著者

蟹 雅代

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.53-57, 2022-03-31 (Released:2022-04-18)

参考文献数

8

著者

小林 信一

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.100-107, 2023-05-08 (Released:2023-05-09)

参考文献数

11

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本稿は,研究インテグリティ概念の成立について検討した上で,大学が社会に対して開かれることの意味を検討することを目的とする。研究インテグリティ概念は,日米ともに,曖昧な形で登場した。それまで,米中対立を背景とする地政学的環境の変化や技術流出問題と関連づけて議論されてきたことを,大学等の基礎研究分野に持ち込む中で概念化された。それは同時に,大学と社会の関係性の変化をもたらした。大学の研究活動のオープン化は,結果として,大学の研究活動は大学や学界に独占されるものではなく,社会全体が大学の研究能力を活用する時代の到来を意味する。それらはときに,特定のメディアや政治家が,伝統的な大学観や科学観を無視して,大学に対して研究の内容等に介入する形をとる。大学や学界は,こうした現実を十分に理解していない。一方で,大学の研究に介入しようとする人々は,大学の研究活動に過大な期待をしている。大学と社会のあいだには理解と誤解が交錯している。その上,研究インテグリティは,大学における経済安全保障問題の一部と捉えられることがあり,政治主導のさまざまな議論に波及している。研究インテグリティの問題は,究極的には,大学と社会の関係の変容の問題に帰結する。伝統的な大学論,学問論は,もはや現実を説明できない。我々は,新たな大学論,学問論,大学と社会の関係を追究していく責任がある。

著者

船守 美穂

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.86-99, 2023-05-08 (Released:2023-05-09)

参考文献数

40

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近年,外国からの不当な影響による利益・責務相反や技術流出等への懸念から,研究者の外国との関わりを把握し,リスク管理をしようとする動きが世界的に進行している。しかしこの方法は,研究者による正しい情報の申告を前提とする上,問題把握が技術流出そのものを対象とせず,間接的であることから,十分に有効ではないと考えられる。本稿では,深刻なサイバー攻撃を経て,大学によるストレージ提供と研究データ管理計画(DMP)の導入により対策をとった豪州大学の事例を参考に,国内で全国大学対象に提供される研究データ基盤(NII RDC,2021年提供開始)を利用した,大学の研究データガバナンス構築の方法を提案する。具体的には,DMPではなく,研究データ管理記録(DMR)を利用することで,機関による研究者の研究活動を把握可能とし,機関の説明責任やコンプライアンスに対応可能とする。NII RDCおよび,これに搭載予定のDMRツールは全国展開されるため,国内の大学は最小限の負担で導入可能,かつ,大学横断的な連携も容易であり,この方式は国際的に見ても優位性がある。提案の方法は,大学の研究データガバナンス構築を主目的とする。しかし,DMRにより技術流出の把握や調査が可能となるため,研究インテグリティ確保にも一定の有効性はあると考えられる。他方,機関の管理強化による研究者の研究活動の抑制は避ける必要があり,将来的にはDMRが,研究者の未来の研究構想に役立てられることが期待される。

著者

村上 由紀子

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.130-144, 2016-08-30 (Released:2018-01-26)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

1

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This study reviews previous studies on international collaborative research (ICR) to obtain suggestions for promoting successful ICR in Japan. Japanese ICR is less active than that of other advanced economies, and policies for promoting Japanese ICR are being planned. Based on the findings of previous studies, the following is discussed: the background of increasing ICR in the world, the benefits and costs of ICR, the motivation and opportunities for forming international research teams, the possible reasons for inactive ICR in Japan, and the conditions for successful ICR. The importance of the international mobility of researchers for forming international research teams and successfully performing ICR is pointed out, and then policies are suggested for supporting international mobility, the utilization of human capital and the social capital of migrants. Policies to improve the research environment within the country are also important for achieving ICR at higher levels.

著者

服部 健一

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.177-206, 2020-08-20 (Released:2020-08-22)

参考文献数

12

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Current status of start-up eco-system in Japan is described from the view-point of industry creation. Mechanism and required skills of venture capital business is analyzed and new approaches are proposed considering cultural difference of Japanese academia-industry structure and Silicon Valley model.

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.277-279, 2020-08-20 (Released:2020-08-22)

著者

岡本 信司

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3_4, pp.172-187, 2008-03-14 (Released:2017-10-21)

参考文献数

29

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科学技術の振興を図るためには,国民の科学技術に対する関心を高め,その理解を増進することが不可欠である。2001年に実施した我が国の「科学技術に関する意識調査」において,科学的リテラシーに着目して分析を行った結果,以下のことが明らかになった。科学の基礎的概念の理解度については,先行研究の課題であった共通質問項目の少なさや調査年の相違を排除しても,我が国は欧米諸国と比較して低いレベルにあることが改めて明らかになるとともに,17ヵ国国際比較における主成分分析結果では,我が国は「学校教育での思考を要する知識」よりも「学校教育後の単純知識」に強く,他の欧米諸国とは異なる傾向を示していることが明らかになった。科学技術用語及び科学基礎的概念の理解度と科学的研究プロセスの理解度で構成される「市民科学的リテラシー」の構成比率については,1991年調査から向上しており,米国1995年調査と同等レベルにあり,パス構造解析により,市民科学的リテラシーは高学歴,男性が高く,18〜49歳でほぼ同じ構成比率にあることが明らかになった。さらに「科学技術に注目している公衆」との比較では,科学的リテラシーを高めることが直ちに科学技術に注目させることにはならないことを示す結果が明らかになった。これらの結果を踏まえて,今後の我が国の科学的リテラシー向上のための科学的リテラシー定量的計測手法について提言する。

著者

網中 裕一 吉岡(小林) 徹

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.77-95, 2020-05-01 (Released:2020-05-13)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

3

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This study addresses the potential of crowdfunding of scientific research as a complementary source of funding to competitive government-funded research grants. Although a growing number of academic researchers expect scientific crowdfunding to support academic research that is not funded through traditional grants, few studies have investigated the motives of crowdfunding contributors. This study develops hypotheses regarding the relationship between crowdfunding and its returns or emotional motivations. The hypotheses are tested using an internet survey of 3,443 Japanese citizens regarding their willingness to contribute to academic research. We controlled two biases, disinterest and acquiescence, in the responses by applying a randomized experiment method. Our results identify two influential determinants of both an interest in donating and the willingness to contribute, namely, research that increases empathy and research that contributes to global knowledge. We also find that returns from crowdfunding, such as increasing national scientific competitiveness, do not always drive donation behavior. The results confirm the usefulness of crowdfunding in supporting various types of academic research.

著者

上山 隆大

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.59-73, 2013-09-30 (Released:2017-10-21)

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The object of this short paper is to show a possibility for the historical approach to launch a research program in "Science for Policy in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy." How does writing a history resolve such highly modem problems as related to "Science and Technology" as well as "Innovation"? To answer this question, this paper proposes the method I would name "contemporary historical approach as a policy study." Obtaining policy expertise on science and technology has mostly depended upon the social sciences like economics and management, and other science studies. However, I would like to suggest that the historical approach is no less powerful than quantitative examinations by other social sciences for two reasons. First, policy-related investigations usually focus on what has happened during the recent couple decades, whose description itself can be regarded as a "contemporary history." Second, the evidence-based historical account can instill a sense of "reality" to understanding the background of policy analysis. The contemporary historical approach I would propose is not a simple reproduction of our past experiences. It would be most important to do as much data-collection and fact-findings as possible, to exploit memories of the interviewed persons, and to select only meaningful facts out of them. In so doing, this approach would bring in more realistic explanations to the current policy studies.

著者

矢作 尚久 藤井 進 森川 和彦 川本 章太 加藤 省吾

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.79-97, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-02)

参考文献数

61

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The essence of digital transformation (DX) in healthcare is to technologize the "tacit knowledge of clinicians." In healthcare, the clinician's role is to accurately assess the patient's condition, determine the best course of treatment, and inform other healthcare professionals of what to do next. Then, the treatment process begins, and the patient finally leads to the behavioral change by the various healthcare players. Thus, since all treatment processes begin with the "tacit knowledge of clinicians," it is none other than the essential element of healthcare. Therefore, from the perspective of competitive strategy, it is also a key factor for innovation. Furthermore, it can become Japan's unique core competence when combined with the Japanese universal insurance system. This next-generation medical DX platform, centered on the "tacit knowledge of clinicians," will lead the world in the future as a cutting-edge intelligence system and as a brand-new universal health insurance model.

著者

清水 洋 青島 矢一

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3_4, pp.183-196, 2013-04-25 (Released:2017-10-21)

参考文献数

64

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Management studies are concerned with analysis of individual enterprizes to understand their economic performance, while national science and technology policy, in contrast, aims at prompting science and technology for national economic growth. Today, however, as the relationship between technological advance and economic growth of a country is not straightforward anymore, and the science and technology policy increasingly more often needs coordination with other policy areas such as energy, environment or economy in general, the microeconomic findings from management studies become more important in policy formation. Findings from micro-analysis on the organizational behavior and the industrial dynamics will provide valuable insights and policy implications in ensuring science and technology policy to lead to the growth of the national economy and the competitive advantages of the firm.

著者

筒井 晴香

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.252-263, 2022-11-01 (Released:2022-11-14)

参考文献数

11

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This paper provides an overview of the outline and current status of automated driving (AD) technology, and presents possible future issues for ELSI of that.First, an overview of AD, the background for social implementation, the aims, and the current status of social implementation is presented.Next, two reports on the ethics of AD published in Europe are introduced.Based on the above, several future issues are presented. First, I review the "E," "L," and "S" aspects of AD on responsibilities in an accident. Then, I hold that it is necessary not only to make adjustments for the acceptance of AD into society, but also to consider the necessity of its acceptance. Furthermore, I hold that the ELSI study of AD will lead to a reexamination of the automobile transportation system. Finally, I introduce a research project in Japan that are working on the ELSI of AD.

著者

具 承桓

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.4, pp.360-379, 2017-12-28 (Released:2019-08-30)

参考文献数

19

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This paper discusses the issues related to the trend and market development in EV. How do we understand this EV boom? We will concentrate on the following issues: (1) Why did China's industrial policy shift from a gasoline vehicle to EV? (2) What factors cause that change? (3) Why did Japan lag behind China in EV?China, which has a large population and a growing middle class, is likely to become a leading player in the future. But, the Chinese government faces many problems.The problems are serious air pollution problem, import natural energy, industrial competitiveness, and sustainable economic growth, and so on. To solve the problems, The Chinese government is implementing industry policy focused on EV, especially battery EV. On the other hand, the characteristics of Japanese automobile market have the late installation of EV charging infrastructure, a long-time consumption, and relatively small market, and so on. These are the reasons why Japan (or Japanese maker) is slower than China (or Chinese maker) in the early stage of EV diffusion.In conclusion, this stage is not EV boom but the take-off of EV in the innovation diffusion process. Given the uniqueness of the Chinese market, we should observe the market with the focus on sales rather than the supply rate. Also, we should pay more attention to the role of government as a resource allocation coordinator in the transition period of an industrial ecosystem.

著者

鈴木 せいら 赤池 伸一

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.345-355, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-21)

参考文献数

29

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Japan's science, technology, and innovation policies have reached a major turning point in response to the progress of social globalization, digitalization, AI, and life sciences, as well as the trend of rapid social transformation through innovation. The "Basic Act on Science and Technology" which stipulated the basic matters for policies related to the promotion of science and technology in Japan substantially revised the "Basic Act on Science, Technology and Innovation." This change was the first substantial reformation of the law in a quarter of a century. Based on this amendment, the Basic Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation was approved by the Cabinet in March 2021. This paper describes the background and history of the law. It also provides a brief overview of the Sixth Science and Technology Innovation Basic Plan, and summarizes the status of our response to the issues and recommendations for the plan as presented in our journal, the Journal of Science Policy and Research Management, Vol. 34, No. 3, and in the Annual Conference. The plan consists of three pillars: strengthening of innovation, strengthening of research capabilities, and education and human resource development. Although there is no major difference in principle between the issues and recommendations presented by the conference and those described in the Basic Plan, it is thought that further discussions are necessary for concrete measures.

著者

宮崎 正也

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.317-332, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-21)

参考文献数

38

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The number of business establishments in the automobile parts industry located in the Central Japan area has reduced by nearly half over two decades. While the business situation was expected to intensify in the late-2010s, there are some exceptional companies having successful high performances. This paper focused on such high performers of Tier2 firms in the area, and then it described eight Tier2 firms' strategies as the case studies based on our interview with their top managers. Furthermore, organizing the results in order to extract a mid-range theory of the strategy, this paper applied QCA (qualitative comparative analysis) to the interview data. As a result, we identified the strategy configurations adopted by high-performing Tier2 firms and classified them into four types. This paper identifies the strategy combinations that are likely to be effective for small and medium-sized firms such as Tier2 firms.

著者

安田 聡子

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.290-307, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-21)

参考文献数

47

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This paper attempts to demonstrate that university-industry (U-I) linkages take multifaceted forms simultaneously spanning across the whole spectrum beyond the usual understanding of industry-funded joint research and commercialization of intellectual property rights. It unveils a variety of informal knowledge-transfer channels, most of which had rarely been investigated. The analyses are on the various records regarding multiple types of U-I collaborations between Mutoh-Umemura Laboratory of the Department of Architecture of the University of Tokyo and various companies and corporate scientists during 1941–1977. The channels analyzed include "consulting," "laboratory equipment and materials granted by companies," "accepting corporate scientists into university labs for training purposes," "employment of graduate students and their continued research in corporate labs," "recruiting university professors to industry labs," "regular research meetings," and "relationship cultivation among professors, alumni, and corporate scientists."

著者

長根(齋藤) 裕美

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.222-239, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-21)

参考文献数

32

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This paper focuses on "researchers" at universities, and provides an overview of the historical changes in the researcher training system and the changing environment for researchers, especially from around the 1980s to the present, based on literature and data. In particular, it will focus on the training system for researchers, the labor market and career paths of Ph.D. holders, changes in faculty organization, research time, and university staff supporting research. The researcher training policy of the past 40 years has produced young researchers who cannot find stable jobs at universities even after obtaining Ph.D. and who have no prospects for the future. In addition, industry has not been actively recruiting doctoral students. On the other hand, researchers who have found jobs at universities also face a challenging research environment, and the severity of the situation increases. It is not easy to conclude that these consequences depend on a series of university reforms but the decline in Japan's research capabilities has been pointed out worldwide. In light of the fact that it is researchers who support scientific research, there is a need to redesign the research system from the perspective of researchers.

著者

小久保 欣哉 松田 裕之 岩田 幸訓

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.47-58, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-02)

参考文献数

23

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In the IoT ecosystem built by data platformers, algorithms are building further competitive advantages in large-scale teacher data and machine learning by increasing predictability through self-enhancement actions. It is hard to say that Japanese companies have a strong presence in the platform business, and it is not easy to build an advantage for Japanese companies from the viewpoint of population size and language. Therefore, in the business area which does not necessarily depend on large-scale data, we constructed deferred acceptance (da) algorithm and sought the area in which the optimal allocation of resources can be realized by providing them. As a result, it was suggested that the current assignment can be significantly improved by using the da algorithm. Japanese companies wonder if they can build a competitive advantage by steadily creating optimal algorithms in fields that do not rely on large-scale data or machine learning.

著者

稲水 伸行 塚本 裕介 牧島 満 里 政幸

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.32-46, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-02)

参考文献数

22

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This paper uses data from about 1,000 people obtained under the declared state of emergency to compare 1) a group that had telecommuting experience before the Corona disaster and was telecommuting under the declared state of emergency, 2) a group that experienced telecommuting for the first time, and 3) a group that was working in an office. First, the results show that an abnormal level of telecommuting was taking place under the declared state of emergency, which has not been assumed by existing studies. Second, people who were in the office communicated more, but incidental communication could be compensated to some extent by the experience of telecommuting. Third, unexpectedly, telecommuting for work that was thought to be only possible in the office led to a positive psychological state. Based on these findings, we will discuss how COVID-19 will change the way we work.

著者

立本 博文 平井 祐理 生稲 史彦

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.5-16, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-02)

参考文献数

9

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This paper investigates the impact of big data on the business performances of Japanese companies by using the dataset of the questionnaire surveys conducted by RIETI in 2017 and 2020. There are three key findings.First, the companies that benefit from big data have not been significantly increasing. But the majority of the companies expect to expand their data use in the future. The fact indicates that the base of data utilization in Japan is growing with expectation.Second, measuring companies' data capability by data analytics competency (DAC) scores, we found the difference between manufacturing and service sectors. The DAC's effect in the service sector is statistically positive, whereas that in the manufacturing sector is not. This suggests that the benefit of data utilization is much evident in the service sector than that in the manufacturing sector.Third, by plotting the DAC scores of each sector on the data capability map, we found out the similarity and superiority among sectors. From the map, financial and information sectors have similar data competencies and relatively superior to other sectors in the light of data utilization.This study gives a good starting point for future research on sector comparison of the impact of big data and firms' capacity of data utilization.