectiveness.

著者

彦坂 渉 田中 直人

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.570, pp.57-63, 2003-08-30 (Released:2017-02-09)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2 2

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The present, we are left various problem and subjects when we go ahead with city planning of welfare.For example, there are many factors of stairs, slopes and so on. Their problems prevent user of a wheel chair from running comfortably in the city. Especially, on the sidewalk, This study states one of important problems, that is a direction of a slope. For a front wheel is free wheel, some user usually take with acts of revising line. We think wheel chair users are burdened with this action seriously. The purpose in this study.I make clear the relevance to the moving speed.the locus and difficulty by experiment with the wheelchair and that investigate judging from the state of the speed or the locus is possible or not.

著者

漆崎 昇 水野 稔 下田 吉之 酒井 寛二

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.549, pp.75-82, 2001-11-30 (Released:2017-02-04)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

8 6

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Using limited extension effect summation method based on the 1985, 1990 and 1995 Input / Output Tables in Japan, the environmental loads (material consummations and carbon emissions) from construction activities are estimated. Total Japanese carbon emissions are 1,053 Mt-CO_2 in 1985, 1,251 Mt-CO_2 in 1990, and 1,363 Mt-CO_2 in 1995. The percentages occupied by construction related of Japanese carbon emission are 40.9%in 1985, 42.8% in 1990, and 42.8% in 1995. Regard to carbon emission per unit floor area, the carbon emission from construction materials production is decreased, but the carbon emissions from transportation and processing process are increased.

著者

渕上 貴代 河村 悠希 末廣 香織

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.779, pp.95-104, 2021 (Released:2021-01-30)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 1

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From Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake happened in 1995, Japanese temporary housing for natural disaster was supposed to be prefabricated light-weight steel building. However, since the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, timber temporary housings have been provided. In Japan, the production system of timber houses has been developed drastically after the introduction of so called ‘pre-cut’, a kind of prefabrication system. Nowadays even small local construction company can provide a simple timber housing in about 1.5 month. For the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake 683 out of 4,303 units were made of timber. Those timber housing foundations were made of reinforced concrete, which is contrary to the conventional timber pile one and was intentionally chosen for the future permanent use. Temporary housing is determined by law to be demolished two years later. Therefore, people who cannot reconstruct their houses by themselves within that two years is forced to move to ‘disaster public housing’ which is also build by the government. To change the living place many times is big mental burden for victims and construction costs and resources are also wasteful. Therefore, we think the diversion of timber temporary housing is effective for those issues. We interviewed the officers who were in charge of temporary housing in Kumamoto pref. and municipalities in the area. We summarize the points of this paper below.  Conditions that the municipalities chose the timber temporary housing (Chapter 3, 4) (1) In Kumamoto case, it was easy to choose the timber in region which population density of habitable area is low and damage was little. (2) Each municipality had gradually recognized the merit of timber house as time went on. Table. 1 shows that the ratio of light-weight steel building supply was high in the beginning, but the ratio of timber one became higher as the construction ended. (3) Timber housing is not standardized but has high adaptability. Barrier-free temporary housing was made of timber (Photo 3). And light-weight steel prefabricated one needs wide road to bring construction machinery in. (4) Some municipalities answered it will take more time to provide the timber housings because of not only construction period but also time for consultation with the prefecture.  Conditions that the timber temporary housing can be diverted to the permanent housing (Chapter 6, 7) (1) In Kumamoto case, it was easy to divert the timber temporary housings constructed in small public land such as former public housing site, unused public land, park and square. (2) If the municipality can prepare the alternative land, they will get more extend possibilities to divert the timber temporary housings built in playing field and park based on City Parks Act. (3) When the timber temporary housing is diverted in private land, the municipality need to negotiate the land owner. Especially in case farmland, they should consider that it will take longer period and will cost a lot to obtain the permission of diversion. (4) Though the timber temporary housings in Kumamoto were diverted in the same way, we can extend the possibility of timber temporary housings by considering other utilizations after diversion according to each municipality's conditions.

著者

澤島 智明 松原 斎樹 藏澄 美仁 松原 小夜子 荒井 麻里

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.554, pp.69-76, 2002-04-30 (Released:2017-02-04)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

6 3

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The indoor thermal environment and the residents' lifestyle in 8 thermally insulated prefabricated houses in the Kansai area were investigated. This report discusses the heating, room temperature, and usage of living space in these houses, comparing it with houses without insulation. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The residents of the prefabricated houses use kotatsus (tables with small heaters to warm the legs under the table and a skirt around the table to hold the heat in) and electric carpets because of the low temperature just above the floor level and additional heating apparatus because of the morning coldness. The room temperatures, however, are higher than in the houses without insulation. 2) In the houses without insulation, lack of heat retention causes the low temperature just above the floor level. In the prefabricated houses, it is caused by insufficient heater capacity and intermittent heating. 3) When the residents want to relax in the living room, they can't choose the seating style except sitting on the floor directly to use kotatsus or electric carpets because of the low temperature.

著者

土屋 和男

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.687, pp.1151-1160, 2013-05-30 (Released:2013-06-10)

被引用文献数

1

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Kindai-Sukisha (a master of the tea ceremony in modern age) made many wooden high-class Japanese style residences. ‘Inakaya’ (country cottage) is a kind of teahouse by Kindai-Sukisha. This article regarded ‘Inakaya’ as a style of the residence in modernization. And it aims at clarifying the origin of ‘Inakaya’ and the process of change from the descriptions in the tea party records by Kindai-Sukisha. The house called an ‘Inakaya’ changed from the small hut to the reconstructed big farmhouse. The point of view of ‘Inakaya’ is that create new style of teahouse by Kindai-Sukisha himself, without an architect or a master of tea.

著者

パランボ湊石 ローレン麗子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.513, pp.275-284, 1998-11-30 (Released:2017-02-02)

参考文献数

60

被引用文献数

1 1

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The focus of this investigation is the identification, analysis, and interpretation of a significant building type of the Japanese immigrants that served as a critical indicator for social change: the Japanese Buddhist temple. The earliest of the four distinct Buddhist temple styles to evolve in Hawaii, what can be identified as the "Plantation Style", began in the later 19th century and early 20th century when the Japanese immigrants first arrived in large numbers to work the sugar plantations. The "Plantation Style" marks the beginning of an established organization in the Japanese community during a time of struggle and uncertainty. The "Plantation Style" utilized a simple technology consisting of tongue-and-groove boards assembled in "single wall" method based on the humble housing provided for the workers by sugar companies. This thesis defines the "Plantation Style" type through the definition of its design characteristics, including plan and scale, structural characteristics, material use, and decoration. In order to clearly illustrate these design characteristics, the analysis of three built examples is presented here; the Lawai Shingon Mission (1926), the Holualoa Shingon Mission (1927), and the Wainaku Jodo Mission(1917).

著者

奥矢 恵 北川 洋

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.781, pp.1073-1081, 2021 (Released:2021-03-30)

参考文献数

16

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On Mt. Fuji, especially from the late Edo era, great numbers of pilgrims who belonged to Fuji-ko societies made worship ascents from the Yoshida Trail. Wooden huts, serving as teahouses, provided pilgrims with water from Sengen shrine at the foot of Mt. Fuji to the 5th station. Above the 5th station, stone huts managed lodgings. However, in Showa 39 (1964), the teahouses were closed upon the opening of the Fuji Subaru Line, a scenic toll road to the 5th station. As we have already confirmed the transition and construction method of stone huts from the Edo era to the Showa 30s, here, we investigate the teahouses by examining historical materials and conducting field surveys on their remains on the Yoshida Trail. Mt. Fuji climbing tourism continued to evolve. At the end of the Taisho era (–1926), the locations and numbers of teahouses that had been established during the end of the Edo era changed. In particular, new construction occurred around the 5.5th station. The teahouse floor plans inherited from the Edo era consisted of a room with an earthen floor, a living room, and a fireplace. We found three other types of floor plans for the main hut based on documents drawn in the Showa 30s. The first divided the room and included a kitchen instead of a fireplace, the second expanded the lean-to roof and added rooms underneath, and the third, which was based on the former two, extended guestrooms along the trail. Furthermore, more than half of the teahouses had attached huts. These plans show how the teahouses changed and added rooms from the Edo era to the Showa era. The teahouse construction method was simple, involving local resources, stones and wood, and opened to the trail. Many wooden members were not lumbers but logs and some parts seemed to be nonprofessionally finished. The narrow rectangular floor plans along the trail were hirairi (enter from the parallel side of the edge of roof) and had gable or hipped roof. The interior consisted of an earthen floor at the entrance and a wooden floor in the living room with a fireplace or a kitchen. The roof structure had no ceiling. The expanded guestrooms were covered with tatami mats and had a tokonoma (alcove) and saobuchi tenjyo (decorative ceiling). The roof was covered with shingles and initially held in place with stones, followed by zinc-coated steel. The outer walls and the inner partitions were composed of wooden boards. The outer walls were initially boarded with nuki (joinery) between the columns, and later covered again with weatherboards. The teahouses seemed to have been constructed using nearly the same method, independent of location. In addition, more than half of the teahouses had a resting place, and two types of construction methods depending on the location were confirmed. Below the 1st station, the width of the trail was wide, and teahouses lined both sides of the trail. Resting places were found under the lean-to roofs facing the trail. Above the 3rd station, where the trail was narrow, rest huts were found opposite the main hut. These attached rest huts, which appeared to be of temporary construction, were located on the valley side of the trail and provided a magnificent view. These resting places were also constructed of logs.

著者

立花 美緒 安田 幸一 宮本 文人

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.793, pp.510-520, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-01)

参考文献数

26

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This study investigated English lessons and physical settings at ten schools in Denmark. First, English education and space used in English lessons were examined by interviews with teachers. Next, behavior observations of students and teachers in English lessons were conducted. Teachers are found considering that adequate open spaces have good effects on English lessons, especially speaking English and group works. The characteristics of the fifteen English lessons were clarified through exploring the relationship of contents, activities, and system of settings.